南秦岭元古宙板内火山作用特征及构造意义

南秦岭元古宙火山岩主要由两大类岩石构成，一类为SiO245%-57%的基性火山岩系，另一类为SiO267%-78%的酸性火山岩系，主要岩石类型为细碧岩、玄武岩和石英角班岩、流纹岩。基性火山岩整体上属拉斑玄武岩系列，酸性火山岩属钙碱系列。火山岩强烈富集稀土元素，尤其是轻稀土元素，酸性火山岩和基性火山岩有相似的稀土元素特征，显示了源区特征的不同。基性火山岩富集强不相容元素，相对亏损Nb和Ti, 成于大陆裂谷环境，具有大陆拉斑玄武岩的特征。同位素特征表明基性火山作用与地幔柱活动密切相关。南秦岭的中、晚元古代大陆拉张及由古地幔柱活动所引发的陆裂火山岩浆活动是古秦岭洋打开的先兆。     

青藏高原北羌塘祖尔肯乌拉山地区查保马组陆相火山岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb测年

祖尔肯乌拉山地区查保马组陆相火山岩岩石类型主要为粗安岩和安山岩,属新近纪中新世。地球化学特征显示:主量元素SiO_2含量为42.45%~62.60%,绝大部分为58.08%~62.60%,相对富集FeO、MgO、K_2O、TiO_2、P_2O_5,属慢源岩浆岩系列。里特曼指数σ=2.87~3.41,平均3.19,属于钙碱性岩系。火山岩的全碱(Na_2O+K_2O)含量高,且Na_2O-2K_2O,K_2O/Na_2O=1.12-1.43,属钾玄岩系;微量元素强不相容元素Rb、Ba、Th、U、K呈强富集,弱不相容元素Ta、Nb、La、Ce、P、Zr、Hf、Sm弱富集,过度元素Ti、Y、Yb弱亏损,相容元素Lu强亏损。富集强不相容元素,指示火山岩源区为富集地慢(EMⅡ);稀土元素为右倾型,轻重稀土分馏显著,具有弱的负Eu异常特征,显示岩浆在上涌过程中有地壳的物质混入,发生同化混染作用。构造环境分析为板内。根据ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法测得火山岩锆石结晶年龄为(20±1)Ma,属新近纪中新世。     

坦桑尼亚伦圭新生代火山岩的地球化学特征及岩石成因

伦圭新生代火山岩位于东非裂谷西支最南端,已有的大量地质与地球化学证据表明伦圭火山岩是典型的碱性双峰式火山岩,其SiO2含量在46％～56％之间出现明显的间断.基性火山岩和酸性火山岩均表现出富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素强烈分馏,无明显Eu异常的特征.基性岩大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、U、Sr富集,高场强元素Zr、Hf、Ti亏损,Nb-Ta相对于La弱亏损,具有低Th/Ce(<0.05)和Th/La(0.07～0.09)值.酸性岩不相容元素整体上呈现不同程度的富集,Sr、P、Ti亏损,Nb-Ta相对于La弱富集,显示较强的岩浆分异作用.基性岩和酸性岩均表现出一定的Pb富集,说明有微量的地壳混染.基性岩εNd(t)为+1.50～+3.70,(87 Sr/86 Sr)i为0.7048～0.7057;除T19样品具有负的εNd(t)值外,其他所有酸性岩εNd(t)值介于+0.21～+5.13,(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.7043～0.7061,可见伦圭基性火山岩和酸性火山岩Sr、Nd同位素特征具有一致性.根据同位素地球化学和元素地球化学特征,认为其基性岩来源于一个整体亏损的地幔,并受到了大陆岩石圈地幔的混染,而酸性火山岩则是基性岩浆分离结晶作用的产物.     

