Topographic and geologic controls on landslides induced by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake and its aftershocks: an example from the Trishuli Valley,central Nepal

The devastating Gorkha earthquake (M _w 7.8) on April 25, 2015 and its aftershocks triggered numerous landslides across the Lesser and Higher Himalayas of central Nepal. This study aims to characterize these landslides, based on the local topography and geology, and to develop data for landslide hazard zoning. This study focused on a mountainous catchment of the Trishuli River, where a digital elevation model was used to examine hilllslope and river profiles, aerial photos were used to identify 155 coherent landslides, and satellite images were used to map 912 earthquake-induced landslides. The topography of this area is mainly characterized by incised V-shaped inner gorges and steep (> 35°) SW-facing scarp slopes. Although most of the coherent landslides were not reactivated by the earthquakes, the Gogane landslide was affected by the earthquake and partly failed. A majority of the earthquake-induced landslides (91%) were new landslides, while the others were enlarged old landslides. The earthquake-induced landslides occurred mainly on the steep slopes of V-shaped inner gorges and scarp slopes, in gneiss and quartzite strata of the Lesser Himalayas, and they were primarily associated with fractured rock masses. This analysis provides a framework for zoning areas vulnerable to earthquake-induced landslides.     

青藏高原大型深层蠕滑型滑坡变形机制研究进展与展望

大型深层蠕滑型滑坡在青藏高原怒江、澜沧江、金沙江、岷江等地形地貌和地质构造复杂区极为发育,具有规模大、滑带深、渐进变形破坏显著等特点,按照滑坡空间结构主要有后缘洼地蠕滑型、顺层基岩蠕滑型和厚层松散堆积物蠕滑型等3种类型,往往表现为长期蠕滑-间歇性复活-整体滑动.通过梳理大型深层蠕滑型滑坡稳定性影响因素、滑带土工程地质力学性质、地下水渗流场特征与降雨诱发滑坡滞后性以及渐进变形破坏机制和动态稳定性等4个方面的研究进展,提出了3个关键科学问题与4个主要研究方向.建议加强深层滑带土在渗流场-应力场等多场耦合作用下的工程地质力学特性研究、加强剖析滑坡岩土体的非均质渗透特性及地下水分布特征分析,研究不同雨强和历时条件下降雨有效入渗机理,研究大型深层蠕滑型滑坡的降水入渗响应过程和降水诱发滑坡变形的滞后性,提出基于渐进变形破坏的滑坡动态稳定性评价方法,为地质灾害早期判识和综合防范提供理论依据.      

石榴树包滑坡变形监测及演化趋势分析

石榴树包滑坡是长江三峡河段中大型滑坡之一黄腊石滑坡群的一个重要组成部分,它位于巴东县城东1.5km的长江北岸,下距三峡坝址66km。该滑坡体现代变形活动自20世纪70年代以来渐趋明显,特别是三峡水库蓄水以来,滑坡的变形十分显著。本文在调查分析石榴树包滑坡形态特征、结构特征及变形破坏特征的基础上,基于滑坡10多年的变形监测资料,研究了石榴树包滑坡的影响因素和变形演化特征和规律,并利用灰色GM(1,1)模型预测了滑坡的变形发展趋势,为滑坡减灾防灾实践和滑坡治理方案的设计提供了依据。     

Characteristics of landslides in western Colorado,USA

Mass movement can be activated by earthquakes, rapid snowmelt, or intense rainstorms in conjunction with gravity. Whereas mass movement plays a major role in the evolution of a hillslope by modifying slope morphology and transporting material from the slope to the valley, it is also a potential natural hazard. Determining the relationships of frequency and magnitude of landslides are fundamental to understanding the role of landslides in the study of landscape evolution, hazard assessment, and determination of the rate of hillslope denudation. We mapped 735 shallow and active landslides in the Paonia to McClure Pass area of western Colorado from aerial photographs and field surveys. The study area covers ～815 km². The frequency–magnitude relationships of the landslides illustrate the flux of debris by mass movement in the area. The comparison of the probability density of the landslides with the double Pareto curve, defined by power scaling for negative slope (α), power scaling for positive slope (β), and location of rollover (t), shows that α?=?1.1, β?=?1.9, and t?=?1,600 m² for areas of landslides and α?=?1.15, β?=?1.8, and t?=?1,900 m³ for volumes of landslides. The total area of landslides is 4.8?×?10⁶ m² and the total volume of the landslides is 1.4?×?10⁷ m³. The areas (A) and the volumes (V) of landslides are related by V?=?0.0254?×?A ^1.45. The frequency–magnitude analysis shows that landslides with areas ranging in size from 1,600 to 20,000 m² are the most hazardous landslides in the study area. These landslides are the most frequent and also do a significant amount of geomorphic work. We also developed a conceptual model of hillslope development to upland plateau driven by river incision, shallow landsliding, and deep-seated large landsliding. The gentle slope to flat upland plateau that dominated the Quaternary landscape of the study area was modified to the present steep and rugged topography by the combined action of fluvial incision and glacial processes in response to rock uplift, very-frequent shallow landsliding, and less-frequent deep-seated landsliding.     

