广西五圩矿田箭猪坡铅锌锑多金属矿床成矿流体特征及特富矿体形成分析

箭猪坡矿床是广西丹池成矿带南段五圩矿田中最大的Pb-Zn-Sb多金属矿床。矿床主要由早阶段特富大脉状闪锌矿-脆硫锑铅矿矿化和晚阶段脆硫锑铅矿-闪锌矿-碳酸盐-石英脉状矿化组成。本文分析了箭猪坡矿床两种不同矿化类型石英、闪锌矿中的流体包裹体特征、均一温度及盐度,探讨特富矿体形成的控制因素。两种矿化类型包裹体主要由含CO_2包裹体和水溶液包裹体组成。早阶段特富大脉状矿化流体包裹体均一温度为120~290℃,集中在220~290℃之间,盐度为3.6%~13.6%。晚阶段脉状矿化流体包裹体均一温度为150~350℃,集中在240~310℃之间,盐度为1.4%~12.0%。富CO_2成矿流体主要来自变质、有机质中低温热降解、有机质还原、岩浆出溶及夕卡岩化。箭猪坡矿化产于泥盆系破碎带中,晚于华南地区变质作用;矿床成矿温度(220~310℃)远大于有机物热降解释放大量CO_2的温度(约150℃);矿床深部发育Sn矿化,表明成矿流体具还原性,不太可能含有大量而区内非夕卡岩化岩浆热液矿床成矿热液只含有少量CO_2。因此,初步认为箭猪坡矿床富CO_2流体主要与深部夕卡岩化作用有关,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液。成矿流体含少量甲烷、沥青质等有机质,表明成矿过程有盆地卤水混入。早阶段特富矿体成矿流体在温度–盐度图上显示中高温中高盐度和低温低盐度流体混合特征,而晚阶段脉状矿化成矿流体温度–盐度分布较为分散,暗示晚阶段脉状矿化成矿过程主要经历了冷却降温,流体混合较弱。这表明成矿流体大规模混合是形成特富矿体的关键控制因素。依据富CO_2流体可能主要来源于深部夕卡岩化作用,初步推测五圩矿田深部有寻找夕卡岩型矿床良好前景。     

藏南扎西康铅锌锑多金属矿床流体包裹体研究及地质意义

扎西康铅锌锑多金属矿床位于藏南拆离系东部,是中国西藏为数不多的以富含硫盐矿物为重要特征的大型铅锌锑银共生矿床之一。矿床赋存于下侏罗统日当组,容矿岩石为含炭钙质板岩、钙质板岩、绢云母板岩、页岩和石英砂岩。矿体严格受近南北向和北东—南西向两组断裂控制,呈脉状、透镜状产出。矿床的形成经历了中低温热液期和表生期。中低温热液期菱铁矿、石英、方解石中的包裹体类型主要为气液两相水包裹体,含少量纯气相水包裹体、纯气相CO2包裹体、气液两相CO2包裹体和CO2-H2O三相包裹体。成矿流体均一温度范围为184～329℃,峰值为255℃;成矿流体盐度w(NaCl)为2.07%～12.05%;密度为0.65～0.86 g/cm3。成矿流体主要为中低温度、低盐度、低密度的H2O-NaCl体系,含少量或微量的CO2和CH4。石英、方解石和硫化物包裹体中δDV-SMOW值变化范围为-165‰～-131‰,δ18OH2O变化范围为-13.7‰～10.21‰,成矿流体来自大气降水下渗循环构成的地热水。成矿过程中可能发生了以气液相分离为主要标志的不混溶作用,推测这种不混溶作用可能是导致硫化物大量沉淀的重要原因。矿床成因类型为沉积-构造-热活动驱动地热系统流体循环形成的中低温热液矿床。     

湖北徐家山锑矿床流体包裹体特征及其意义

文章利用激光拉曼光谱和显微测温学方法,对湖北徐家山锑矿床成矿期的石英、重晶石和方解石中的流体包裹体进行了研究。研究表明,这些矿物中的流体包裹体主要有纯液体包裹体和液体包裹体(气相 液相)2类,其液体包裹体的气相成分为H2O±CO2±N2;石英、重晶石和方解石的均一温度分别为134~258℃、154~259℃和145~230℃,主要集中于150~200℃;流体的盐度w(NaCleq)和密度分别集中于3%~6%和0.90~0.96g/cm3。流体包裹体资料揭示出该矿床为典型的中低温热液锑矿床,其成矿流体为中低温、低盐度、中等密度热液。结合H、O、Sr、Pb同位素等研究结果,进一步推断该成矿热液主要是经深部循环演化的大气降水。     

