新郑矿区钻孔地温特征及其受控机制

地温是影响煤炭开采的重要地质因素之一。通过对新郑矿区911钻孔稳态测温及理论分析表明,911孔位于新郑矿区主体构造滹沱背斜的轴部,具有高热流、高梯度的温度分布特征。钻孔的温度分布主要受构造起伏的影响和地下水垂向对流的控制双重作用。矿区构造起伏使来自地壳深部的热流重新分配并向背斜轴部集中,从而导致911孔出现高热流高梯度的温度特征;地下水的垂直对流运动使钻孔的温度分布进一步产生差异性。      

青海省贵德盆地大地热流研究

贵德盆地位于青藏高原东北缘,地热资源丰富,勘查发现其西部山区的扎仓寺热田赋存可供发电的干热岩地热能,但是整个盆地内的大地热流研究仍为空白,制约该区域地热资源的研究评价及开发利用。采集扎仓寺热田16块岩心样品进行了热导率测试,通过温度的校正,获得了扎仓寺热田的原地热导率值。利用钻孔(ZR1)的测温资料和热导率数据,根据热传导定理采用2种方法分别计算传导层段及有对流影响层段的热流值,获得厚度加权平均热流值为79.5mW/m2,高于全球大陆地区平均热流值[(65±1.6)mW/m2]和中国大陆地区平均热流值[(61±15.5)mW/m2],为高热流值,反映了该区域新生代构造活动较为强烈。本研究工作为继续探索该热田的形成演化和地球动力学过程及地热资源评价提供了地热参数。     

基于质量守恒的示踪测速模型及实证

示踪测井技术能准确测定地下水渗透流速,传统方法适用于没有垂向流的测井。总结了前人的研究,结合工程实际引入函数vv(z)和vh(z),并根据示踪剂质量守恒的原理建立了基于质量守恒的示踪测速模型,考虑了测井中水流垂向运动的影响。最后利用模型计算了存在较强垂向流的小浪底反调节水库6#井的渗透流速,计算结果与水库渗漏勘探结果一致,说明模型的计算结果是正确的,能排除垂向流的干扰,模型有较强的实际应用价值。     

新型地下水流速流向测量技术及其在岩溶区调查中的应用

我国南方岩溶区往往水文地质条件复杂,含水层的渗透性具有较强的非均一性。为探究岩溶含水层矢量渗透系数的分布规律,识别多级次岩溶水流系统的特征,利用新型地下水流速流向测量技术,在鄂西香溪河流域的典型水文地质钻孔进行了试验研究。结合地面调查、抽水试验和压水试验等方法,对流速流向测试与分析结果进行了水文地质解释及探讨。结果表明:所选典型钻孔岩溶含水层的垂向渗透系数不均一性较强,新型流速流向测量方法计算得出的渗透系数与抽水试验的计算结果相差5%;与压水试验相比,在钻孔2个不同深度的含水段,2种方法计算的渗透系数分别相差44%和2%;不同深度的地下水流向测量结果表明,钻孔在垂向上揭示了2个不同层次的岩溶水流系统。新型地下水流速流向测量与分析方法能够较准确地识别岩溶水的优势径流方向和径流层位,对于岩溶含水层渗透性非均一性的定量刻画具有良好的应用前景。     

漳州热田温度场

漳州热田属对流型地热田,是我国东南沿海地区目前所见温度最高(90m深处121.5℃)的一个。温度场研究表明,热田中心区具有最高温度和最大的地温梯度,此乃漳州盆地的排泄区。在盆地补给区,由于岩体中的热量被冷的地下水“冲刷”带走,该区见到低地温和低的地温梯度。显然,漳州热田温度场与盆地地下水活动密切相关。在分析研究152个钻孔测温资料的基础上,本文着重讨论了地下水的垂向和水平运动对热田温度场的影响。     

润扬长江大桥水文地质单井同位素示踪试验研究

文章以润扬长江大桥水文地质单井同位素示踪为试验研究对象，介绍一种新的单井同位素示踪稀释测井方法。它可以在人工和天然地下水渗流场情况下，测量到地下水的渗透流速、流向、垂向流速流向、含水层的层间补给关系、含水层的涌水量和吸水量、每米含水层的渗透系数等地下工程必需的水文地质参数，从而更广泛地应用于与地下工程相关的各个领域。     

