华北克拉通地壳生长和演化:来自现代河流碎屑锆石Hf同位素组成的启示

定量地给出大陆地壳生长速率以及生长量随时间的演化是研究大陆地壳形成与演化的核心问题之一.近年来,利用沉积岩和沉积物中碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成已成为目前研究大陆地壳生长和演化最为简捷、有效的工具.本文对来自华北克拉通西部泾河和洛河河沙中的187颗碎屑锆石进行Hf同位素组成分析,并结合已有的资料来探讨华北克拉通地壳的生长和演化规律.结果显示:随着地质历史变化,华北克拉通地壳生长呈阶段性特点.如在中太古代中期-新太古代末期(3.0 ～2.5Ga)地壳生长速率较快,大约已有60％现今大陆地壳形成.此后,陆壳呈较稳定速率增长,到新元古代晚期(600Ma)基本己形成现存大陆地壳.表明现今的大陆主要生长于太古宙和元古宙,而显生宙陆壳的增生量可以忽略不计.根据河流碎屑锆石和前寒武纪岩石中锆石的U-Pb年龄、两阶段模式年龄(t DM2C和tNC2C)和εHf(t)所获得华北克拉通早前寒武纪地壳演化曲线,本文提出～2.7Ga和～2.5Ga分别曾经为华北克拉通太古宙岩浆作用最活跃时期,也是地壳快速生长时期,表明华北克拉通在新太古代曾发生过两期明显的地壳生长.     

华北克拉通东部及苏鲁造山带的地壳生长: 来自现代河流碎屑锆石的U-Pb定年和Hf同位素证据

来自年轻沉积物或现代河流的碎屑锆石是研究大陆地壳生长演化的理想载体.为揭示华北克拉通东部和苏鲁造山带大陆地壳的生长演化, 采集了中国东部大清河、潮白河、辽河、大沽河和胶莱河的5个地方的河沙样品, 并对分选出来的碎屑锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS和MC-LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和Hf同位素微区原位分析, 获得了396个锆石U-Pb谐和年龄及其对应的Hf同位素组成.2.4~2.5 Ga和1.8~1.9 Ga两个年龄特征峰指示大清河、潮白河和辽河的碎屑锆石来源于华北克拉通东部.辽河一部分100~500 Ma的锆石具有正的ε_Hf(t)值和年轻的Hf模式年龄, 显示出显生宙的地壳生长.苏鲁造山带大沽河和胶莱河的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布相对比较复杂, 但锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征表明其为华北克拉通和扬子克拉通的混合来源.来自大清河、潮白河和辽河的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据, 表明华北克拉通东部地壳生长的主要时期为2.4~3.0 Ga, 并在2.6~2.7 Ga时处于生长的最高峰, 次一级的生长期为1.3~2.3 Ga, 而在其他阶段几乎没有地壳的生长或者不明显.华北克拉通东部现存大陆地壳的80%来源于太古代和古元古代的生长, 而自古元古代开始大陆地壳的演化就以古老地壳的重熔再改造为主.此外, 大沽河碎屑锆石的Hf同位素组成揭示出苏鲁造山带在古生代(300~500 Ma)存在明显的地壳生长.      

西伯利亚克拉通东南缘1.84 Ga构造热事件——俄罗斯斯塔诺夫南带南缘混合岩化黑云斜长片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素记录

对俄罗斯远东腾达(Tydna)斯塔诺夫南带南缘混合岩化黑云斜长片麻岩中锆石进行了U-Pb年龄测定和Hf同位素测试,获得其锆石核部年龄主要为≥2.57、~2.39、~2.33和~2.20 Ga,锆石增生边年龄为1.84 Ga,可靠的最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为~2.20 Ga,表明其原岩沉积时代为古元古代,而不是以往认为的太古宙,混合岩化事件年龄为1.84 Ga。锆石核部εHf(t)值为2.7~-16.2,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为3.7~2.8 Ga;锆石增生边的εHf(t)值为-7.5~-18.6,峰值为-15,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为3.6~2.9 Ga。锆石的εHf(t)值基本为负值说明这些岩石主要来自于地壳岩石的部分熔融;Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄的峰值在~3.4 Ga,表明它们可能主要来源于阿尔丹地盾下地壳物质的部分熔融。这些年龄资料将为西伯利亚克拉通东南缘地质构造演化提供重要的年代学制约。     