甘肃白银厂铜多金属矿田折腰山矿床下盘脉状矿体流体包裹体特征及其意义

甘肃白银厂矿田位于祁连山块状硫化物矿床成矿省东部,矿体主要赋存于早-中寒武世石英角斑岩-细碧岩组合中。本文主要对折腰山矿床下盘脉状矿体成矿流体进行研究,分析成矿流体性质及成矿流体来源,探讨其成矿机制。含矿石英中流体包裹体的岩相学和显微测温结果表明,包裹体类型主要有液体包裹体、气体包裹体、纯气体包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体、纯CO2包裹体。第Ⅰ阶段包裹体的均一温度为201~413℃,盐度为1.43%~13.40%;第Ⅱ阶段包裹体的均一温度为217~428℃,盐度为1.91%~11.93%(NaCl,wt)。包裹体成分研究表明,成矿流体气相成分主要为H2O,次为CH4和CO2,阳离子主要为Na+,阴离子主要为Cl-,说明成矿流体为H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4体系。该矿床下盘脉状矿体的流体为岩浆流体与加热海水的混合流体,引起矿质沉淀的机制为混合作用。     

广东玉水铜多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

广东玉水铜多金属矿床位于华南MVT(密西西比河谷型)铅锌矿床成矿带东段,铜铅锌矿体主要呈不规则囊状产于下石炭统忠信组滨海相石英砂(砾)岩和上石炭统壶天群白云岩之间,少量呈不规则脉状分布于白云岩中。其主矿体中铜的品位极高,2013年入选品位为15.5%;矿石主要呈块状,少量浸染状。矿石矿物主要包括黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、方铅矿、浅色闪锌矿、黄铁矿、赤铁矿、磁铁矿等,主要脉石矿物为白云石、方解石,局部偶见石英。发育赤铁矿-磁铁矿和硫化物两个成矿阶段。选取主成矿阶段——硫化物阶段硫化物矿石中的闪锌矿和石英进行流体包裹体研究,结果表明:玉水流体包裹体主要以气液两相包裹体为主,气液比5%~20%,均一温度范围为90~289℃,其中闪锌矿中流体包裹体均一温度90~289℃,石英中流体包裹体均一温度110~287℃,方解石中流体包裹体均一温度125~210℃,包裹体盐度范围集中在8%~15%。激光拉曼探针测试表明流体包裹体气体成分主要是H_2O,个别气相成分CO_2。流体包裹体研究,结合矿床地质地球化学研究成果表明玉水铜多金属矿床是一个层控的低温热液型矿床。     

湖北省陨西县三天门金矿床包裹体-同位素地球化学及成矿流体特征

通过矿床流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温学和包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析研究成矿流体性质,探讨矿床成因类型。研究结果表明,流体包裹体有气液两相、含纯液相和纯气相包裹体3种类型。气相成分以CO2为主,其次为H2O,总体属CH4-H2O-CO2体系;结合氢氧同位素地球化学特征（δD值为-64.1‰～-124.4‰;δ18O值为1.34‰～-6.96‰）,确定成矿流体是岩浆热液与大气降水的混合流体。含矿硫（δ34S）指示硫主要为深部岩浆来源,并经历了陆壳硫的混染,包裹体均一温度以240℃～270℃区间为主,属中低温热液矿床。     

胶东蓬莱大柳行金矿田燕山金矿床流体包裹体特征和氢- 氧同位素研究

燕山金矿床分布在胶东栖霞- 蓬莱成矿带上的大柳行金矿田内，它是一座典型的石英脉型金矿床，矿体呈脉状或透镜状产于中生代花岗岩内部的断裂体系中。该矿床成矿热液过程至少可划分为4个成矿阶段，从早到晚分别是钾长石- 黑云母- 石英阶段、石英- 黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段及石英- 碳酸盐阶段,其中2、3阶段为主成矿阶段。成矿阶段的流体包裹体有5种类型，分别是气液两相包裹体(Ⅰ型)、纯液相包裹体(Ⅱ型)、含CO2三相包裹体(Ⅲ型)、纯气相包裹体(Ⅳ型)及含子矿物三相包裹体(Ⅴ型)；激光拉曼探针分析显示成矿流体气相成分主要为CO2，另含少量CH4、N2、H2S及有机质等，总体属于CO2- H2O- NaCl体系。通过显微测温获得主成矿阶段成矿流体完全均一的温度在167～393℃之间，盐度为2. 04％～11. 51％NaCleq，密度为0. 54～0. 91g/cm3，整体呈现中低温、低盐度、低密度特点；对应的δ18O H2O值为2. 9‰～6. 6‰，δD值为-82. 9‰～-70. 5‰，显示成矿流体来源于深部流体，以岩浆水为主，其次有少量大气水加入。综合特征揭示，该矿床应属于中低温热液脉型金矿床。     