盆地地下水年龄空间分布规律

地下水年龄蕴含了地下水循环与演化过程的信息,是研究盆地地下水循环规律的重要信息来源。利用实测示踪剂年龄校正地下水模型,是当前国际水文地质学研究的前沿与热点。在数值模拟计算中,地下水年龄有三种确定方法,分别是利用"活塞流"模型计算对流年龄、根据同位素浓度结合半衰期计算浓度模拟年龄和利用地下水年龄控制方程计算直接模拟年龄。利用地下水年龄控制方程计算的直接模拟年龄适合于从理论上分析盆地中的地下水年龄空间分布规律。研究发现,在各级次流动系统内,从补给区到排泄区,地下水年龄有整体上变老的趋势;盆地下游,地下水年龄在垂向上会发生突变,可作为识别不同级次流动系统的实用指标。研究还发现,驻点位置或者附近,地下水年龄存在一个偏大的峰值。这些规律可为利用地下水年龄校正盆地地下水模型提供理论指导。     

岩溶介质非均质性对钻孔水物化指标垂向变化的影响

岩溶介质具有较强的非均质性,其地表及地下的岩溶结构形态多样。通过对钻孔结构描述、钻孔水物化性质分析,不仅能够掌握区域上岩溶含水层的结构特征,而且对于岩溶地下水演化过程的揭示亦有重要作用。文章以桂林岩溶水文地质试验场西南部峰丛山区与峰林平原交界处的钻孔为例,通过野外便携式多参数仪原位测试钻孔垂向水物化指标（pH值、水温T、电导率EC）,探索浅部（地面以下约50 m内）地下岩溶较为发育条件下钻孔水物化指标的垂向变化特征,揭示岩溶介质非均质性对钻孔垂向水物化指标的影响。结果表明:岩溶地区小范围内不同钻孔间的水物化性质有所差异,且岩溶发育相似的钻孔（如ZK4/ZK5、ZK7/ZK8）,其水物化指标垂向变化具有一定的相似性,但不同指标（T、pH、EC）的变化幅度存在差异;钻孔水物化性质受到试验场区岩溶介质结构非均质性的控制,即岩溶介质结构影响了地下水的赋存条件和水力联系而导致水物化性质的差异;在对岩溶地区地下水物化性质进行研究时应充分考虑岩溶介质的非均质性特征,根据实际的水文地质条件选取具有代表性的钻孔含水段进行取样和监测。      

井中磁测资料预处理与弱信号识别

井中磁测仪器距离场源近,磁测资料受到钻孔打穿磁性体产生的内磁场影响,往往存在强干扰压制有用信号,因此研究井中磁测资料预处理与弱信号识别方法具有重要意义。笔者将地面重磁资料边界识别中倾斜角总水平导数和解析信号振幅方法改进后应用于井中磁测资料预处理中,提出倾斜角垂向导数和均值归一解析信号振幅方法。通过模型分析证明了两种方法都可识别强弱不同的井旁磁性体位置,反映边界信息,且给出了计算均值归一解析信号振幅过程中窗口选择的依据。将两种方法应用于江苏某工区ZK002孔磁测资料预处理中,得出倾斜角垂向导数方法应用于实测资料中会放大干扰,而均值归一解析信号振幅方法增强了该钻孔弱异常信息,且压制了干扰信号,处理结果与磁化率测井和钻孔资料相对应。     

地下水垂直运动的地温场效应与实例剖析

本文讨论了在兼有传导和垂直对流两种传热作用下,一维稳态温度场所具有的特征和利用钻孔温度测量结果判别地下水对流存在与否及定量评定地下水活动对地温场影响的方法。以新郑矿区热异常区的一热水孔为例进行剖析,检验了方法的有效性。这一实例提供了确定新郑地热异常成因的重要基础。     

Movement of contaminants in karstified carbonate rocks

Dynamic flow systems and transport of contaminants in karstic aquifers result from the actions of physical and chemical processes involving aqueous systems containing certain contaminants. These processes are elaborated, and pertinent mathematical and chemical equations are discussed, herein. Contaminant transport in karstic aquifers can be mathematically expressed by the basic equations evaluated primarily for the flow in porous, highly permeable aquifers. The effects of advection, hydrodynamic dispersion, and dilution are elaborated as physical processes that effect the movement of contaminants through groundwater in permeable rocks. Physical and chemical mechanisms that govem contaminant movement and groundwater flow through fractured media are proposed as the basis of an approximate scenario of contaminant transport through karstified carbonate rocks.     

