白云鄂博碳酸岩脉的显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱分析

白云鄂博矿区发育的脉状稀土碳酸岩,由于其结晶迅速,矿物颗粒细微,其中的微小矿物的鉴定一直是一个难题.应用显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱仪则能较好地解决这一问题.研究表明,白云鄂博地区存在富稀土白云质岩浆碳酸岩脉,早期阶段形成碱性长石和铁白云石,无稀土矿化;铁白云石常常出溶铁质而自身则形成方解石.霓石和方解石形成略晚,常常与氟碳铈矿等稀土矿物共生,出现强烈的稀土矿化;而无解理的方解石则形成于更晚的岩浆期后热液阶段,发育大量的流体包裹体,并出现强烈的铌、稀土矿化.铌铁矿分布在氟碳铈矿中和赤铁矿边缘,为热液交代作用的产物.早期结晶的矿物如碱性长石、铁白云石稀土矿化弱,岩浆晚期分异出大量的流体相,稀土元素和Sr等进入岩浆热液中,并在热液结晶矿物中富集,甚至在非平衡结晶的石英中产生强烈的稀土矿化.结合岩相学显微观察,显微拉曼探针很好的揭示了这一地质过程.同时为白云鄂博矿床铌、稀土矿化的热液交代成因提供了依据.     

白云鄂博地区碳酸岩脉侵位序列与稀土元素富集机制

白云鄂博地区发育大量的火成碳酸岩脉。按照矿物组成,碳酸岩脉可分为白云石型、白云石-方解石共存型和方解石型。野外穿插关系表明,白云石型碳酸岩脉形成得早,而方解石型碳酸岩脉形成得晚。白云鄂博地区的碳酸岩浆存在由白云石型到共存型再到方解石型的先后结晶顺序和演化趋势。碳酸岩脉的主量、稀土和微量元素组成特征表明,随着碳酸岩脉中方解石矿物组分的增加,轻稀土元素的含量呈明显富集趋势,而长期的结晶分异作用正是稀土元素,尤其是轻稀土元素在晚期岩浆中强烈富集的内在机制。     

白云鄂博矿床研究若干问题的探讨

白云鄂博巨型稀土-铌-铁矿床是与火成碳酸岩(即H8)有关的矿床。在碳酸岩岩浆阶段,在其蚀变围岩(霓长岩)中以及晚期的热液阶段都有稀土、铌和铁等的富集。因此,白云鄂博矿床不是单一矿床类型,其涵盖了稀土-铌-铁碳酸岩岩浆型矿床、稀土-铌-铁交代蚀变岩型和热液型矿床,这种复合类型的矿床是十分罕见的,可称之为白云鄂博式矿床。根据已发表的年代数据,白云鄂博大规模碳酸岩的形成时代和伴随的稀土矿化的高峰期在1.3～1.4Ga。加里东构造热事件对本区的影响广泛和强烈,不仅有广泛发育的大型褶皱、冲断层和韧性剪切作用,并伴有广泛的流体交代作用和局部的热液活动,某些稀土矿物的同位素体系受到重置,表现为其Sm-Nd年龄和Th-Pb年龄的不一致。本区的碱性岩在基底杂岩中即有出露,随后在白云鄂博群中和1.3～1.4Ga白云鄂博碳酸岩形成时皆有产出。目前所获资料表明,至少1.3～1.4Ga的碱性杂岩在成因上与碳酸岩有密切的联系。本区基底杂岩显示了白云鄂博地区在2.0Ga左右曾经有一个弧地质体,该区在2.0～1.9Ga间经历了从被动大陆边缘到活动大陆边缘增生碰撞的一个完整的造山过程。     

内蒙古白云鄂博铁-铌-稀土矿床矿化蚀变矿物组合及流体组成

针对内蒙古白云鄂博铁-铌-稀土矿床是否多期成矿及底板白云岩的成因争论,本文通过光薄片岩矿鉴定和扫描电子显微镜研究,获得如下信息：(1)碳酸岩脉、磁铁矿石、蚀变岩及矿化白云岩中矿化蚀变的矿物组成类似,均以磁铁矿(碳酸岩脉中除外)、独居石、氟碳酸稀土矿物(氟碳铈矿等)、方解石、萤石、磷灰石、富钡矿物(重晶石或毒重石)、黑云母、富钠矿物(钠闪石、霓石)等为主,常见硫化物,显示为同一种富含Fe、REE、Ca、Ba、K、Na、Si及挥发分CO₂、P₂O₅、F、S的流体,岩(矿)石的结构构造也显示出明显的一期成矿特点,支持白云鄂博矿床主体是一期成矿事件的产物。(2)稀土矿化与底板白云岩不是同一流体的产物,稀土矿化与方解石为主的碳酸岩脉有关,有可能为火成碳酸岩或浆液过渡态流体;底板白云岩是稀土矿化的围岩,有更多的沉积成因信息,可能为热水沉积岩,或者为热液改造的沉积碳酸盐岩。(3)磁铁矿化与稀土矿化是同一成矿事件的产物,但碳酸岩中缺乏磁铁矿表明,铁质来源与稀土来源是否相同仍需要进一步研究。     