青藏高原巴塘断裂带地震滑坡危险性预测研究

全新世以来青藏高原东部巴塘断裂带活动强烈,地形地貌和地质构造复杂,历史地震频发,并诱发大量滑坡灾害。基于巴塘断裂带地震滑坡长期防控的需要,在分析区域地质灾害成灾背景和发育分布特征的基础上,采用Newmark模型完成了巴塘断裂带50年超越概率10%的潜在地震滑坡危险性预测评价,并完成地震滑坡危险性区划。结果表明:巴塘断裂带及其临近的金沙江断裂带区域、金沙江及其支流沿岸具有较高的潜在地震滑坡危险性,地震滑坡危险区具有沿断裂带和大江大河等峡谷区分布的总体趋势,受活动断裂和地形地貌影响显著;距离断层越近、坡度越大的斜坡,地震滑坡危险性越高;规划建设中的川藏铁路经巴塘县德达乡、白玉县沙马乡,向西北延伸,跨越金沙江,可以穿越较少的地震滑坡危险区,金沙江水电工程规划建设需加强潜在地震滑坡危害研判及防控。巴塘断裂带潜在地震滑坡危险性评价结果可为区域城镇开发和重大工程规划建设的地震滑坡长期防控提供科学参考。     

岷江上游槽谷曲流段大型古滑坡成因与复活性分析——以松潘县元坝子古滑坡为例

岷江上游靠近分水岭部位的槽谷曲流河段,由于地壳抬升缓慢,河谷宽、岸坡缓,降雨量相对偏少,通常被认为发生大型滑坡的可能性较小。但通过笔者近年来的调查发现,在岷江上游红桥关至西宁关的槽谷曲流段两岸大型滑坡密集发育,且大多具有地震滑坡的特征,同时个别滑坡受后期江水冲刷、工程开挖等因素影响复活。文章选取其中较为典型的元坝子滑坡为例进行解剖,元坝子滑坡位于岷江曲流凹岸,长780 m,宽480 m,体积293×104 m3。通过地质分析、测年鉴定和数值模拟,认为该滑坡是历史地震引发的大型岩质古滑坡,其发展经历了斜坡裂缝、地震滑坡、河流下切和前缘复活等阶段。稳定性计算结果显示,目前滑坡整体天然工况下稳定性好,极端暴雨工况下欠稳定,受江水冲刷、降雨、融雪等因素影响,出现局部变形复活。建议应加强滑坡变形监测,避免整体滑动造成堵江、威胁成兰铁路安全。     

三峡库区作辑托背斜和巴东断裂与滑坡类型的关系

三峡库区作为地质灾害的多发地区,有关构造特征与滑坡之间的因果关系及相同局部构造上多个滑坡个体之间的因果关系研究很少。在应用断层相关褶皱理论方法的基础上,结合工程地质研究现状,以作辑托背斜和巴东断裂为研究重点,对局部构造与滑坡类型之间的关系进行了深入研究。结果表明：大型滑坡发生与局部构造类型及河流切割局部构造的部位相关,不仅体现于对单个滑坡的控制,更体现在对整体岸坡演化规律、个体滑坡演化因果关系的控制上。对研究区而言,滑坡的形成与作辑托背斜构造样式和巴东断裂的反转活动相关,也与长江切割局部构造位置相联系,使滑坡类型在局部地段发生根本性转变,表现出岸坡破坏发展空间演化过程有很强的方向性。     

Landslides in the Tandayapa Valley, northern Andes, Ecuador: implications for landform development in humid and tectonically active mountain ranges

