地球物理方法在砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用进展

砂岩型铀矿是当今我国铀矿勘探的主要类型。地球物理方法在沉积盆地油气、煤等能源矿产勘查中得到广泛应用,其在同盆产出的砂岩型铀矿找矿与勘探中理应担当重任。文章从砂岩型铀矿成矿理论和控矿因素出发,结合勘探实际情况,探讨各地球物理方法的应用现状、存在问题和发展趋势。在实际应用中,地球物理测井在直接定位铀矿和定量计算平米铀含量等方面发挥重要作用,地面地球物理方法在查明沉积建造、断裂、地质体岩性和基底起伏等铀成矿环境方面有优势。为确保地球物理方法的应用效果,需要在方法选择、测线布置、数据处理和解释等全过程紧密结合已有地质信息,还需根据勘探实际情况选择相适应的地球物理方法(组合)。文章强调,重磁勘探可为盆地内部有利勘探区的优选和后期地质、地球物理勘探工作的布置提供依据,应在此类铀矿找矿与勘探前期工作中得到足够的重视。     

重力场特征与砂岩型铀矿的关系及地质意义

重力场变化特征能够较好地反映地下地质体信息,砂岩型铀矿分布特征与重力场具有一定联系。我国砂岩型铀矿主要分布在我国布格重力异常场中-西北部区,且砂岩型铀矿床大多位于重力场由高向低变化的梯度带上,但靠近重力场高值区。结合砂岩型铀矿成矿机理,分析中-西北部区主要含铀盆地构造演化、地层结构等特征,认为位于中-西北部区的含铀盆地所经历的“次造山运动”及其后期相对稳定的构造环境有利于砂岩型铀矿成矿。斜坡的适度抬升有利于富铀岩体风化剥蚀,含铀含氧流体运移、断裂等因素控制砂岩型铀矿成矿,斜坡处地形改变形成重力场变化梯度带,地下断裂、岩石组分变化使重力等值线产生同形扭曲或错断现象。因此,重力场变化特征对划定砂岩型铀矿勘探靶区具有一定的借鉴作用,并以松辽盆地西南部钱家店铀矿床为例,探讨其成矿条件与重力场变化特征的关系,体现其实际应用性。     

滇西户撒盆地砂岩型铀矿成矿条件与找矿方向浅析——来自煤田“潜在储铀层”的指示

"潜在储铀层"指煤田等勘探钻孔测井资料中自然伽马值显示高于50γ(或3.5PA/kg或150api或12.6纳库(n·C)/kg·小时)所对应的砂岩、砾岩层,其在一定程度上反映了盆地深部特殊的铀矿化信息。据此,为探讨滇西首个"煤铀兼探"优选靶区即户撒盆地砂岩型铀矿的成矿条件与找矿方向,本文从煤田"潜在储铀层"提供的深部铀矿化信息入手,在系统分析盆地构造、古气候、铀源、水文地质、岩性岩相五项成矿要素后,结合前人区域研究成果,认为户撒盆地具有一定的成矿条件与找矿潜力。"潜在储铀层"放射性特征与沉积学特征统计分析指示盆地找矿主攻层位应为芒棒组一、二段,找矿主攻相带应为陡坡带扇三角洲相和缓坡带冲积扇相。上述认识已得到钻探成果的初步证实。     

滇西新生代盆地与砂岩型铀矿成矿

滇西新生代盆地内蕴藏着丰富的铀资源，现已探明8个中、小型砂岩型铀矿床，是中国重要的砂岩型铀矿成矿带之一。本文在收集研究前人施工钻孔资料1200个，施工钻孔25个的基础上，编制岩性-岩相-地球化学剖面图66张，研究了滇西新生代盆地与砂岩型铀矿成矿。认为滇西地区存在2种类型的新生代盆地，其盆地沉积演化、火山活动、地貌景观等不同，砂岩型铀矿成矿条件亦存在差异，成矿的专属性体现在于盆地的差异性。砂岩型铀矿成矿最有利的是北部腾冲地区找矿目的层上覆地层发育了区域性隔水层、存在火山活动、深切割低山-丘陵-河谷阶地地貌的新生代盆地。     