白云鄂博矿区交代及成矿作用的成因矿物学研究

通过对白云鄂博矿区碱性角闪石和金云母的成因矿物学研究，证实本区确实有岩浆碳酸岩的活动，活动中心在矿区东部，矿区碱交代作用来源于岩浆碳酸岩的后期热液活动，与白云鄂博铁－铌－稀土矿床中的主斯铁矿化无趋势关系，但与稀土矿化关系密切，作为铁矿化的太物学标志是：标型矿物镁钠闪石和镁钠铁闪石；金云母的特殊反多色性及其低Ｔｉ，高Ｘ＾ｔｅｔｓｉ的成分特征以及特殊的标型矿物组合。     

与碳酸岩-碱性岩有关的铌-稀土矿床成矿作用及成因机制

铌和稀土资源主要来自与碳酸岩-碱性岩相关的矿床,加强碳酸岩-碱性岩系统铌和稀土成矿作用研究,对指导我国铌和稀土资源的找矿都具有重要意义。本文对与碳酸岩-碱性岩有关的铌-稀土矿床成矿作用及成因机制进行了梳理和总结。碳酸岩-碱性岩系统中铌和稀土的初始富集一般与富集地幔的部分熔融有关,地幔源区稀土和稀有金属、碱金属和挥发分的富集是成矿的关键。橄榄石、单斜辉石等早期岩浆矿物的高度分离结晶导致残余碱性岩浆中铌和稀土的进一步富集,结晶铌和稀土矿物;碳酸岩中铌矿物结晶有堆晶岩成因和交代成因两种机制。大多数与碳酸岩-碱性岩相关的铌-稀土矿床均经历了热液蚀变,岩浆铌矿物被原地蚀变成热液铌矿物;而碳酸岩-碱性岩中矿石矿物和脉石矿物中的轻重稀土在热液过程中均可被溶解迁移再沉淀为稀土矿物。包括物理富集、化学富集和/或生物富集过程在内的地表风化过程可进一步提升碳酸岩型铌-稀土矿床的品位;在碱性硅酸岩体系中,少数矿床通过物理富集提升铌和稀土品位,而大多数矿床的风化会导致稀土矿物的分解形成一些不易被经济利用的次生稀土矿物。     

四川牦牛坪轻稀土矿床S、C、O、H同位素和惰性气体研究:地幔与成矿作用的关系

牦牛坪稀土矿床位于四川省冕宁县西南22km,是仅次于内蒙白云鄂博铁-铌-稀土矿床的中国第二大轻稀土矿床。构造上,它处于攀西裂谷与龙门山—锦屏山造山带之间的过渡带。它是一种赋存于碱性杂岩体中的碳酸岩脉状矿床,矿石类型主要有三种:氟碳铈矿-重晶石型、氟碳铈矿-方解石型和氟碳铈矿-微斜长石型。其中,第一种矿石类型分布最广泛,成矿作用最强。矿石中重晶石的硫同位素值变化小,氟碳铈矿-方解石型矿脉中为5.0‰～5.1‰,而氟碳铈矿-重晶石型矿脉中为3.3‰～5.9‰,显示岩浆来源硫同位素特征。氟碳铈矿-方解石型矿脉中方解石的碳和氧同位素值…     