Landslides are common throughout the Ecuadorian Andes, but their causal and controlling factors and their roles in landform development have not yet been systematically investigated. This paper reports observations and hypotheses arising from a reconnaissance study of the Tandayapa Valley in the Cordillera Occidental, approximately 30 km west of Quito. This study area is characterised by high local relief (ca. 800 m) associated with dissected mountainous terrain, high annual rainfall (>2,000 mm), and secondary-succession wet montane ‘cloud forest’. Regolith cover is extremely thin on the very steep (45 to >60°) upper main valley slopes, but there are thick accumulations of tephra on the slope crests and ridgetops. These deposits show periods of soil development separated by deposition events. Natural landslides in this environment comprise rare large deep-seated bedrock failures and occasional shallow failures on the steep upper slopes where potentially unstable thicknesses of tephra have accumulated. Landslides associated with construction of roads and forest trails are more common. Back-analysis of one road-cut landslide, using field and laboratory data to characterise the in situ weathered material where possible, indicated that natural shallow failures are unlikely in the absence of a surficial cover of tephra. By analogy with another mountainous tropical landscape, it is suggested that long-term landform development can be explained in terms of channel incision, driven by uplift, producing steep lower valley slopes that eventually exceed bedrock failure thresholds. Therefore, large deep-seated landslides appear to control valley slope form development, whilst the shallow landslides contribute to general denudation.     

黄河上游地质环境的演化与崩滑体成因探讨

黄河上游水流湍急,水量丰沛。利用水能资源所规划和兴建的梯级电站,大多座落在黄河上游的高山峡谷区。这些区段地势高陡,崩滑体分布广泛,是我国崩滑灾害的多发区段。一旦坝前失稳,将会造成难以弥补的损失。本文从地质环境演化的观点出发,对崩滑体的成因进行了较为深入的探讨,并对其稳定性进行了初步评价。     

金沙江断裂带雄巴巨型古滑坡发育特征与形成机理

雄巴古滑坡位于西藏贡觉金沙江右岸、金沙江活动构造带内,该区地形地貌和地质构造极为复杂,多高山峡谷且河流纵坡降大,岩体结构破碎,发育一系列大型、巨型古滑坡和斜坡变形体。通过遥感解译和现场调查,认为雄巴古滑坡堆积体方量为2.6×10 ⁸~6.0×10 ⁸ m ³,为地质历史上形成的巨型古滑坡。雄巴古滑坡在平面上有滑坡滑源区和滑坡堆积区2个大的区域,其中滑坡堆积区又分为相对稳定区和前缘强变形区。滑坡体上2个深孔钻探资料揭露雄巴古滑坡主要发育2级深层蠕变滑带,其中第一级滑带埋深51 m(ZK1孔)至55 m(ZK2孔),第二级滑带埋深101 m(ZK1孔)至115 m(ZK2孔),坡体内发育的深层承压水对斜坡稳定性影响较大。雄巴古滑坡的形成受地层岩性、断裂构造、降雨和河流侵蚀等作用影响强烈,目前仍处于深层蠕滑中;其深层“锁固段”对滑坡的稳定性起关键控制作用,但在降雨-地下水渗流、河流侵蚀和地震等因素作用下,该古滑坡潜在失稳可能性较大,并有形成堰塞金沙江、溃坝、洪水等灾害链的风险。     

Role of slope stability in cumulative impact assessment of hydropower development: North Cascades, Washington

Two environmental assessments considered the potential cumulative environmental impacts resulting from the development of eight proposed hydropower projects in the Nooksack River Basin and 11 proposed projects in the Skagit River Basin, North Cascades, Washington, respectively. While not identified as a target resource, slope stability and the alteration of sediment supply to creeks and river mainstems significantly affect other resources. The slope stability assessment emphasized the potential for cumulative impacts under disturbed conditions (e.g., road construction and timber harvesting) and a landslide-induced pipeline rupture scenario. In the case of smallscale slides, the sluicing action of ruptured pipeline water on the fresh landslide scarp was found to be capable of eroding significantly more material than the original landslide. For large-scale landslides, sluiced material was found to be a small increment of the original landslide. These results predicted that hypothetical accidental pipeline rupture by small-scale landslides may result in potential cumulative impacts for 12 of the 19 projects with pending license applications in both river basins.     

三峡库区谢家包背斜与滑坡分布关系

三峡库区作为地质灾害的多发地区,有关构造特征与滑坡之间关系以及相同局部构造上多个个体滑坡之间的因果关 系研究很少。在应用相关理论方法的基础上,结合工程地质研究现状,以谢家包断层传播褶皱为研究重点,对局部构造与滑 坡类型之间的关系进行深入研究,上盘断坡形态特征控制着长江流域和青干河流域滑坡群分布,使其在整体空间演化上表 现出从西向东滑坡体规模逐渐减小的变化规律;长江流域滑坡群规模明显大于青干河流域滑坡群,这与断层传播褶皱两翼 倾角变化密切相关,南翼青干河流域岩层倾角明显大于北翼长江流域岩层倾角。研究表明大型滑坡发生与局部构造类型及 河流切割局部构造的部位相关,这种相关性不仅体现在对单个滑坡的控制,还在于对整体岸坡带演化规律、个体滑坡演化 之间因果关系的控制上。     