Parameter estimation based on vertical heat transport in the surficial zone

Measured groundwater temperatures in the surficial zone are dependent on the properties of porous media and vertical flow velocity. Sensitivity analyses, collinear diagnostics and an inverse numerical solution to the one-dimensional heat-transport equation are used to determine which parameters can be estimated from temperature measurements in the surficial zone. This is done for heat transport in the saturated zone considering a constant vertical flow velocity. The use of temperature profiles, temperature time-series and temperature envelopes are considered. There is an important difference between a conduction and a convection dominated system. Sensitivity analysis shows that temperature measurements are sensitive to effective thermal conductivity and heat capacity and are insensitive to effective porosity and thermal dispersivity. In a conduction dominated system, temperature is also insensitive for vertical velocity. Collinear diagnostics show that in a conduction dominated system, only the combination of heat capacity and effective thermal conductivity, the thermal diffusivity, can be derived. In a convection dominated system, both the vertical velocity and the effective thermal conductivity can, theoretically, be derived.     

Numerical modeling of fracking fluid migration through fault zones and fractures in the North German Basin

Gas production from shale formations by hydraulic fracturing has raised concerns about the effects on the quality of fresh groundwater. The migration of injected fracking fluids towards the surface was investigated in the North German Basin, based on the known standard lithology. This included cases with natural preferential pathways such as permeable fault zones and fracture networks. Conservative assumptions were applied in the simulation of flow and mass transport triggered by a high pressure boundary of up to 50 MPa excess pressure. The results show no significant fluid migration for a case with undisturbed cap rocks and a maximum of 41 m vertical transport within a permeable fault zone during the pressurization. Open fractures, if present, strongly control the flow field and migration; here vertical transport of fracking fluids reaches up to 200 m during hydraulic fracturing simulation. Long-term transport of the injected water was simulated for 300 years. The fracking fluid rises vertically within the fault zone up to 485 m due to buoyancy. Progressively, it is transported horizontally into sandstone layers, following the natural groundwater flow direction. In the long-term, the injected fluids are diluted to minor concentrations. Despite the presence of permeable pathways, the injected fracking fluids in the reported model did not reach near-surface aquifers, either during the hydraulic fracturing or in the long term. Therefore, the probability of impacts on shallow groundwater by the rise of fracking fluids from a deep shale-gas formation through the geological underground to the surface is small.     

Analysis of groundwater flow through low-latitude alpine permafrost by model simulation: a case study in the headwater area of Yellow River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Warming climate and thawing permafrost have profound impacts on groundwater flow regimes in cold regions because of the shrinkage or disappearance of the confining unit formed by the permafrost layers and improving hydraulic connections. Numerical simulations of coupled groundwater flow and heat transfer are often used to characterize the changing permafrost hydrogeology. In this study, a number of scenarios for different hydraulic gradients and lake-water depths have been used to simulate the concordant permafrost evolution and groundwater movement using a two-dimensional cylindrical coordinate model at time scales of decades to centuries in response to a warming climate. The model is applied to a representative headwater catchment in the south-central headwater area of the Yellow River on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. The results show that the presence and movement of groundwater and the deeper subpermafrost aquifer can substantially accelerate permafrost degradation, and the disappearance of residual permafrost at depth can result in the sudden establishment of deep groundwater flow paths. All hydrological impacts will become evident after the stabilization of the hydrothermal and flow fields at 100–200 years. The stable discharge rate of groundwater flow varies from 8.0 to 12.4 m³ s⁻¹, and the stable velocity of groundwater flow varies from 1.6 × 10⁻⁷ to 4.4 × 10⁻⁷ m s⁻¹ under different scenarios within the model domain. The modeling results also demonstrate that flow velocity and discharge rate in local groundwater flow systems can be enhanced by an increased hydraulic conductivity, leading to an accelerated degradation of isolated permafrost bodies.