白云鄂博铌、稀土铁矿的成矿地质条件及矿床成因

白云鄂博矿区的铁矿和铌、稀土矿分属两个成矿期和两种不同的成因。铁矿是中元古界蓟县系哈拉霍疙特组内的层控受变质铁矿，赋存在宽沟南侧的层状白云岩中，该白云岩及铁矿层是在两条同生断裂所控槽状泻湖中沉积的。除白云岩外，宽沟南北两侧地层均可对比，同属白云鄂博群。铁矿层的原生矿物为以菱铁矿为主的FeCO3－MgCO3系列矿物，受后期侵入岩的热变质作用转变为磁铁矿及赤铁矿。铌、稀土成矿作用与脉状、瘤状碳酸岩有关。矿区已发现该类脉岩40余条，可分为白云石质及方解石质两类，以前者为主。两类碳酸岩的稀土元素特征均为轻稀土高度富集型，铕弱亏损到富集，其来源较深碳酸岩体沿断裂侵入造成强烈而广阔的碱交代蚀变带，以霓长石化为主，其强度与稀土矿化强度呈正相关关系。推测矿区在不大的深度内赋存有较大的隐伏碳酸岩侵入体。     

白云鄂博碳酸岩墙的稀土和微量元素地球化学及对其成因的启示

根据矿物组成白云鄂博矿区的碳酸岩岩可墙可分为白云石型、白云石－方解石共存型和方解石型三种类型。REE和微量元素地球化学表明，这三类碳酸岩岩墙为碳酸岩浆演化不同阶段的产物，白云石型和白云石－方解石共存型对应于早期岩浆阶段，其（La/Nd)n、(La/Yb)n比值随稀土总量的增加而增大，方解石型则对应于碳酸岩浆演化的晚期热液阶段，其稀土总量明显富集，但其（La/Nd)n、(La/Y)n和（La/Yb)n比值随稀土总量的增加却有减小的趋势，热液阶段也是白云鄂博稀土矿化的主要阶段。     

论白云鄂博脉状含铌稀土白云石碳酸岩

白云鄂博矿区的脉状白云石碳酸岩,含铌稀土量较高,是一种特殊的矿物共生组合的铌稀土矿石,因此有可能成为一类独立的铌稀土矿床,值得重视,根据其地质产状、化学成分、矿物共生组合,岩石结构构造等,均有别于白云鄂博群H8层沉积的白云岩,笔者认为应属岩浆成因的岩石.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115001310

Bayan Obo ore deposit is the largest rare-earth element(REE) resource,and the second largest niobium(Nb) resource in the world.Due to the complicated element/mineral compositions and involving several geological events,the REE enrichment mechanism and genesis of this giant deposit still remains intense debated.The deposit is hosted in the massive dolomite,and nearly one hundred carbonatite dykes occur in the vicinity of the deposit.The carbonatite dykes can be divided into three types from early to late:dolomite,co-existing dolomite-calcite and calcite type,corresponding to different evolutionary stages of carbonatite magmatism based on the REE and trace element data.The latter always has higher REE content.The origin of the ore-hosting dolomite at Bayan Obo has been addressed in various models,ranging from a normal sedimentary carbonate rocks to volcano-sedimentary sequence,and a large carbonatitic intrusion.More geochemical evidences show that the coarse-grained dolomite represents a Mesoproterozoic carbonatite pluton and the fine-grained dolomite resulted from the extensive REE mineralization and modification of the coarse-grained variety.The ore bodies,distributed along an E-W striking belt,occur as large lenses and underwent more intense fluoritization and fenitization.The first episode mineralization is characterized by disseminated mineralization in the dolomite.The second or main-episode is banded and/or massive mineralization,cut by the third episode consisting of aegirinerich veins.Various dating methods gave different mineralization ages at Bayan Obo,resulting in long and hot debates.Compilation of available data suggests that the mineralization is rather variable with two peaks at~1400 and 440 Ma.The early mineralization peak closes in time to the intrusion of the carbonatite dykes.A significant thermal event at ca.440 Ma resulted in the formation of late-stage veins with coarse crystals of REE minerals.Fluids involving in the REE-Nb-Fe mineralization at Bayan Obo might be REE-F-C02-NaCI-H20 system.The presence of REE-carbonates as an abundant solid in the ores shows that the original ore-forming fluids are very rich in REE,and therefore,have the potential to produce economic REE ores at Bayan Obo.the Bayan Obo deposit is a product of mantle-derived carbonatitic magmatism at ca.1400 Ma,which was likely related to the breakup of Columbia.Some remobilization of REE occurred due to subduction of the Palaeo-Asian oceanic plate during the Silurian,forming weak vein-like mineralization.     

Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in Inner Mongolia, China

Trace element and isotopic compositions of carbonate from ore bodies, country rock which hosts the ore bodies (H8 dolomite), a carbonatite dyke exposed in Dulahala near Bayan Obo, and rare earth element (REE)-rich dolomite in Bayan Obo have been determined to understand the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE ore deposit, the world’s largest resource of REE. The REE and trace element distribution patterns of samples from the REE-rich carbonatite dykes are identical to those of mineralized carbonate rocks, indicating a genetic linkage between the REE-rich carbonatite and mineralization in this region. By contrast, carbon and oxygen isotopes in the mineralized carbonate varied significantly, δ¹³C = −7.98‰ to −1.12‰, δ¹⁸O = 8.60-25.69‰, which are distinctively different from those in mantle-derived carbonatite. Abnormal isotopic fractionations between dolomite and calcite suggest that these two minerals are in disequilibrium in the carbonatite dyke, ore bodies, and H8 marble from Bayan Obo. This isotopic characteristic is also found in mineralized sedimentary marine micrite from Heinaobao, ∼25 km southeast of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE ore deposit. These facts imply that the carbonate minerals in the Bayan Obo deposit have resulted from sedimentary carbonate rocks being metasomatised by mantle-derived fluids, likely derived from a REE-enriched carbonatitic magma. The initial Nd isotope values of ore bodies and carbonatite dykes are identical, indicating that ore bodies, carbonatite dykes and veins may have a similar REE source.     

白云鄂博矿区周围火成碳酸岩岩墙地质特征

首次填出白云鄂博矿区周围火成碳酸岩岩墙的分布图,深入系统地研究了岩墙的地质产状、主矿物类型、岩石结构、人工重砂矿物组成、稀土元素含量等特征。反映了白云鄂博矿区周围火成碳酸岩岩墙的岩浆演化分异过程存在差异。对于研究白云鄂博矿区铁与稀土的矿化提供了物质来源的证据。     

白云鄂博主、东矿三个剖面地球化学特征及其研究意义

近年来关于白云鄂博Nb-REE-Fe矿床H8岩体火成水成归属的争论已渐息,而矿床成矿过程以及REE富集机制仍是学术界关注的热点。文章对白云鄂博矿床白云石碳酸岩体、霓长岩化蚀变带、尖山组板岩3个典型剖面开展系统的岩石地球化学工作,发现赋矿碳酸岩、霓长岩、铁矿石微量与稀土元素配分模式具有相似性,靠近H8岩体的尖山组板岩往往有着更高的稀土元素含量,以及与成矿碳酸岩相近的微量元素配分模式。区内各类岩石单元稀土元素分馏明显,全岩La_N/Nd_N比值的变化规律显示,H8岩体内部比边缘更富La,边缘比岩体内部更富Nd。通过岩（矿）石薄片BSE图像结合矿物电子探针分析显示,H8岩体内的稀土元素矿物（主要是独居石、氟碳铈矿等）可分为2组,一组相对富La,呈半自形-他形,星点状分布;另一组相对富Nd,呈他形细粒,脉状分布。两组矿物中不同元素的富集特征可能代表了结晶过程中流体环境的改变。上述实验结合地质勘查结果表明,白云鄂博矿床初始成矿物质的起源与H8碳酸岩一致,均来源于中元古代碳酸岩岩浆活动,而不同类型的稀土元素矿物对应了白云岩成岩阶段与萤石矿化阶段两个不同的稀土矿化阶段。     

白云鄂博碳酸盐矿物的矿物化学成分标型特征

对白云鄂博地区不同产状的碳酸盐矿物进行了系统的电子探针分析,其结果表明白云鄂博ＲＥＥ－Ｎｂ－Ｆｅ矿床的赋矿白云岩中,无论是粗粒结构的,还是细粒结构的白云岩,其主要造岩矿物白云石或者铁白云石均具高锰（ＭｎＯ〉０．５ｗｔ％）和高锶（ＳｒＯ〉１．５ｗｔ％）的特征,与矿床北东方向０￣３．５ｋｍ范围内切割五台群花岗片麻岩－混合岩及白云鄂博群碎屑岩的火成碳酸岩岩墙中的碳酸盐矿物非常相似。它们完全不同于宽沟段裂以北典型沉积石灰岩厦白云质石灰岩中的方解石和白云(MnO<0.1wt％ ,SrO<0.1wt％ )。赋矿白云岩中自云石的锶和锰含量系统变他反映碳酸岩浆发生了分离结晶作用,其结果可以导致其余岩浆中REE高度富集．本文认为碳酸盐矿物的锶和锰含量可以作为识别其成囡的重要标型特征,其氧化物MnO>0.15wt％ 和Sr>0.15wt％为火成碳酸岩的标志。     

