河南省南襄盆地泌阳凹陷古近系核桃园组湖相页岩油储集层特征

尽管对南襄盆地泌阳凹陷古近系核桃园组湖相页岩采用大型压裂初产已获高产油气流,但是对该湖相页岩储集层特征尚未进行系统研究。文中应用薄片分析及全岩X衍射分析,结合陆相页岩矿物组成特点,将泌阳凹陷湖相页岩划分为块状泥岩、纹层状黏土质页岩、纹层状粉砂质页岩、纹层状灰质页岩及纹层状云质页岩5种类型。根据页岩岩心样品氩离子抛光扫描电镜分析结果,探讨了研究区湖相页岩的储集特征:(1)主要发育溶蚀孔、晶间孔、粒间孔、构造缝、层间页理缝和微裂缝等储集空间类型;(2)孔隙发育具有各向异性;(3)孔隙以中孔体积为主,微孔次之,孔径平均为4.76 nm,有2个峰值区,分别是2～3 nm和71 nm左右。进一步分析表明,岩石类型控制了储集层的储集空间发育特征,研究区以纹层状灰质页岩的溶蚀孔、晶间孔、有机质孔、层间缝等孔隙最为发育,其亦对页岩油储集最为有利。     

柴北缘东段克鲁克组泥页岩储层特征

柴北缘东段石炭系克鲁克组为一套海陆过渡相碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩混合沉积,其中泥页岩较为发育。通过野外剖面踏勘和实测对克鲁克组泥页岩纵向发育特征进行了研究,发现克鲁克组一段泥页岩累计厚度为60 m,泥地比达92.6%,是泥页岩发育最好的层段。通过精细岩心观察描述、全岩X射线衍射分析、岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察及物性分析等,对泥页岩矿物组成、岩相、储集空间类型及物性特征进行了研究,结果表明,泥页岩矿物组成以石英和黏土矿物为主;黑色纹层状泥质中粉砂岩相、灰黑色条带状泥质粗粉砂岩相、灰黑色条带状含灰灰质泥质粗粉砂岩相和黑色纹层状含生物碎屑泥质中粉砂岩相为主要的岩相类型;储集空间主要发育顺层裂缝、溶蚀孔隙、黏土矿物晶间孔、有机质粒内孔隙及生物碎屑粒内孔;孔隙度在1%~3%,渗透率分布在0.01~1 mD。储层的发育主要受沉积环境、矿物组成和成岩作用的影响,黑色纹层状泥质中粉砂岩相和灰黑色条带状泥质粗粉砂岩相由于沉积厚度大、碳酸盐胶结作用弱、脆性指数较高、储集性能良好,有利于泥页岩储层的发育。     

柴达木盆地鱼卡凹陷侏罗系泥页岩地球化学特征及储集条件——以柴页1井为例

柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡凹陷发育的侏罗系泥页岩是中国北方陆相页岩气勘探的目的层系之一。为进一步明确鱼卡凹陷侏罗系泥页岩地化-储集条件,系统采集了柴页1井泥页岩岩心样品,开展了总有机碳、热解氢指数、镜质体反射率、孔隙度和渗透率、扫描电镜、矿物组成及等温吸附特征实验分析。结果表明,柴页1井中侏罗统大煤沟组泥页岩有机质类型和成熟度利于有机质孔隙发育,较高的总有机碳含量利于页岩气富集;粘土矿物的存在虽然抑制了泥页岩微孔隙的发育,但对其吸附能力有促进作用。鱼卡凹陷具有良好的页岩气生成和储集条件,是页岩气勘探的有利地区。     