Sequential processes in a landslide hazard at a slate quarry in Okayama,Japan

The 12 March 2001 landslide at a slate quarry in Okayama, Japan killed three workers. Composite studies based on field surveys of the landslide slope, interviews with local residents and quarry workers, and inspections of hydrological and seismological data have been used to clarify the causes of this slide and its movements. The results indicate that the landslide was enabled firstly by the steepness of the slope, which had been undercut by river; secondly, the structure was that of a dip-slope that was prone to deep-seated slides along bedding planes; thirdly, numerous joints and faults were present. Surprisingly, rainfall, earthquakes, and explosions do not appear to have played any role in the triggering of this slide. The interviews demonstrated that the frequency of precursory failures increased over a period of several hours before the 12 March 2001 landslide. Inspection of the seismograph records and the eyewitness evidence both indicate that the main part of the landslide consisted of two phases of slope failure within 23 s. After the slide, the frequency of the failures gradually decreased with time over a period of several days. Three new terms are proposed for landslides: foreslide, mainslide, and afterslide, following the terms foreshock, main shock, and aftershock used in seismology.     

三峡库区白衣庵滑坡地质研究

白衣庵滑坡是一个由古滑坡、老滑坡和新滑坡组成的滑坡群,是川、峡二江在奉节东西贯通形成统一的长江后,三叠系巴东组(T2b)地层在江水强烈下切侵蚀事件的持续作用下导致江岸斜坡逐渐卸荷、倾倒、崩塌和表层滑坡等多期作用形成的古崩滑体。     

Rainfall-induced landslides by deficit field matric suction in unsaturated soil slopes

Landslides are mainly triggered by decrease in the matric suction with deepening the wetting band by rainfall infiltrations. This paper reports rainfall-induced landslides in partially saturated soil slopes through a field study. A comprehensive analysis on Umyeonsan (Mt.) landslides in 2011 was highlighted. The incident involves the collapse of unsaturated soil slopes under extreme-rainfall event. Fundamental studies on the mechanism and the cause of landslides were carried out. A number of technical findings are of interest, including the failure mechanism of a depth of soil and effect of groundwater flow, the downward movement of wetting band and the increase of groundwater level. Based on this, an integrated analysis methodology for a rainfall-induced landslide is proposed in this paper that incorporates the field matric suction for obtaining hydraulic parameters of unsaturated soil. The field matric suction is shown to govern the rate of change in the water infiltration for the landslide analysis with respect to an antecedent rainfall. Special attention was given to a one-dimensional infiltration model to determine the wetting band depth in the absence of the field matric suction. The results indicate that landslide activities were primarily dependent on rainfall infiltration, soil properties, slope geometries, vegetation, and groundwater table positions. The proposed methodology has clearly demonstrated both shallow and deep-seated landslides and shows good agreement with the results of landslide investigations.     

金沙江结合带高位远程滑坡灾害链式特征遥感动态分析

金沙江结合带由于地质构造发育,地震活动频繁,河谷切割强烈,岸坡高陡狭窄, 岩体极为破碎,历史上发生过多起大型滑坡堵江事件。以白格滑坡两次堵江事件（2018年10月11日、2018年11月3日）为例,采用2009年12月4日至2020年10月16日多期、多源卫星遥感数据源,通过遥感判识、对比分析等方法对滑坡体滑前斜坡变形特征、滑后滑坡堆积特征、滑后斜坡残留体变形特征进行特大型堵江滑坡链式特征遥感动态分析。根据多期遥感影像,将白格滑坡变形特征划分为早期滑动变形阶段（2009—2011年）、稳定变形阶段（2011—2015年）、快速变形阶段（2015—2017年）、剧烈变形阶段（2017—2018年）、变形破坏阶段（2018年以后）等5个阶段。根据滑坡第一次滑后的变形破坏特征,将滑坡划分为滑源区、铲刮区、堆积区以及拉裂变形区。根据滑坡第二次滑后的变形破坏特征,将滑坡划分为二次滑坡滑源区、二次滑坡堆积区（堰塞体）、二次铲刮（堆积）区、二次铲刮区影响区以及拉裂变形区。基于上述研究成果,对白格滑坡灾害链式特征进行总结分析,为金沙江结合带高位远程滑坡灾害链式特征研究提供参考。     

