川西江浪岩组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究

江浪穹窿位于扬子西缘松潘一甘孜造山带东南缘,本次研究对江浪穹窿南部江浪岩组黑云石英片岩进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb碎屑锆石测年。结果显示,这些锆石的年龄主要介于2 925~537 Ma之间。对比分析揭示沉积物源应来自扬子板块西北缘的元古代地层,且多为岩浆事件的产物,活动时期主要集中于2 479 Ma、810 Ma和548 Ma左右,变质事件则可能发生于918 Ma、608 Ma和100 Ma左右。2925~2462 Ma的老年龄锆石暗示区内可能存在古元古代甚至太古代的老基底。6个年轻年龄集中于559~537 Ma,加权平均值(548±9)Ma(MSWD=1.4,2σ),因而本文将该年龄(新元古代)作为江浪组最老的沉积时限。     

扬子地块西南缘大红山群石榴白云母-长石石英片岩的白云母40Ar-39Ar定年及其地质意义

大红山群是扬子地块西南缘出露的古元古代结晶基底,主要经历了绿片岩相-低角闪岩相变质作用.本研究对大红山群老厂河组变质中酸性岩和变质沉积岩——石榴白云母-长石石英片岩中的白云母进行了40Ar-39Ar测年,得到三个样品的坪年龄和40Ar/39Ar等时线年龄结果较统一,坪年龄代表的变质年龄分别为837.7±4.2Ma、839.6±4.2Ma和844.2±4.2Ma.变质沉积岩和变质中酸性岩的变质时代类似,均介于837～845Ma.大红山群变质基性岩中变质锆石的U-Pb定年年龄为849±12Ma(杨红等,2012),40Ar-39Ar测年数据与锆石定年数据相结合,说明大红山群古元古代结晶基底中的火山岩和沉积岩均在新元古代经历了同期变质作用,其主期低角闪岩相变质作用发生于新元古代837～850Ma.结合前人发表的扬子西缘～750Ma的变质年龄,扬子西缘从北向南的区域变质作用时限可扩展到750 ～850Ma.此外,扬子西缘存在750～850Ma的岩浆事件,本文研究结果说明,扬子地块西缘在新元古代不仅发生了大规模岩浆作用,也发生了750～850Ma的区域变质作用,扬子西缘存在新元古代的岩浆-变质事件.岩浆事件与变质事件之间可能存在相关性,即新元古代岩浆作用引起了扬子西缘的区域动力热流变质作用.     

川西江浪穹窿核部里伍岩群变质岩的地球化学特征及成岩构造背景

江浪穹窿位于扬子陆块西缘,核部地层为里伍岩群变质岩系,针对里伍岩群的成岩物质来源及构造背景研究所进行的岩石地球化学分析显示:(1)岩石具有高的SiO_2(其质量分数为80.32%~71.76%)与Al_2O_3(其质量分数为12.85%~8.40%);(2)稀土元素配分型式显示为右倾型((La/Yb)_N=12.9~7.65),具有明显的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.73~0.49);(3)富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb,Ba和U等),亏损高场强元素(如Nb,Ta,P和Ti)。原岩恢复结果表明,里伍岩群变质岩原岩均为沉积岩。综合分析认为里伍岩群变质岩的原岩物源区主要为大陆上地壳,很可能形成于Gondwana超大陆聚合之后的弧后盆地环境。弧后盆地岩浆活动带来丰富的成矿物质并形成里伍式富铜矿床初始的矿源层,同时接受陆源碎屑物质沉积形成碎屑岩系。     