华北克拉通中部造山带南段早前寒武纪变质杂岩的Hf-Nd同位素特征及其地壳演化意义

太华群和登封群变质杂岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果统计表明,华北克拉通中部造山带南段地区在新太古代-古元古代期间存在至少四阶段岩浆活动(2.85~2.72 Ga,2.57~2.48 Ga,2.34~2.30 Ga和2.20~2.07 Ga)。与中部造山带中、北段地区相比,南段地区的新太古代早期的岩浆活动略早,并具有相对较强烈的古元古代早期(~2.3 Ga)岩浆活动。新太古代早期(2.85~2.72 Ga)的TTG质岩石整体具有正的全岩ε_(Hf)(t)和ε_(Nd)(t)值,并且有εHf(t)值偏高的Hf-Nd同位素解耦现象,其源区形成与地幔交代作用相关。新太古代末期-古元古代初期(2.57~2.48 Ga)的TTG质片麻岩主要为正的全岩εHf(t)和εNd(t)值,部分样品具有ε_(Hf)(t)值偏低的Hf-Nd同位素解耦现象,为锆石效应的结果,其岩石成因以初生地壳物质部分熔融为主,存在少量古老地壳物质的再循环作用。古元古代早期(2.34~2.30 Ga)TTG质岩石和古元古代中期(2.20~2.07 Ga)的富钾岩及TTG质岩石的全岩ε_(Hf)(t)和ε_(Nd)(t)值均为负值,并具ε_(Hf)(t)值明显偏低的Hf-Nd同位素解耦现象,均为锆石效应的结果,其岩石成因以古老地壳物质的再循环作用为主。太华群和登封群片麻岩的全岩Hf-Nd同位素解耦主要与其源区形成过程存在地幔交代作用或者锆石效应有关,而与石榴子石效应关系不大,表明各阶段TTG质岩石的高Sr/Y、(La/Yb)_N比值和低重稀土含量等特征不是继承自源区,而确实反映了较大压力深度的岩浆活动过程。总体上,新太古代早期-古元古代初期为华北克拉通中部造山带南段地区主要的地壳生长阶段,而古元古代早-中期主要为地壳再循环阶段。     

胶北地体早前寒武纪重大岩浆事件、陆壳增生及演化

早前寒武纪重大岩浆事件是早期陆壳增生及演化的主要地质作用。本文通过系统总结最近几年胶北地体早前寒武纪重大岩浆事件代表性岩石的岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及锆石Hf同位素研究的最新成果,厘定出太古宙~2.9Ga、2.7Ga及2.5Ga三期以TTGs岩浆事件为代表的陆壳增生事件。这些TTGs具有典型太古宙高铝TTGs的地球化学特征及正的εHf(t)值,锆石Hf模式年龄主要集中在ca.3.2~2.7Ga。两种不同的构造模式被用来理解胶北太古宙TTGs(陆壳)的成因:(1)加厚基性下地壳的部分熔融;(2)俯冲洋壳的部分熔融。根据胶北TTGs在时间上呈事件性侵位,空间上呈面状分布,以及相对较低的Mg#、Cr及Ni含量,前者可能更适合胶北TTGs的成因。确定了胶北古元古代2.2~2.0Ga黑云母/角闪石二长花岗片麻岩及~1.8Ga以二长(正长)花岗岩为代表的多期陆壳重熔事件。综合这些研究结果,初步总结出胶北早前寒武纪陆壳形成及演化历史:1)2.9Ga,主要为基性地壳(洋壳)的增生,并可能存在规模有限的、被剥蚀殆尽的太古宙早期陆壳;2)在~2.9Ga、~2.7Ga及~2.5Ga,由于地幔(热)柱上涌,ca.3.3~2.7Ga新生的加厚基性玄武质下地壳发生事件性部分熔融,并伴随有早期陆壳的重熔,形成主要由TTGs及少量陆壳重熔型(高钾)花岗岩组成的太古宙陆壳;3)ca.2.2~2.0Ga,可能由于地幔物质上涌,陆壳伸展,形成裂谷,陆壳物质重熔,形成ca.2.2~2.0Ga花岗质岩石;4)ca.1.95~1.85Ga,发生强烈的挤压碰撞构造作用,裂谷闭合,卷入挤压作用的物质发生高角闪岩相到高压麻粒岩相变质;5)~1.8Ga,地幔物质上涌,陆壳伸展减薄,陆壳物质重熔,形成~1.8Ga花岗岩。     