     

沉积盆地中地表实测热流值的分布特点——以华北盆地为例

作者根据华北盆地已发表的实测热流数据和部分钻孔温度数据,用统计分析的方法研究了盆地内地表热流值的分布规律,并以保定—歧口地质剖面为例,介绍采用反演法求取区域背景热流值的方法。实测资料和理论计算结果说明,沉积盖层较薄的基岩隆起区地表热流值相对较高;沉积盖层较厚的基岩坳陷区地表热流值相对较低,且热流值沿深度变化,一般在热导率差异较大的两种岩层界面上热流值的变化最大。     

The Role of Groundwater Leakage through Deep Wells for the Deformation of Groundwater Flow: a Case Study in Cangzhou Area

Overexploitation of groundwater in Cangzhou area has attracted wide attention. Different layers of the aquifer may be connected through wells, since most wells of the deep aquifer have screens in several layers. This study proved the existence of vertical flow through wells, calculated the flow velocity and quantity of vertical flow in wells with methods of both field measurement and numerical simulation. Further, the recharge of deep groundwater by vertical flow through wells was estimated. An annual recharge of 1.5×108-2.8×108m3 from the third aquifer to the forth aquifer in Cangzhou area was estimated, according to the in-well measurement by heat pulse flowmeter sonde.     

应用水热运移数值模拟优化地下水源热泵系统抽灌井布局

合理布局抽水井和回灌井是地下水源热泵系统长期有效运行的关键因素。以郑州市郑东新区为例,利用HST3D软件建立水热运移数值模型,优化设计地下水源热泵系统抽灌水井布局,预测地下水源热泵系统长期运行后对含水层的水热影响。结果表明:介质比热容及渗透率分别对含水层温度及水位影响显著,是较敏感的参数。方案3(3个回灌井垂直天然流向分布且位于抽水井下游)为最佳布井方式。抽灌量900,1 200,1 500及2 000m3/d所对应的合理布井间距分别为50,65,70及75m。相应布井方案的水源热泵系统运行20a,对含水层温度场的影响仅限于200m×200m的范围,抽水井温度变化小于1℃。     

Estimation of groundwater flow from temperature monitoring in a borehole heat exchanger during a thermal response test

To estimate the groundwater flow around a borehole heat exchanger (BHE), thermal properties of geological core samples were measured and a thermal response test (TRT) was performed in the Tsukuba upland, Japan. The thermal properties were measured at 57 points along a 50-m-long geological core, consisting predominantly of sand, silt, and clay, drilled near the BHE. In this TRT, the vertical temperature in the BHE was also monitored during and after the test. Results for the thermal properties of the core samples and from the monitoring indicated that groundwater flow enhanced thermal transfers, especially at shallow depths. The groundwater velocities around the BHE were estimated using a two-dimensional numerical model with monitoring data on temperature changes. According to the results, the estimated groundwater velocity was generally consistent with hydrogeological data from previous studies, except for the data collected at shallow depths consisting of a clay layer. The reasons for this discrepancy at shallow depths were predicted to be preferential flow and the occurrence of vertical flow through the BHE grout, induced by the hydrogeological conditions.     

Simulation of groundwater flow and contaminant transport at a landfill site using models

Numerical and analytical modelling studies were conducted for the analysis of groundwater flow and contaminant transport at the Innisfil landfill site in the Town of Innisfil, County of Simcoe, in Ontario, Canada. Previously conducted field studies categorized the upper stratigraphy at the site into three units: upper sand unit, upper silt/clay unit and Intermediate Sand unit. Essentially horizontal groundwater movement in the two sand units and vertical downward flow in the silt/clay unit were reported by the field hydrogeologists. In the following, application of three computer models (FLOWPATH, USGS MOC and POLLUTE) for the simulation of the groundwater flow and contaminant transport processes at the Innisfil landfill site is described. The paper focuses on the calibration of groundwater flow and contaminant transport systems, and demonstrates how the insight gained during the contaminant transport calibration was used to improve the initial groundwater flow characterization of the hydrogeological system.