四川盆地长芯1井下志留统龙马溪组页岩气储层特征研究

四川盆地东南部地区长宁构造长芯1井下志留统龙马溪组泥(页)岩,厚度约147m.该套泥(页)岩组合以纹层状泥(页)岩、纹层状含灰质泥(页)岩、纹层状粉砂质泥(页)岩为主,见钙质结核及黄铁矿条带.龙马溪组底部30m以富有机质的黑色纹层状泥(页)岩为主,其石英、长石和黄铁矿总量平均51.9％,粘土矿物含量平均24.7％,方解石和白云石含量平均23.4％,与美国典型页岩储层有相似性.总有机碳含量底部为3.9％ ～6.7％,上部为1.0％ ～2.1％.龙马溪组页岩岩心平均孔隙度为5.68％,平均渗透率为5.96×10-3 μm2,与孔隙度成明显正相关.扫描电镜下龙马溪组泥(页)岩微孔隙主要包括矿物晶间(溶)孔、晶间隙、晶内孔,有机质内微孔和微裂缝等.根据压汞分析,泥(页)岩孔喉中值半径最大为33nm,平均为10nm.研究表明,长芯1井龙马溪组海相页岩气储层微孔隙发育的受控因素有岩性、成岩演化程度和有机质发育特征等.富有机质泥(页)岩的物性好于粉砂质泥(页)岩和钙质泥(页)岩;成岩阶段晚期,矿物组合发生变化,蒙脱石向伊利石转变,形成新的微孔隙,增加了储层孔隙度;TOC是控制龙马溪组页岩气储层的主要内在因素,也是提供页岩气储存空间的重要物质.     

柴达木盆地西部古近系干柴沟组页岩储层特征

岩心观察和岩石薄片鉴定显示,柴达木盆地西部古近系干柴沟组存在层状-非层状泥页岩、层状-非层状灰质泥页岩、泥灰岩、层状-非层状粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩5种岩相。总有机质含量（TOC）为0.2%~1.4%,有机质以Ⅱ型干酪根为主,普遍处于成熟阶段。泥页岩矿物成分以碎屑石英和粘土矿物为主,并含有不等量的方解石、白云石、长石、黄铁矿等;发育原生孔隙、有机质生烃形成的孔隙、次生溶蚀孔隙、粘土矿物伊利石化体积缩小形成的微孔隙及微裂缝5种页岩气储集空间类型。研究表明,储集空间发育主要受岩相类型、矿物成分、成岩作用、有机碳含量和有机质成熟度的影响。虽然研究区泥页岩中有机质含量普遍较低,但有机质普遍处于成熟阶段,储层中发育多种储集空间类型,并富含脆性矿物和富伊利石的粘土矿物。因此,柴达木盆地西部干柴沟组泥页岩为良好的页岩气储集层,具有一定的页岩气勘探前景。     

利用微米X射线显微镜研究陆相延长组页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩孔隙结构是决定储层储集与运移能力的关键,对完善我国陆相页岩气产能评估方法和压裂技术具有重要意义。本文选取鄂尔多斯盆地陆相延长组7段页岩,利用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜和微米X射线显微镜方法研究其孔隙结构特征与三维空间分布特征。扫描电镜结果表明,延长7段页岩中主要发育粒间孔(300～600nm)和微裂缝,是页岩气的主要储集空间。微裂缝多由黏土矿物沉淀形成,以平直状为主,易引发井壁坍塌等严重问题。有机孔发育较少,一般与有机黏土矿物共存,绝大部分有机质呈致密状。微米X射线显微镜测试进一步表明,长7段页岩在三维空间具有微米级纹层结构,其中有机质纹层厚10～20μm,揭示了延长组7段页岩层具有较强塑性,不利于水平压裂。该研究成果将为构建延长7段页岩气渗流模型、改进压裂技术提供重要数据支持。     

柴北缘盆地YQ-1井中侏罗统石门沟组泥页岩纳米孔隙特征及影响因素

柴达木北缘(柴北缘)盆地侏罗纪是典型的陆相湖沼盆地,是目前具有页岩气潜力的盆地之一。本文运用氮气吸附、有机碳含量、有机质成熟度、全岩X衍射分析等方法,对柴北缘鱼卡地区YQ - 1井中侏罗统石门沟组泥页岩的纳米孔隙特征及控制因素进行研究。结果表明,石门沟组泥页岩纳米孔隙结构复杂,根据吸附回线及孔径分布特征可划分为两类,第一类以一端不透气性孔和开放性平行板状狭缝孔为主,孔径主要集中在3～5 nm范围内,呈单峰状分布;第二类则以一端不透气性孔和开放性倾斜板狭缝孔为主,孔径主要分布在3～5 nm和8～14 nm范围内,呈双峰状分布。孔径小于50 nm的微孔和介孔是比表面积和孔体积的主要贡献者;黏土矿物含量与微孔、介孔、总孔体积呈正相关;在较低的成熟度制约下,泥页岩有机质孔隙基本不发育,有机质丰度较高的石门沟组上段H9泥页岩TOC含量与微孔、介孔、总孔体积呈负相关性,有机质丰度较差的下段H8泥页岩TOC含量与孔体积相关性则不甚明显;孔隙结构及孔径分布受沉积环境水动力条件影响;黏土矿物是石门沟组泥页岩纳米孔隙的主要提供者,是孔隙发育的主控因素,TOC含量与沉积环境也会对泥页岩孔隙发育产生一定影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区延长组页岩气储层孔隙结构特征