白云鄂博——一个典型的碱性-碳酸岩杂岩的厘定

在内蒙古白云鄂博地区发育着一套由碱性-碳酸岩杂岩(原H_8)、碳酸岩岩墙群、沉积—火山岩系(原H_9)、矿区浅成中基性岩岩墙群和角砾橄榄岩体群等组成的独具特色的大型杂岩。 白云鄂博Nb-Fe-RE超大型矿床其赋矿碳酸岩(H_8),长期被误认为沉积白云岩。根据综合对比研究表明,赋矿H_8同本区典型的火成碳酸岩岩墙群和世界同类碳酸岩存在着高度的相似性。而与本区典型沉积岩剖面中的腮林忽洞微晶丘和白云岩却完全迥异。故白云鄂博矿床赋矿H_8实为一典型的碱性—碳酸岩杂岩。在岩石分类学上,采用CaO-MgO-(FeO十Fe_2O_3+MnO)三端元组分分类图解,将本区碳酸岩类划分为两大独立的岩石分区,即:以方解石碳酸岩为代表的钙质碳酸岩类(Ⅰ类)和以含铁白云石或铁白云石碳酸岩为代表的镁质碳酸岩类(Ⅱ类)。前者岩浆成分属Ca Fe质系列,后者属Mg Fe质系列,两者均具有富铁演化趋势。 对世界上主要火成碳酸类(不含Na质碳酸岩)进行的统计结果,同样给出了两大独立的岩石类型分区(即Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类)和两大岩浆成分系列(Ca Fe质和Mg Fe质)。这一结果则与本区碳酸岩实际有着惊人地一致。它反映一个无可争辨的事实,即全球碳酸岩所固有的成岩成矿专属性,这一属性不受产地、成岩时代和产状等的约束,而表现一致共有的普遍规律。 赋矿碳酸岩体     

A review of the genesis of the world class Bayan Obo Fe–REE–Nb deposits,Inner Mongolia,China: Multistage processes and outstanding questions

The Bayan Obo Fe–REE–Nb deposit is the world's largest rare earth element (REE) resource and with the increasing focus on critical metal resources has become a focus of global interest. The deposit is hosted in the Palaeoproterozoic Bayan Obo Group, mainly concentrated in the H8 dolomite marble. The ores consist of light REE enriched monazite and bastnäsite, with a wide array of other REE minerals. Niobium mineralisation is hosted primarily in aeschynite and pyrochlore, although there are a wide range of other Nb-minerals. The origin of the host dolomite and ore bodies has been a subject of intense debate. The host dolomite has been proposed to be both of sedimentary origin and an igneous carbonatite. Carbonatite dykes do occur widely in the area, and consideration of the textural, geochemical and isotopic composition of the dolomite suggests an origin via intrusion of magmatic carbonatite into meta-sedimentary marble, accompanied by metasomatism. The origin of the ore bodies is complex, indicated most strongly by an ~ 1 Ga range in radiometric age determinations. Compilation of available data suggests that the ores were originally formed around 1.3 Ga (Sm–Nd isochron ages; Th–Pb ages of zircon), close in time to the intrusion of the carbonatite dykes. The ores were subsequently subjected to several stages of deformation and hydrothermal overprint, culminating in deformation, metamorphism and fluid flow related to the Caledonian subduction of the Mongolian Plate under the North China Craton from ~ 450 to 420 Ma (Th–Pb ages of monazite). This stage resulted in the formation of the strong foliation (‘banding’) of the ore. The presence of undeformed veins with alkali mineral fills, and the overprinting of the foliation by Nb minerals suggest that secondary fluid flow events may also have contributed to the metal endowment of the deposits, as well as remobilising the original Fe and REE mineralisation. The alteration mineralogy and geochemistry of the ores are comparable to those of many REE mineralised carbonatites. Initial Nd isotope ratios at 450 Ma, however, suggest crustal sources for the metals. These conflicting lines of evidence can be reconciled if a (at least) two stage isotopic evolution is accepted for the deposits, with an original mantle-sourced, carbonatite-related metal accumulation forming around 1.3 Ga with εNd close to 0. The ore was remobilised, with associated re-equilibration of Th–Pb isotope systematics during deformation at ~ 450 Ma. A further stage of alkaline hydrothermal fluid was responsible for Nb mineralisation at this stage. The complex geological history, with multiple stages of alkaline, high field strength element-rich, metasomatic fluid flow, is probably the main reason for the exceptional metal endowment of the Bayan Obo area.