广西五圩矿田箭猪坡矿床锡多金属矿地球化学特征及找矿意义

箭猪坡矿床是丹池成矿带上以锑铅锌为主的多金属矿床。近年通过老矿山找矿勘查项目,首次发现了石英脉型锡矿体,锡以锡石为主。通过对矿床流体包裹体、矿石稀土元素、氢氧同位素及硫同位素特征的综合分析,认为该矿床属中低温热液裂隙充填成因。通过与大厂锡矿田垂向分带的对比,推测箭猪坡矿床浅部所揭露的脉状铅锌锑矿体及钻孔中揭露的石英脉型锡矿体,仅相当于大厂矿田上部脉状矿[中低温脉状(锡石)硫化物矿床矿带],中深部的中高温—高温矿带、隐伏花岗岩体尚未揭露,箭猪坡矿床找矿空间宽,找矿潜力大。     

新疆阿舍勒VMS型铜锌矿床元素活化富集作用初步研究

新疆阿舍勒铜锌矿床位于阿尔泰增生型造山带南缘阿舍勒盆地内,受褶皱控制的透镜状矿体产于阿舍勒组地层中,矿体与围岩一起发生协和变形。成矿过程可分为两个成矿期:以条带状–块状矿石为代表的VMS成矿期和以脉状矿石为代表的热液成矿期。局部可见脉状矿石切穿条带状矿石,表明热液成矿期明显晚于VMS成矿期。大部分VMS成矿期矿石同生沉积特征保存较好。脉状矿石穿插条带状矿石时,会出现硫化物矿物颗粒变粗的现象,并伴随定向构造、压力影构造、碎裂结构、变斑晶结构、交代残余结构和港湾交代结构等现象。以上证据表明,后期变质变形导致矿石中局部硫化物品位提高。脉状矿石中的石英广泛发育流体包裹体,可分为水溶液包裹体(W型)、纯CO2包裹体(PC型)、CO2-H2O包裹体(C型)及含子矿物多相包裹体(S型)四类。显微测温表明,均一温度集中在220~280℃,流体盐度集中于4%~8%Na Cleqv之间。激光拉曼结果证实,流体包裹体中普遍富含CO2,甚至出现少量纯液相和纯气相的CO2包裹体。脉状矿石成矿流体具有中温、低盐度和富CO2的特征,与造山型金矿的变质流体特征一致。联系区域构造演化历史,晚古生代洋陆俯冲背景有利于形成VMS型矿石,而印支期碰撞拼贴过程的变形–变质流体作用导致阿舍勒铜锌矿床进一步加富。因此,新疆阿舍勒铜锌矿可作为变质加富VMS型矿床的典例,区域上火山岩地层和褶皱复合部位是寻找此类矿床的理想靶区。     

新疆准噶尔北缘玉勒肯哈腊苏铜（钼）矿成矿流体研究

玉勒肯哈腊苏中型斑岩铜(钼)矿是新疆准噶尔北缘卡拉先格尔斑岩铜矿带上的一个重要矿床.主要赋存于闪长玢岩中,少量在北塔山组火山岩及似斑状石英二长岩中,矿化呈细脉状、细脉—浸染状和浸染状,围岩蚀变主要为钾化、硅化、绢云母化和青磐岩化.主成矿阶段石英中包裹体类型为纯气体包裹体、气体包裹体、液体包裹体、含液体CO2的三相包裹体和含CO2两相包裹体五种.主成矿阶段成矿温度主要集中于140～340℃,流体盐度在3.06％～ 14.97％之间,密度集中于0.61～1.01 g/cm3.成矿流体的气体成分以H2O、CO2为主,其次为N2、CH4、C2H6;液相成分阳离子以Na+为主,其次为Ca2+、K+、Mg2+;阴离子以SO42-为主,其次为C1-和F-.单个石英包裹体拉曼谱测试表明,主成矿阶段石英中包裹体具有明显的CO2谱峰,此外j丕有H2O(-OH)峰,部分具有CH4峰和N2峰.主成矿阶段成矿流体为H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4(N2)体系.主成矿阶段的流体具有深源特征,成矿作用与斑岩有关,发生在浅成氧化环境.碳酸盐阶段方解石中包裹体类型主要为液体包裹体,少量气体包裹体.碳酸盐阶段具中低温(161～298℃)、低盐度(4.65％ ～7.17％)和低密度(o.78 ～0.95g/cm3)的特征,反映流体主要来自大气降水.     