为了评价陆相页岩气储层的储集空间和储气能力,以鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段、长9段页岩为研究对象,运用电子扫描显微镜、高压压汞、低温CO2和N2气体吸附等实验方法,对陆相页岩气储层孔隙类型特征、孔隙结构及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：(1)延长探区上三叠统延长组陆相页岩发育多种类型微观孔隙,以粒间孔和粒内孔为主,少量晶间孔和溶蚀孔,有机质孔发育较少,为陆相页岩气赋存提供了储集空间;(2)延长组页岩中介孔(2～50 nm)贡献了其主要的孔容和比表面积,占总孔容的7437%,占总比表面积的6440%,且长9段页岩的总孔容和总比表面积均大于长7段页岩;(3)延长组页岩孔隙结构以狭缝型孔和板状孔为主,孔径主要分布在04～09 nm、3～25 nm和5～200 μm区间段内,延长组页岩平均孔径为853 nm,且长7段页岩平均孔径大于长9段页岩;(4)页岩有机碳含量、有机质成熟度及矿物成分含量共同影响着延长组页岩孔隙的发育,其中矿物成分含量是以介孔孔隙为主的延长组页岩孔隙发育的主控因素,有机碳含量及成熟度的增加主要对页岩中微孔孔隙的发育起到积极作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部上古生界山西组页岩储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地山西组发育一套厚度大且有勘探潜力的陆海陆过渡相页岩。应用岩芯观察、X衍射、扫描电镜和显微镜观察以及高压压汞等方法,对该盆地中部山西组页岩的岩石学、矿物学、页岩储集空间、孔隙结构和物性特征进行分析研究。结果表明:研究区山西组页岩以黑色泥岩、黑色页岩夹纹层或薄层状深色粉砂岩为主,页岩主要由黏土矿物和石英两类矿物组成,二者平均含量分别为59.6%和36.9%。页岩宏观和微观裂隙发育,显微镜下统计的显微裂缝平均面密度达到116.6/m。除了发育与矿物和成岩作用有关的矿物孔隙外,页岩中有机显微组分发育较多的有机质孔。页岩孔隙度平均为0.77%,渗透率平均为0.06×10-3 μm2。山西组页岩总有机碳（TOC）、镜质体反射率（R_o,%）和黏土矿物含量是影响页岩孔隙度的主要因素,具有正相关性,而石英含量与页岩孔隙度呈一定的负相关关系。山西组页岩中裂缝的普遍发育提高了页岩的渗透率,有利于页岩气聚集成藏。综合分析表明山西组页岩气储层地质条件一般,开发难度较大,但在裂缝发育、物性较好的层位和地区仍具有较好的页岩气资源前景。     

基于数字岩心技术的陆相页岩油微观结构特征及主控因素——以松辽盆地白垩系青山口组一段泥页岩为例

数字岩心技术为大庆齐家-古龙地区青山口组一段的页岩油评价提供了可靠的基础数据,助力了松辽陆相盆地页岩油的勘探突破.针对泥页岩储层超低孔、超低渗的物性特征,综合利用微纳米CT、MAPS和QEMSCAN等数字岩心配套实验,对泥页岩储层岩石学特征、岩相类型、孔隙结构等进行了研究.将青山口组一段划分为5种岩相类型,分别为低有机质纹层状黏土质灰岩相、低有机质纹层状长英质灰岩相、中有机质纹层状长英质页岩相、中有机质夹层粉砂岩相、高有机质纹层状硅质页岩相.青山口组一段主要孔隙类型包括粒间孔、粒内孔和有机质孔.岩石相是青山口组一段孔隙、层理缝发育的主控因素.高有机质纹层状硅质页岩相储集空间主要由粒内孔和层理缝所构成,其孔隙-裂缝系统是青山口组一段页岩油甜点开发的重点层段.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.