华北克拉通南缘太古宙地壳生长和再造:登封地区五指岭组碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素制约

对登封地区嵩山群五指岭组二云石英片岩和石英岩中碎屑锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和原位Hf同位素分析,为探讨华北克拉通南缘太古宙地壳生长和再造提供了制约。结果显示,碎屑锆石多数呈自形–半自形,发育振荡生长环带,结合相对高的Th/U比值(0.07~1.87),暗示它们多数为岩浆成因。二云石英片岩和石英岩中碎屑锆石具有类似的年龄和Hf同位素组成,它们的207Pb/206Pb谐和年龄分别介于2879~2027 Ma和3346~1903 Ma之间,峰期年龄分别为2524 Ma和2528 Ma。~2.5 Ga锆石的εHf(t)值多数为正值,介于+0.10~+9.22之间,tDM2C变化于3028~2453 Ma之间,4颗碎屑锆石的εHf(t)值为负值,变化于-1.68~-0.03之间,tDM2C介于3132~3032 Ma之间。根据上述结果并结合相邻地区的相关研究资料,表明嵩山群沉积于古元古代晚期,五指岭组中碎屑锆石的物源主要为华北克拉通南缘~2.5 Ga具有新生地壳属性的结晶基底物质。华北克拉通南缘存在中–新太古代时期的地壳生长,同时发育中太古代古老地壳物质的再造。     

华北克拉通～2.7Ga的BIF:来自莱州-昌邑地区含铁建造的年代学证据

越来越多的研究资料显示~2.7Ga是华北克拉通陆壳生长的一个重要阶段,但缺少同时期的世界主要克拉通上广泛发育的BIF铁矿。胶北莱州-昌邑地区的BIF铁矿赋存在原划分的粉子山群小宋组含铁建造中,含铁建造的岩石组合主要为黑云斜长变粒岩、斜长角闪岩、含石榴黑云片岩夹角闪磁铁石英岩,磁铁浅粒岩。岩石地球化学分析显示,斜长角闪岩具有岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特点,变质酸性火山岩具有埃达克质岩的地球化学特点,故推测莱州-昌邑地区的含铁建造形成于与岛弧相关的构造环境,而与粉子山群形成的裂谷构造背景无关。锆石同位素年代学研究表明,含铁建造中变质酸性火山岩(埃达克质火山岩)的岩浆结晶年龄为2726±10Ma,在变质泥砂岩中获得了~2.73Ga和~2.9Ga两组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄,并缺少新太古代晚期(~2.5Ga)的构造岩浆热事件信息;在斜长角闪岩中获得的变质锆石年龄为~1850Ma,并有2.68Ga的继承或捕获锆石年龄信息;因此推断莱州-昌邑地区的BIF铁建造有可能形成于新太古代早期(~2.7Ga),而在新太古代晚期(~2.5Ga)则处于相对稳定的构造背景。含铁建造被~2.17Ga的二长花岗岩侵入,并共同卷入胶北古元古代晚期(~1.85Ga)的变质变形作用改造。莱州-昌邑地区含铁建造的岩石组合和锆石年龄信息与胶北地块栖霞地区比较有所不同,这可能揭示出胶北地块在新太古代早期(~2.7Ga)构造环境差异和古板块构造演化的重要信息。     

中国最老岩石和锆石

在中国大陆的许多地区都已发现大于3.4Ga的锆石和岩石.鞍山是全球仅有几个存在≥3.8Ga岩石的地区之一.它们以不大的规模存在于白家坟、东山、深沟寺杂岩中,由糜棱岩化奥长花岗岩、条带状奥长花岗岩和变质石英闪长岩组成.近年来,在鞍山地区还发现了许多3.7～3.6Ga岩石和锆石.锆石Hf同位素组成表明鞍山地区在3.8～3.6Ga期间存在周期性的地幔添加和陆壳形成.除鞍山外,在中国许多地区的不同类型岩石中也获得了≥3.4Ga锆石,虽然它们大多数都是碎屑和残余成因.(1)华北克拉通冀东铬云母石英岩中3.85～3.55Ga碎屑锆石:(2)华北克拉通信阳中生代火山岩长英质麻粒岩中3.66Ga岩浆锆石;(3)华南克拉通宜昌地区杨子地块新元古代砂岩中3.80Ga碎屑锆石(一颗);(4)华南克拉通华夏地块新元古代一古生代变质沉积岩中3.76～3.6Ga碎屑锆石;(5)西北地区塔里木地块阿克塔什塔格地区古元古代片麻状花岗岩中3.6Ga残余锆石;(6)西秦岭奥陶纪变质火山岩中4.08Ga捕掳锆石(一颗);(7)西藏普兰地区奥陶纪石英岩中4.1Ga碎屑锆石(一颗,有3.61Ga增生边).一些古老锆石有高达4.1～4.0Ga的Hf同位素模式年龄.在中国,>3.4Ga地壳物质的比例以往被低估了,发现冥古宙和始太古代物质的可能性仍然存在,它们将对中国早期陆壳演化提供新的制约.     