Fluid Inclusion,H-O,S, Pb and noble gas isotope studies of the Aerhada Pb-Zn-Ag deposit,Inner Mongolia,NE China

The Aerhada Pb-Zn-Ag deposit is located in the western segment of the Great Hinggan Range Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu-Mo-Au-Fe metallogenic belt in NE China. Orebodies occur mainly as vein type and are hosted by sandstone and siliceous slate. Three stages of primary mineralization, including an early arsenopyrite-pyrite-quartz, a middle polymetallic and silver sulfides-quartz and a late sphalerite-pyrite-calcite-fluorite are recognized. Four types of fluid inclusions have been identified in the ore-bearing quartz and fluorite veins, i.e., liquid-rich, gas-rich, three-phase CO₂ aqueous inclusions, and pure gas or liquid aqueous inclusions. Microthermometric studies on fluid inclusions reveal that homogenization temperatures from early to late stages range from 253° to 430 °C, 195° to 394 °C and 133° to 207 °C, respectively. Fluid salinities range from 2.9 to 14.0 wt.% NaCl equiv. The vapor composition of the ore fluid is dominated by H₂O, CO₂ and CH₄, with minor proportions of N₂. The fluid δ¹⁸O_H2O and δD_H2O values vary from +1.6 to +9.3‰ and −122 to −56‰, respectively, and reflect a magmatic fluid and a meteoric fluid dominant hydrothermal system for the early and late stages of mineralization, respectively. The calculated δ³⁴S_H2S values of hydrothermal fluids in equilibrium with sulfides range from +5.2 to +7.1‰, suggesting a mixed source for sulfur, i.e., the local magmatic and sedimentary rocks. The Pb isotope compositions of sulfides are similar to those of the local magmatic and sedimentary rocks, implying that lead and possibly silver relate to these sources. The noble gas isotope compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in ore minerals suggest that the ore-forming fluids were dominantly derived from a deep mantle source. Fluid mixing and dilution are inferred as the dominant mechanisms for ore deposition. The Aerhada Pb-Zn-Ag deposit can be classified as a medium to low temperature hydrothermal vein type deposit.     

Fluid Inclusions,C–H–O–S Isotope and Geochronology of the Bujinhei Pb–Zn Deposit in the Southern Great Xing'an Range of Northeast China: Implication for Ore Genesis

The Bujinhei Pb–Zn deposit is located in the southern Great Xing'an Range metallogenic belt. It is a representative medium‐ to high‐temperature hydrothermal vein type deposit controlled by fractures, and orebodies hosted in the Permian Shoushangou Formation. The hydrothermal mineralization is classified into three stages: pyrite ± arsenopyrite–quartz (Stage 1), polymetallic sulfide–quartz (Stage 2), and polymetallic sulfide–calcite (Stage 3). Fluid inclusion petrography, laser Raman analyses and microthermometry indicate that the liquid‐rich aqueous inclusions (L) and vapor‐rich CO₂ ± CH₄–H₂O inclusions (C) occur in the Stage 1 and as medium‐ to high‐ temperature and low‐ to medium‐salinity NaCl–H₂O–CO₂–CH₄ hydrothermal fluids. The liquid‐rich (L) and rare vapor‐rich CO₂ ± CH₄–H₂O inclusions (C) occur in the Stage 2 with medium‐temperature and low‐salinity NaCl–H₂O ± CO₂ ± CH₄ hydrothermal fluids. The exclusively liquid‐rich (L) fluid inclusions are observed in the Stage 3, and the hydrothermal fluid belongs to medium‐temperature and low‐salinity NaCl–H₂O hydrothermal fluids. The results of hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses indicate that ore‐forming fluids were initially derived from the magmatic water and mixed with local meteoric water in the late stage (δ¹⁸O_H2O‐SMOW = 6.0 to 2.2‰, δD_SMOW = ?103 to ?134‰). The carbon isotope compositions (?18.4‰ to ?26.5‰) indicate that the carbon in the fluid was derived from the surrounding strata. The sulfur isotope compositions (5.7 to 15.2‰) indicate that the ore sulfur was also primarily derived from the strata. The ore vein No. 1 occurs in fractures and approximately parallel to the rhyolite porphyry; orebodies have a close spatial and temporal relationship with the rhyolite porphyry. The rhyolite porphyry yielded a crystallization age of 122.9  ± 2.4 Ma, indicating that the Bujinhei deposit may be related to the Early Cretaceous magmatic event. Geochemical analyses reveal that the Bujinhei rhyolite porphyry is high in K₂O and peraluminous, and derived from an acidic liquid as a result of strong interaction with hydrothermal fluid during the late magmatic stage; it is similar to A2‐type granites, and formed in a backarc extensional environment. These results indicate that the Bujinhei Pb–Zn deposit was a vein type system that formed in Early Cretaceous and influenced by the Paleo‐Pacific tectonic system. Bujinhei deposit is a representative hydrothermal vein type deposit on the genetic types, and occurs on the western slope of the southern Great Xing'an Range. The ore‐forming fluids were medium‐ to high‐temperature and low‐to medium‐salinity NaCl–H₂O–CO₂–CH₄ hydrothermal fluids, which became medium‐temperature and low‐salinity NaCl–H₂O hydrothermal fluids in later stages, and came from magmatic water and mixed with meteoric water, whereas the ore‐forming materials were mainly derived from the surrounding strata. The LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the Bujinhei deposit formed at the period of late Early Cretaceous, potentially in a backarc extensional environment influenced by the Paleo‐Pacific tectonic system.     