大兴安岭中生代双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征

大兴安岭中生代火山岩的主要活动时期为晚侏罗世至早白垩世，由碱性系列玄武岩和亚碱性系列玄武岩以及伴生的中酸性火山岩组成。它们与邻区俄罗斯和蒙古同时期火山岩构成面形展布的巨型火山岩带。碱性系列玄武岩高度富集不相容元素，其富集程度类似于板内碱性系列玄武岩，但明显亏损Nb和Ta等高场强元素这一点又类似于活动大陆边缘火山弧或岛弧钙碱性玄武岩。亚碱性系列玄武岩适度富集不相容元素而强烈亏损高场强元素的特征类似于活动大陆边缘火山弧或岛弧火山岩，其中低钾玄武岩类似于拉斑玄武岩。大兴安岭酸性火山岩根据地球化学特征可划分为高Sr流纹岩类和低Sr流纹岩类。前者富集Ti、Ba、Sr、Co和Ni而贫Rb、Zr和Th等强不相容元素，类似于大陆溢流玄武岩省分异作用形成的流纹岩；后者明显富集不相容元素Rb、Zr和Th而亏损Ti、Ba、Sr和Co，它们与碱性系列玄武岩之间形成类似于大陆裂谷环境的双峰式火山岩组合。亚碱性系列玄武岩与高Sr流纹岩的成因关系类似于大陆伸张环境的双峰式火山岩，但前者形成从基性到酸性的连续演化系列，并没有形成Daly成分间断。这表明大兴安岭火山岩在源区及其原始岩浆的性质上明显区别于世界大陆溢流玄武岩省。也就是说，大陆溢流玄武岩省的双峰模式起源于干岩浆体系，这种岩浆分异形成的中性岩浆由于其教度大于玄武岩、挥发分含量低于流纹岩而未能喷出地表。大兴安岭富含水的原始岩浆使分异形成的中性熔岩被挥发分过饱和，导致中性熔岩的爆炸性喷发。     

炭窑口矿区基性火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

为探讨炭窑口矿区变质基性火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义,对其产出特征、岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学等方面进行了综合分析研究。结果表明,其原岩为钾质细碧岩,属碱性火山岩,富集轻稀土和不相容元素,而亏损重稀土和相容元素(如Nb、Ta和Ti),具有与火山弧基性火山岩相似的地球化学特征。其稀土元素分配型式表明其成岩物质来源于地幔。通过构造环境分析,并结合区域地质资料,认为矿区变质基性火山岩的形成构造环境为大陆边缘火山弧造山带。     

东准噶尔早泥盆世托让格库都克组火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年及地质意义

新疆东准噶尔地区广泛分布晚古生代火山岩,对东准噶尔富蕴县一带托让格库都克组火山岩进行SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年,获得锆石的~(206)Pb/~(238)U结晶年龄为(411.7±6)Ma,属早泥盆世。岩石地球化学分析表明,岩石具高钠(Na_2O为3.13%～6.67%)、富铝(Al_2O_3为15.04%～17.01%)及弱过铝质(A/NCK为1.16～1.58)特征,属钙碱性系列;稀土元素含量整体偏低,REE为79.54×10~(-6)～171.97×10~(-6),轻重稀土元素分馏不明显。富集Sr,Ce,Hf等元素,亏损Th,Sm等元素,属强不相容元素富集型,显示出源区的较富集性。结合区域构造演化,认为东准噶尔托让格库都克组火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘向北俯冲作用的火山弧环境。     

藏北羌塘比隆错一带新生代火山岩的成因:壳幔过渡带局部熔融的地球化学证据

羌塘比隆错新近纪火山岩主要岩石类型为安粗岩—粗面岩,为一套中基性—中性的碱性系列岩石组合,SiO2含量介于52%～62%之间,Al2O3>15%,Na2O/K2O>1,MgO<3.30%。岩石轻稀土元素较强富集,LREE/HREE=10～13,(La/Yb)N=15～19,弱负Eu异常,δEu=0.71～0.89。Mg#与SiO2的相关关系和La/Sm-La、Cr-Tb等亲岩浆元素与超亲岩浆元素协变关系表明,该套岩石为共源岩浆分离结晶的产物。岩石组合类型和低的Sm/Yb值(3.23～3.97)表明,它们应来源于岩石圈地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的局部熔融;弱的负Eu异常和Nb、Ta、Ti的相对亏损,又反映了陆源岩浆的特征,可见,比隆错新近纪碱性火山岩应为青藏高原特殊的壳幔过渡带局部熔融的产物。     