华北克拉通西部基底早前寒武纪地质事件、性质及其地质意义

综合华北克拉通西部陆块阴山地块、孔兹岩带和鄂尔多斯地块基底正、副片麻岩以及鄂尔多斯地块现代河流沙锆石U-Pb和Hf同位素资料,并根据最新获得的鄂尔多斯基底及盖层继承碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素统计分析揭示,该陆块存在古、中太古代陆壳物质,自新太古代以来先后发生了新太古代~2.7Ga、2.55~2.45Ga以及古元古代2.2~2.0Ga和1.95~1.85Ga等多期构造热事件。由基底和盖层中各类岩石中获得的~2.5Ga锆石的εHf(t)多为正值,Hf陆壳模式年龄(t_(DM)~C)介于2.9～2.6Ga之间(峰值～2.75Ga),阴山地块存在～2.7Ga的岩石,鄂尔多斯地块基底有～2.7Ga继承锆石记录,证明新太古代存在一期重要的陆壳生长。2.55～2.45Ga的岩浆活动在西部陆块不同地质单元基底岩石中均有记录,出现大量壳源花岗岩和幔源岩浆侵入及麻粒岩相变质作用,它们的锆石εHf(t)值由负到正变化大,Hf陆壳模式年龄(t_(DM)~C)除少数接近岩浆活动年龄外,多数明显高于它们的形成年龄,指示了强烈的陆壳再造和一定陆壳生长,岩石组合及地球化学特征反映了汇聚挤压转为伸展环境,类似于华北陆块～2.5Ga广泛的岩浆变质事件及构造背景,揭示了不同陆块碰撞拼合而后转为伸展的构造演化过程。古元古代2.2～2.0Ga期间,沿鄂尔多斯地块北部及东部边缘出现大洋俯冲消减有关的陆缘弧花岗岩类,它们的锆石εHf(t)和t_(DM)~C值变化范围很大,表明在古元古代中晚期鄂尔多斯地块基底仍发生有陆壳增生和再造。此后在1.95～1.85Ga期间,沿鄂尔多斯地块北部的孔兹岩带和东部的中部构造带均发生顺时针P-T演化轨迹的变质作用,证明～1.95Ga鄂尔多斯地块相继与北部阴山地块和东部陆块碰撞拼合为一体,至～1.85Ga发生陆壳抬升与伸展、发生陆壳物质减压熔融的强烈混合岩化和大量S型花岗岩形成,其后发生镁铁质岩墙侵入,标志着华北陆块最终克拉通化完成。     

山西黎城地区长城系沉积时代及源区分析：碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素证据

长城系是华北克拉通统一结晶基底形成后的首套沉积盖层,其碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及其Hf同位素特征分析对探讨地层形成时代、源区特征以及基底演化均具重要研究意义。本文对华北克拉通中部黎城地区长城系下部地层的碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素分析。结果表明,该区长城系碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄呈现了2.55～2.45Ga、2.15～2.0Ga和～1.92Ga等三个主峰期,同时存在3.5～3.1Ga和2.9～2.7Ga的年龄次峰期。最年轻碎屑锆石的²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb加权平均年龄限定了该区长城系沉积发生于1.76Ga之后。碎屑锆石的年龄分布和Hf同位素特征与华北克拉通中、南部基底物质记录的地质事件高度相似,区内长城系地层与南部熊耳地区长城系地层可对比性强,证明太行山南段在1.76Ga后已与南部熊耳裂谷盆地相连,其沉积物质均主要来自华北克拉通中、南部地区。其中,3.5～3.4Ga的古老碎屑锆石ε_Hf(t)=-8.6～-4.6,揭示中、南部地区存在古太古代地壳物质。新太古代早期2.9～2.7Ga的锆石ε_Hf(t)...     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。