松辽盆地滨北地区铀成矿条件分析

本文以大庆油田油气勘探中获取的地质、地震、测井资料为基础,应用砂岩型铀矿成矿理论分析认为:松辽盆地滨北地区靠近大小兴安岭富铀蚀源区铀源条件优良,盆地边部发育的斜坡带、中心部位形成的构造剥蚀天窗翼部,皆为层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿成矿的有利部位;该区处于松辽盆地北部五大物源区北部物源区的核心部位,沉积物供给充足,砂体发育,存在良好的铀储空间;区内发育的多条北北东向和北北西向深大断裂带,交织形成的网状断裂体系,是深部烃类还原剂向上运移的良好通道。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘城阳—武沟地区航放异常铀找矿前景分析

研究区位于鄂尔多斯盆地南缘西部,处于天环凹陷西翼,分布有Ⅰ-160砂岩型铀矿点。笔者依据对前人资料的收集、整理,结合研究区分布的航空放射性异常查证结果,对区内铀成矿条件进行分析,探讨了铀找矿前景。分析认为城阳—武沟地区存在有利的找矿目的层,具备较好的砂岩型铀成矿条件,航空放射性异常区是重点找矿地段,圈定了1片铀找矿有利区。     

全国铀矿资源潜力评价重力数据处理与研究

通过对全国39个铀成矿带和29个预测区的重力数据处理、重力异常提取、地质构造推断,为全国铀矿资源潜力评价提供了构造单元、断裂构造、岩体范围及深度、盆地范围和地层结构等预测要素。总结了铀成矿环境的重力场特征,与热液成矿作用有关的铀矿（花岗岩型、火山岩型、及部分碳硅泥岩型）主要位于区域重力场从高场向低场过渡的部位或偏向低场区域,主要成矿要素花岗岩岩体、火山盆地均表现为重力低场;大型砂岩型铀矿成矿盆地位于区域重力场的高场区域,而蚀源区则为低场,盆地边缘或内部的隆起区一般位于剩余重力高场区;与上述各类型铀成矿有密切关系的断裂构造在重力场中显示为梯度带、不同性质重力异常的分界线、串珠状异常或条带状异常。     

鄂尔多斯盆地鄂托克前旗地区层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿成矿条件分析

本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地鄂托克前旗地区区域地质概况、找矿目的层下白垩统志丹群华池 环河组地层岩性岩相和层间氧化带发育特征以及层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿化特征的研究, 综合分析了该区层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿成矿条件, 认为该区具有较好的铀成矿环境和找矿前景。     

GR-660车载γ能谱测量系统在砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用研究

本文研究了GR-660车载γ能谱测量系统在砂岩型铀矿勘查中的应用。探讨了γ全能谱数据的应用，采用噪声调整奇异值分解方法对GR6607能谱数据进行了处理，大大降低了统计噪声。应用能谱信息深入地研究了沙麦-白音呼布尔盆地的放射性地球化学环境和断裂构造的空间分布特征，应用UTh空间相关性、铀成矿综合有利指标U2和U5等方法完成了研究区“矿致”伽玛能谱弱异常信息提取。最后，综合已有资料建立了研究区层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿的综合找矿模型，完成了研究区铀成矿靶区的优选。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘彭阳铀矿地质特征、成矿规律及找矿标志

彭阳铀矿位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘, 是全球首例在风成沉积环境中发现的大型砂岩型铀矿, 具有含矿层位深、砂体厚度大、铀矿品位高等特点。通过对彭阳铀矿地质特征、物源、铀源、铀矿物赋存状态、蚀变矿物、烃类流体参与成矿等方面进行研究, 结合前人研究成果, 系统总结了彭阳铀矿的成矿规律。综合研究表明, 研究区深大断裂发育、拥有厚大砂体及稳定的“泥-沙-泥”结构, 对铀成矿极为有利。同时, 盆地西缘岩体可提供稳定铀源, 浅层富氧含铀流体顺层流动、下渗, 深部烃类流体沿断裂上升至洛河组, 导致红色砂岩褪色蚀变, 为铀成矿提供还原剂。中新世到更新世, 构造活动引发了富氧含铀流体和深层含烃流体的耦合作用, 形成了完整的“补-径-排”流体成矿系统, 最终导致铀成矿。通过分析彭阳铀矿的成矿和控矿要素, 进而建立了成矿模式, 对鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘砂岩型铀矿找矿及其它地区相似地质条件下找矿勘查与研究具有重要指示意义。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the