滇东南震旦-寒武纪沉积岩的碎屑锆石组成和对扬子-华夏界线的限制

滇东南屏边地区的基底组成一直是个谜。该区域的构造属性对约束扬子地块和华夏地块的西段界线非常重要。本文 对出露于该地区的震旦-寒武纪沉积岩进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素分析。二个样品的锆石U-Pb同位素分析显示这二个 地层中的碎屑物质组成相似,都是以新元古代（700~937 Ma）碎屑物质为主,构成了~815 Ma的主峰。岩石中都含有少量 古-中元古代碎屑物质。屏边群沉积岩样品六个最年轻谐和锆石年龄变化于696~761 Ma,指示屏边形成于新元古代晚期, 与震旦系相当。屏边地区基底变质沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄谱为一明显富集新元古代年龄的单峰模式,不同于华夏地块和印 支地块的年龄谱,而与扬子地块南缘及扬子西缘的沉积岩相似。Hf同位素特征也显示了与扬子地块（尤其是西缘）的亲缘 关系。结合其他证据,本文认为滇东南屏边地区属于扬子地块,扬子地块与华夏地块分界线的西延部分应该在研究区以南 或东南,而不可能是研究区以北的师宗-弥勒-罗甸断裂。碎屑锆石年龄分布特征还指示屏边群这套浅变质碎屑岩沉积于弧 后盆地,暗示扬子地块西南缘的新元古代俯冲作用可能一直持续到~752 Ma之后。     

滇西南大红山群变火山-沉积岩地球化学属性、年代格架及其构造意义

云南新平地区大红山群出露于扬子地块西南缘,主要由低绿片岩相-角闪岩相变质的火山-沉积岩组成。大红山群的岩石成因、年代格架及其形成的构造背景缺乏系统研究,制约了地质学家们全面认识和理解扬子西南缘<~1.75 Ga的构造演化历史。本文以大红山群底部老厂河组变沉积岩及其内部变火山岩夹层为重点研究对象,开展岩相学、全岩地球化学和锆石U-Pb定年等综合研究。岩石地球化学研究结果表明,变沉积岩的化学成分与大陆上地壳沉积物成分接近,原岩为成熟度较高的泥岩/页岩,未经历沉积再循环,形成于被动大陆边缘的构造背景;变火山岩原岩化学成分相当于钙碱性过铝质A型流纹岩,形成于造山后的大陆裂谷拉张环境。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,老厂河组变沉积岩的碎屑锆石记录了2.3~2.2 Ga和1.9~1.75 Ga两个主年龄峰以及2.7~2.6 Ga次年龄峰。结合前人研究结果,表明大红山群物源主要来源于扬子地块西南缘的太古宙-古元古代基底岩石。变火山岩样品的岩浆锆石核部记录了1 713~1 711 Ma的年龄,应代表老厂河组原岩的形成时代,锆石的变质增生边限定峰期变质时代为约843 Ma。综合前人研究结果表明,大红山群普遍经历了849~837 Ma的新元古代变质事件。综上所述,扬子地块西南缘的大红山群完好记录了与Columbia超大陆裂解有关的非造山岩浆活动,新元古代变质事件可能与Rodinia超大陆裂解和聚合过程密切相关。     

秦岭造山带东段秦岭岩群的年代学和地球化学研究

对东秦岭地区的陕西省洛南县、宁陕县、长安县和河南省淅川县出露的四个秦岭岩群变质岩进行的岩石学和地球化学研究表明,样品主要由变质火山岩和变质沉积岩组成.详细的锆石U-Pb定年结果显示三个正变质岩均形成于新元古代早期(971～843Ma),而副变质岩中富集大量新元古代碎屑锆石,根据最年轻的谐和年龄(859Ma)和早古生代的变质年龄,推测其沉积时代为新元古代中晚期.因此,北秦岭南部的秦岭岩群的变质岩主要由新元古代早期的火成岩和新元古代中晚期的沉积岩组成.变质作用主要发生在加里东期,局部有燕山期的变质作用叠加.指示北秦岭的造山作用主要发生在早古生代.岩石地球化学研究还显示秦岭岩群的新元古代火山岩均形成于火山弧构造环境,沉积岩沉积于大陆弧-活动大陆边缘环境,指示秦岭造山带在新元古代早期是一个火山弧.秦岭岩群的火山岩和沉积岩在形成时代和构造环境方面与扬子克拉通西缘的特征非常相似,表明位于北秦岭造山带的秦岭岩群应归属于扬子克拉通陆块,是扬子北缘的一个大陆边缘弧.     