新疆巴里坤小加山钨矿地质特征与成因

小加山钨矿区位于东准噶尔成矿区中部南缘,处于博格达-哈尔里克构造带上。构造位置上矿区处于哈尔里克复式背斜中,构造线方向以EW向为主。矿区出露地层主要为中泥盆统大南湖组第一亚组第一段(D_2d_1~1)、和第二段(D_2d_1~2)。主要岩浆岩有石英闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩及少量中酸性花岗闪长岩脉。矿体赋存于邻近海西晚期花岗岩侵入体附近的中泥盆统大南湖组第一亚组第二段(D_2d_1~2)的变质晶屑凝灰岩中。矿石类型为石英脉型黑钨矿石,有用金属主要为黑钨矿,黑钨矿石英脉分为灰色含钨石英脉和白色含钨石英脉2种。四极质谱分析法测得矿床流体包裹体气相成分以H_2O、CO_2为主,次为N_2、CH_4,此外还含有少量的Ar、C_2H_6,液相成分以Cl~-、Na~+为主,次为Ca~(2+),表明成矿流体主要为H_2O-CO_2-NaCl体系。矿床成因类型属于高温热液石英脉型黑钨矿床,矿体主要位于围岩裂隙构造。钨主要由侵入围岩地层中的地幔热液迁移富集而来,W元素迁移过程中,含钨络合物成矿流体分解进而沉淀成矿。     

Fluid Inclusions and C?H?O?S?Pb Isotopes: Implications for the Genesis of the Zhuanshanzi Gold Deposit on the Northern Margin of the North China Craton

The Zhuanshanzi gold deposit lies in the eastern section of the Xingmeng orogenic belt and the northern section of the Chifeng‐Chaoyang gold belt. The gold veins are strictly controlled by a NW‐oriented shear fault zone. Quartz veins and altered tectonic rock‐type gold veins are the main vein types. The deposits can be divided into four mineralization stages, and the second and third metallogenic stages are the main metallogenic stages. In this paper, based on the detailed field geological surveys, an analysis of the orebody and ore characteristics, microtemperature measurement of fluid inclusions, the Laser Raman spectrum of the inclusions, determination of C? H? O? S? Pb isotopic geochemical characteristics, and so on were carried out to explore the origin of the ore‐forming fluids, ore‐forming materials, and the genesis of the deposits. The results show that the fluid inclusions can be divided into four types: type I – gas–liquid two‐phase inclusions; type II – gas‐rich inclusions; type III– liquid inclusions; and type IV – CO₂‐containing three‐phase inclusions. However, they are dominated by type Ib – gas liquid inclusions and type IV – three‐phase inclusions containing CO₂. The gas compositions are mainly H₂O and CO₂, indicating that the metallogenic system is a CO₂? H₂O? NaCl system. The homogenization temperature of the ore‐forming fluid evolved from a middle temperature to a low temperature, and the temperature of the fluid was further reduced due to meteoric water mixing during the late stage, as well as a lack of CO₂ components, and eventually evolved into a simple NaCl? H₂O hydrothermal system. C? H? O? S? Pb isotope research proved that the ore‐forming fluids are mainly magmatic water during the early stage, with abundant meteoric water mixed in during the late stage. Ore‐forming materials originated mostly from hypomagma and were possibly influenced by the surrounding rocks, suggesting that the ore‐forming materials were mainly magmatic hydrothermal deposits, with a small amount of crustal component. The fluid immiscibility and the CO₂ and CH₄ gases in the fluids played an active and important role in the precipitation and enrichment of Au during different metallogenic stages. The deposit is considered a magmatic hydrothermal deposit of middle–low temperature.     