藏北羌塘比隆错一带新生代火山岩的成因:壳幔过渡带局部熔融的地球化学证据

羌塘比隆错新近纪火山岩主要岩石类型为安粗岩-粗面岩,为一套中基性-中性的碱性系列岩石组合,SiO2含量介于52%～62%之间,Al2O3＞15%,Na2O/K2O＞1,MgO＜3.30%.岩石轻稀土元素较强富集,LREE/HREE=10～13,(La/Yb)N=15～19,弱负Eu异常,δEu=0.71～0.89.Mg#与SiO2的相关关系和La/Sm-La、Cr-Tb等亲岩浆元素与超亲岩浆元素协变关系表明,该套岩石为共源岩浆分离结晶的产物.岩石组合类型和低的Sm/Yb值(3.23～3.97)表明,它们应来源于岩石圈地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的局部熔融;弱的负Eu异常和Nb、Ta、Ti的相对亏损,又反映了陆源岩浆的特征,可见,比隆错新近纪碱性火山岩应为青藏高原特殊的壳幔过渡带局部熔融的产物.     

藏北羌塘比隆错一带新生代火山岩的成因：壳幔过渡带局部熔融的地球化学证据

羌塘比隆错新近纪火山岩主要岩石类型为安粗岩-粗面岩,为一套中基性-中性的碱性系列岩石组合,SiO2含量介于52%～62%之间,Al2O3＞15%,Na2O/K2O＞1,MgO＜3.30%.岩石轻稀土元素较强富集,LREE/HREE=10～13,(La/Yb)N=15～19,弱负Eu异常,δEu=0.71～0.89.Mg#与SiO2的相关关系和La/Sm-La、Cr-Tb等亲岩浆元素与超亲岩浆元素协变关系表明,该套岩石为共源岩浆分离结晶的产物.岩石组合类型和低的Sm/Yb值(3.23～3.97)表明,它们应来源于岩石圈地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的局部熔融;弱的负Eu异常和Nb、Ta、Ti的相对亏损,又反映了陆源岩浆的特征,可见,比隆错新近纪碱性火山岩应为青藏高原特殊的壳幔过渡带局部熔融的产物.     

新疆阿尔泰造山带塔尔结拜-科布克特-库卫铜镍钛铁矿区镁铁质侵入岩LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

新疆阿尔泰造山带塔尔结拜一科布克特一库卫镁铁质岩中产有塔尔结拜铜镍矿和库卫低品位钒钛磁铁矿床。经研究分析识别出两个具不同成矿专属性的岩石系列:①与钒钛磁铁矿化有关的钛铁系列。矿化岩石主要为中细粒辉长岩,次为闪长岩,岩石相对偏基性,以富碱、富铁、高钛、铝、钙而镁铁指数(m/f)低为特征,具明显正铕异常,强不相容元素Rb,Ba,K和中等不相容元素Sr总体富集,Ce相对亏损;②与铜镍硫化物矿化有关的铜镍系列。岩石组合为辉石橄榄岩一橄榄辉石岩一辉石岩一蚀变辉长岩,偏超基性,富镁,贫钛、铁,相对低铝、硅和钾、钠,具弱正铕异常或负铕异常,强不相容元素Rb,Ba,Th,K和中等不相容元素Sr总体亏损,Ce相对富集。铜镍系列岩石锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄(406.8±1.0)Ma,钛铁系列科布克特岩体锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄(407.8±1.2)Ma,二者形成于陆缘弧环境,岩浆来源亏损地幔。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the