四川九龙柏香林铜矿床围岩稀土、微量元素地球化学

通过对柏香林铜矿床变沉积岩和变基性火山岩围岩稀土、微量元素分析显示,二云石英片岩稀土配分型为右倾型,具有较强的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.43~0.30,平均0.38),富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba和U等),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta和Hf),与大陆地壳基本一致;黑云绿泥透闪岩的稀土、微量配分较为平坦,(La/Yb)N平均1.57,无明显Ce(Ce/Ce*平均0.88)与Eu异常(Eu/Eu*平均1.01)。综合分析认为,里伍岩群变沉积岩与变基性火山岩很可能形成于统一的弧后盆地构造背景,弧后盆地岩浆活动在其沉积过程中携带来丰富的金属元素,为江浪穹窿富铜矿床的发育奠定了物质条件。     

四川九龙柏香林铜矿床围岩稀土、微量元素地球化学

通过对柏香林铜矿床变沉积岩和变基性火山岩围岩稀土、微量元素分析显示,二云石英片岩稀土配分型为右倾型,具有较强的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.43~0.30,平均0.38),富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba和U等),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta和Hf),与大陆地壳基本一致;黑云绿泥透闪岩的稀土、微量配分较为平坦,(La/Yb)N平均1.57,无明显Ce(Ce/Ce*平均0.88)与Eu异常(Eu/Eu*平均1.01)。综合分析认为,里伍岩群变沉积岩与变基性火山岩很可能形成于统一的弧后盆地构造背景,弧后盆地岩浆活动在其沉积过程中携带来丰富的金属元素,为江浪穹窿富铜矿床的发育奠定了物质条件。     

扬子西南缘盐边群时代及构造环境: 来自碎屑沉积岩的约束

出露于扬子地块西南缘的盐边群为一套火山-沉积岩系,其深入研究对探讨扬子西缘新元古代构造环境具有重要意义.本文对盐边群中碎屑沉积岩进行了较系统的岩石学、碎屑物质组成和地球化学研究,并从小坪组和乍古组中各选取了1件变质砂岩样品进行锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素分析.变质砂岩主要由棱角状-次棱角状火山岩岩屑、石英和长石矿物碎屑组成.碎屑沉积岩Al2O3/SiO2值为0.12～0.4,K2O/Na2O值范围为0.14 ～9.45(其中板岩K2O/Na2O值多大于1.0,而变质砂岩中多数样品的K2O/Na2O值小于1.0).所有样品具有轻-中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异((La/Yb)N=1.6 ～9.37),多数样品具有明显的负Eu异常.εNd(t)值范围为-1.77～ +5.01.变质砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄峰值为900～ 910Ma,同时存在少量太古代-古元古代碎屑锆石.小坪组和乍古组变质砂岩中年轻碎屑锆石206pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为888±8Ma和884±14Ma.碎屑物质组成、地球化学和锆石U-Pb年龄结果共同表明,盐边群碎屑沉积为近源沉积,物源区主要为岛孤中酸性火山岩和花岗岩.结合关刀山岩体(857Ma)和荒田组玄武岩(880～830Ma)研究结果,进一步限定盐边群的时代为880～830Ma,形成于弧后盆地环境,其沉积物源区为华夏地块向扬子地块俯冲过程中,扬子西南缘形成的火山岛孤.     

四川会理地区古近纪雷打树组碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

采用LA-ICP-MS方法,对四川盆地南部会理地区古近纪雷打树组碎屑锆石进行了U-Th-Pb同位素测定,获得了72组单颗粒锆石的U-Pb年龄,建立了碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄谱。结果表明,雷打树组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄区间为2465~204Ma,地质时代为古元古代最早期成铁纪至晚三叠世最晚期瑞替阶,年龄分布具有清晰的幕式分布特征,集中分布于5个区间,出现了5个明显的峰值,物源区主要为扬子陆块西缘及其西侧的“三江”造山带。雷打树组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱显示,扬子陆块西缘经历了古元古代陆壳增生、中元古代Rodinia超大陆汇聚、新元古代晚期Rodinia超大陆裂解、二叠纪玄武岩喷溢及中-晚三叠世印支运动5次重要的构造热事件,与扬子陆块西缘形成演化进程完全吻合。与四川盆地古近纪柳嘉组碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄谱相比,雷打树组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱缺失侏罗纪、白垩纪信号,增加了早奥陶世和早泥盆世信号,说明四川盆地北部与南部的物源存在一定的区别。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱对比结果显示,雷打树组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱具有较高的精确度,扬子陆块与华夏陆块自1000Ma汇聚以来具有很好的亲缘性,而与华北克拉通之间直至400Ma才开始建立亲缘关系。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.