Fluid Inclusions and Hydrogen,Oxygen, Sulfur Isotopes of Nuri Cu‐W‐Mo Deposit in the Southern Gangdese,Tibet

The Nuri Cu‐W‐Mo deposit is located in the southern subzone of the Cenozoic Gangdese Cu‐Mo metallogenic belt. The intrusive rocks exposed in the Nuri ore district consist of quartz diorite, granodiorite, monzogranite, granite porphyry, quartz diorite porphyrite and granodiorite porphyry, all of which intrude in the Cretaceous strata of the Bima Group. Owing to the intense metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration, carbonate rocks of the Bima Group form stratiform skarn and hornfels. The mineralization at the Nuri deposit is dominated by skarn, quartz vein and porphyry type. Ore minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite, scheelite, bornite and tetrahedrite, etc. The oxidized orebodies contain malachite and covellite on the surface. The mineralization of the Nuri deposit is divided into skarn stage, retrograde stage, oxide stage, quartz‐polymetallic sulfide stage and quartz‐carbonate stage. Detailed petrographic observation on the fluid inclusions in garnet, scheelite and quartz from the different stages shows that there are four types of primary fluid inclusions: two‐phase aqueous inclusions, daughter mineral‐bearing multiphase inclusions, CO₂‐rich inclusions and single‐phase inclusions. The homogenization temperature of the fluid inclusions are 280°C–386°C (skarn stage), 200°C–340°C (oxide stage), 140°C–375°C (quartz‐polymetallic sulfide stage) and 160°C–280°C (quartz‐carbonate stage), showing a temperature decreasing trend from the skarn stage to the quartz‐carbonate stage. The salinity of the corresponding stages are 2.9%–49.7 wt% (NaCl) equiv., 2.1%–7.2 wt% (NaCl) equiv._, 2.6%–55.8 wt% (NaCl) equiv. and 1.2%–15.3 wt% (NaCl) equiv., respectively. The analyses of CO₂‐rich inclusions suggest that the ore‐forming pressures are 22.1 M Pa–50.4 M Pa, corresponding to the depth of 0.9 km–2.2 km. The Laser Raman spectrum of the inclusions shows the fluid compositions are dominated in H₂O, with some CO₂ and very little CH₄, N₂, etc. δD values of garnet are between ?114.4‰ and ?108.7‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O between 5.9‰ and 6.7‰; δD of scheelite range from ?103.2‰ to ?101.29‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O values between 2.17‰ and 4.09‰; δD of quartz between ?110.2‰ and ?92.5‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O between ?3.5‰ and 4.3‰. The results indicate that the fluid came from a deep magmatic hydrothermal system, and the proportion of meteoric water increased during the migration of original fluid. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides, concentrated in a rage between ?0.32‰ to 2.5‰, show that the sulfur has a homogeneous source with characteristics of magmatic sulfur. The characters of fluid inclusions, combined with hydrogen‐oxygen and sulfur isotopes data, show that the ore‐forming fluids of the Nuri deposit formed by a relatively high temperature, high salinity fluid originated from magma, which mixed with low temperature, low salinity meteoric water during the evolution. The fluid flow through wall carbonate rocks resulted in the formation of layered skarn and generated CO₂ or other gases. During the reaction, the ore‐forming fluid boiled and produced fractures when the pressure exceeded the overburden pressure. Themeteoric water mixed with the ore‐forming fluid along the fractures. The boiling changed the pressure and temperature, oxygen fugacity, physical and chemical conditions of the whole mineralization system. The escape of CO₂ from the fluid by boiling resulted in scheelite precipitation. The fluid mixing and boiling reduced the solubility of metal sulfides and led the precipitation of chalcopyrite, molybdenite, pyrite and other sulfide.     

Ore Genesis and Tectonic Significance of the Xiaojiashan Tungsten Deposit,Eastern Tianshan,Xinjiang, China: Evidence from Geology,Fluid Inclusions,and Stable Isotope Geochemistry

The Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is located about 200 km northwest of Hami City, the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China, and is a quartz vein‐type tungsten deposit. Combined fluid inclusion microthermometry, host rock geochemistry, and H–O isotopic compositions are used to constrain the ore genesis and tectonic setting of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. The orebodies occur in granite intrusions adjacent to the metamorphic crystal tuff, which consists of the second lithological section of the first Sub‐Formation of the Dananhu Formation (D₂d ₁²). Biotite granite is the most widely distributed intrusive bodies in the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit. Altered diorite and metamorphic crystal tuff are the main surrounding rocks. The granite belongs to peraluminous A‐type granite with high potassic calc‐alkaline series, and all rocks show light Rare Earth Element (REE)‐enriched patterns. The trace element characters suggest that crystallization differentiation might even occur in the diagenetic process. The granite belongs to postcollisional extension granite, and the rocks formed in an extensional tectonic environment, which might result from magma activity in such an extensional tectonic environment. Tungsten‐bearing quartz veins are divided into gray quartz vein and white quartz veins. Based on petrography observation, fluid inclusions in both kinds of vein quartz are mainly aqueous inclusions. Microthermometry shows that gray quartz veins have 143–354°C of T_h, and white quartz veins have 154–312°C of T_h. The laser‐Raman test shows that CO₂ is found in fluid inclusions of the tungsten‐bearing quartz veins. Quadrupole mass spectrometry reveals that fluid inclusions contain major vapor‐phase contents of CO₂, H₂O. Meanwhile, fluid inclusions contain major liquid‐phase contents of Cl^?, Na⁺. It can be speculated that the ore‐forming fluid of the Xiaojiashan tungsten deposit is characterized by an H₂O–CO₂, low salinity, and H₂O–CO₂–NaCl system. The range of hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions indicated that the ore‐forming fluids of the tungsten deposit were mainly magmatic water. The ore‐forming age of the Xiaojiashan deposit should to be ~227 Ma. During the ore‐forming process, the magmatic water had separated from magmatic intrusions, and the ore‐bearing complex was taken to a portion where tungsten‐bearing ores could be mineralized. The magmatic fluid was mixed by meteoric water in the late stage.     

斑岩铜(钼-金)矿床的成矿流体

斑岩铜矿是主要的铜资源,是矿床研究和勘查的重要目标。斑岩铜矿按其与板块构造的关系可分为2种:俯冲带斑岩铜矿和碰撞造山带斑岩铜矿,它们在成矿流体方面有很多区别,其中较大的差别是碰撞造山带斑岩铜矿的钾化蚀变带比俯冲带斑岩铜矿的钾化蚀变带强得多,且范围也相对较宽。文章简述了这2种斑岩矿床的主要地质特征,着重从流体包裹体、蚀变作用和稳定同位素研究来探讨斑铜矿床成矿流体的主要特征,包括成矿流体的成分、形成温度和压力,氢、氧、碳和硫稳定同位素组成。这两种类型的斑岩铜矿中主要发育5种包裹体:M熔体包裹体;Ⅰ液体包裹体;Ⅱ气体包裹体;Ⅲ含子矿物的多相包裹体和CO2_H2O包裹体。Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类包裹体常共存,且均一温度相似,表明成矿流体经历了不混溶和沸腾作用。在Ⅲ类含子矿物的包裹体中发现了含金属硫化物(黄铜矿、黄铁矿)和氧化物(赤铁矿、磁铁矿)子矿物。在斑岩金矿和碰撞造山带的斑岩铜矿中出现CO2_H2O包裹体,在斑岩的斑晶和一些早期石英脉的石英中可见到熔体包裹体以及熔体_流体包裹体,它们代表斑岩岩浆的样品,说明斑岩铜矿的形成经历了岩浆和热液阶段。最近的研究表明,斑岩铜矿的初始流体是中等盐度和密度的岩浆流体。这种流体在上升过程中因压力释放而发生沸腾,形成气体包裹体和含子矿物的高盐度包裹体。     

Ore Geology,Fluid Inclusion,and S‐ and Pb‐Isotopic Constraints on the Genesis of the Chitudian Zn‐Pb Deposit,Southern Margin of the North China Craton

The Chitudian Zn‐Pb ore deposit, Luanchuan, Henan province, was recently discovered in the southern margin of the North China Craton. The Zn‐Pb orebodies are hosted in the Proterozoic Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups, occurring as veins in interbedding fracture zones mainly in a WNW‐ and partially in a NS‐direction. The Zn‐Pb ores are characterized by banded, massive, and breccia structures, coarse crystal grains, and a simple mineral composition mainly of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, quartz, dolomite, and calcite. In addition to the vein type orebodies, there are Mo‐ and Zn‐bearing skarn orebodies in the northwest of the Chitudian ore field. Four types of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite were recognized in the Chitudian Zn‐Pb ores, including aqueous, aqueous‐CO₂, daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous, and daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous‐CO₂ inclusions, with aqueous inclusion being most common. The homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions from the main mineralization stage are from 290°C to 340°C, and the salinities mainly from 3.7 to 14.8 wt% NaCl equivalent. In addition to CO₂, CH₄ and H₂S were detected in the vapor phase and HS^‐ in the liquid phase of the fluid inclusions by Laser Raman spectroscopy. The δ³⁴S_V‐CDT values of ore sulfides from the Chitudian deposit range from ?0.32‰ to 8.30‰, and show two modal peaks in the histogram, one from 1‰ to 4‰, and the other from 5‰ to 7‰. The former peak is similar to that of porphyry‐type Mo‐W deposits in the area, whereas the latter is relatively close to the sulfur in the strata. The ore sulfur may have been derived from both the magma and the strata. The Pb‐isotopic compositions of the ore minerals from Chitudian, with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 17.005 to l7.953, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.414 to 15.587, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 37.948 to 39.036, are similar to those of Mesozoic porphyries in the Chitudian ore field, suggesting that the ore‐forming metals were mainly derived from the Mesozoic magmatic intrusions. The Chitudian Zn‐Pb deposit is interpreted to be a distal hydrothermal vein‐type deposit, which was genetically related to the proximal, skarn‐type Mo ore deposits in the region.     