青海隆务西山古滑坡群复活机理及威胁范围预测

青海省黄南藏族自治州同仁市位于青藏高缘东北隅,地处西秦岭造山带与北祁连造山带的连接部位。自中新世以来,研究区经历数次间断性抬升和夷平作用,河谷强烈侵蚀下切。在内外动力耦合作用下,隆务河两岸发育多处大型-特大型古滑坡。近年来,受全球气候变暖影响,本区内5处古滑坡存在明显变形迹象,已有裂缝明显扩展,出现多处新增裂缝,已建防治工程局部破坏。本文以同仁市隆务河左岸的隆务西山古滑坡群作为研究对象,利用野外调查、钻探、室内试验及数值模拟等手段对西山古滑坡群的发育分布、变形特征、复活机理及运动特征进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)新构造运动的强烈抬升和隆务河河谷的强烈下切是西山古滑坡群形成的主控因素;(2)野外调查发现,西山古滑坡群近期变形主要集中分布于滑坡群中部的Ⅴ#、Ⅶ#滑坡和北侧Ⅸ#~Ⅻ#滑坡,坡表陡坎及拉张裂缝发育,局部变形强烈;(3)降雨为西山滑坡群的发生复活的控制性因素,其变形破坏模式为滑移-拉裂;(4)潜在滑坡失稳运动过程数值模拟结果显示,滑坡运移距离多在50~75 m,堆积区平均厚度在12~18 m,威胁范围广,危险性极大,建议对隆务西山古滑坡群开展变形监测及治理工作。     

清江中下游岸坡稳定性对河流地貌过程的响应

山地滑坡崩塌是岸坡演化过程中的重要地质事件,其发生发展与河流地貌过程密切相关.目前,对滑坡影响因素的研究虽多,但大多局限于滑坡本身的具体研究.通过河流地貌过程研究,进而探讨岸坡稳定性对河道变迁的响应关系,有助于更深入地认识岸坡演化规律,为岸坡稳定性的评价与预测奠定基础.本文采用自然历史分析法和类比法,结合年龄测试手段,...     

兰州黄河阶地演变过程对滑坡活动的控制效应

为探索特殊地质环境-河流阶地孕育滑坡的相关性, 更深入地认识这类河流岸坡的变形破坏过程, 在广泛分析区域工程地质资料的基础上, 从第四系地貌学与工程地质学相结合的角度, 研究了兰州市黄河河谷演化发育的阶段性特征和黄河阶地演化对滑坡的控制效应及其诱发模式.研究表明: (1)黄河河谷的演化对兰州地区滑坡发育的控制作用具有时间上的阶段性和空间上的分带性, 在河谷演化不同阶段滑坡有着不同的发育模式和形成机理; (2)阶地型滑坡主要诱发因素为新构造运动的强烈抬升、黄河强烈下切以及阶地形成期相对湿润的古气候.第三系泥岩地层间形成的软弱夹层可诱发大型黄土泥岩滑坡, 而黄土层内多发中小型崩滑.河谷演化期间, 滑坡的发生可能导致部分阶地的缺失.      

逻辑回归模型在玉树地震滑坡危险性评价中的应用与检验

2010年4月14日07时49分(北京时间),青海省玉树县发生了Ms7.1级大地震。作者基于高分辨率遥感影像解译与现场调查验证的方法,圈定了2036处本次地震诱发滑坡。这些滑坡受地震地表破裂控制强烈,规模相对较小,常常密集成片分布。滑坡类型多样,以崩塌型滑坡为主,还包括滑动型、流滑型、碎屑流型、复合型等类型的滑坡。本文基于地理信息系统(GIS)与遥感(RS)技术,应用逻辑回归模型开展玉树地震滑坡危险性评价,并对结果合理性进行检验。应用GIS技术建立玉树地震滑坡灾害及相关滑坡影响因子空间数据库,选择高程、斜坡坡度、斜坡坡向、斜坡曲率、与水系距离、坡位、断裂、地层岩性、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、公路、同震地表破裂、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)共12个因子作为玉树地震滑坡影响因子,在GIS平台下将这些因子专题图层栅格化。应用逻辑回归模型得到每个因子分级的回归系数,然后建立滑坡危险性指数分布图。利用玉树地震滑坡空间分布图对滑坡危险性指数图进行检验,正确率达到83.21%。滑坡危险性分级结果表明,在占研究区总面积4.97%的"很高危险度"的较小范围内,实际发育滑坡数量为766个,占总滑坡面积的比例高达37.62%,表明地震滑坡危险性评价结果良好。不同危险性级别的滑坡点密度统计结果表明,滑坡点密度随着危险性级别的升高而非常迅速的升高。