Evidence for fluid phase separation in high-grade ore zones at the Porgera gold deposit, Papua New Guinea

Coexisting, liquid-rich and vapor-rich primary fluid inclusions in quartz provide direct evidence for fluid phase separation in high-grade quartz–roscoelite–gold veins and breccias from the Porgera alkalic-type gold deposit. Vapor-rich fluid inclusions are CO₂-rich, and sometimes contain liquid CO₂ at room temperature. The close spatial and paragenetic relationship between these “boiling assemblage” fluid inclusions and gold suggests that gold was precipitated by phase separation, at least locally. Additionally, the occurrence of carbonate and sulfate minerals in high-grade veins (reflecting pH increase and oxidation of the boiled fluid) and the appearance of hydrothermal breccias, are consistent with the process of fluid phase separation. Liquid CO₂-bearing fluid inclusions are rare in near-surface epithermal deposits, and indicate that the Porgera vein system was formed at greater depths and pressures (our estimates suggest pressures between 250 and 340 bars). It is suggested that alkalic-type gold deposits may be distinguished from other epithermal deposit types by the more gaseous nature of the ore-forming fluids, in addition to their association with alkalic magmas. Received: 24 February 2000 / Accepted: 6 April 2000     

碳酸岩型稀土矿床成矿流体演化机制研究现状及展望

与碱性岩有关的碳酸岩型内生稀土矿床在中国乃至世界上轻稀土资源储量中占有极为重要的地位,诸如我国内蒙古的白云鄂博稀土矿床、川西冕宁—德昌稀土成矿带中的牦牛坪、大陆槽等稀土矿床、山东微山县郗山稀土矿床以及美国的Mountain Pass稀土矿床等都属于这种类型的稀土矿床。当前,对于这类稀土矿床的成矿流体演化机制,学界主要存在结晶分异作用、不混溶作用(熔体-熔体不混溶、熔体-流体不混溶以及流体-流体不混溶)以及热液交代蚀变作用之间的分歧。结晶分异作用可以使具有不相容性的稀土元素在残余熔体相中逐渐富集,直至形成稀土矿物。不混溶作用能够使稀土元素在不混溶后形成的两相或多相中的某一相中发生选择性富集,形成稀土矿化。成矿流体演化晚阶段的热液流体对早期生成的矿物或围岩进行交代蚀变,使其释放出能与稀土元素在热液中形成络合物的F-、(CO_3)~(2-)以及(SO_4)~(2-)等阴离子(团),并最终在合适的构造控矿部位和外界环境条件下,重结晶或沉淀出稀土矿物。上述3种观点各有其理论依据,但是在解释一些碳酸岩型稀土矿床地质现象或实验地球化学模拟结果的时候都或多或少存在一定程度上的不足。前人的研究结果表明,碳酸岩型稀土矿床中发育了大量的熔体包裹体、熔体-流体包裹体以及富CO_2的流体包裹体,以往在利用Linkam TS1400XY以及Linkam THMS600等这类常规高温热台,在101325 Pa条件下对其进行热力学测温时,这些包裹体大多在尚未达到完全均一状态前就已发生爆裂或泄露,极大制约了人们对这类稀土矿床在高温岩浆阶段和中高温岩浆-热液阶段成矿流体演化过程的认知。另外,对于稀土元素在成矿流体演化过程中的含量变化特征及其地球化学行为的研究,目前主要是通过包裹体成分组成的拉曼光谱分析,以及对矿体和围岩进行的全岩地球化学分析,尚缺乏单个包裹体中元素含量的原位微区分析方面的数据。未来,对碳酸岩型稀土矿床中发育的熔体包裹体、熔体-流体包裹体和富CO_2的流体包裹体,利用热液金刚石压腔开展高温高压原位均一实验模拟研究,以及对单个包裹体中微量元素的含量利用LA-ICP-MS进行原位微区分析,将是揭示该类稀土矿床成矿流体演化机制的关键。