Geochemical alteration halos around the Mount Morgan gold-copper deposit, Queensland, Australia

The Mount Morgan Au-Cu pyritic massive sulphide deposit occurs in a north-trending belt of Middle Paleozoic volcanic rocks located in south-central Queensland. The host rocks for the deposit are a normal sequence of rhyolitic tuff that have a north-northwest regional strike and easterly dips of 20° to 30°. The tuff contains thin units of chert, jasperoid and carbonate.The Mount Morgan deposit was represented by a zone of sulphide mineralization 600 m long, 100–200 m wide and 300 m deep that transects stratigraphy and can be divided into: (1) an oxidized zone, characterized by a hematitic, Au-enriched gossan with minor stratiform sphalerite-argillite; and (2) a primary zone which can be subdivided into an upper zone of greater than 50% sulphide minerals (Main Pipe orebody), and a lower siliceous stockwork zone with approximately 20% sulphide minerals (Sugarloaf orebody). Pyrite is the most abundant sulphide mineral in both the upper and lower primary zones with lesser pyrrhotite and accessory chalcopyrite, sphalerite and gold. A zone of silicification forms an envelope around the orebody and extends stratigraphically downwards in a pipe-like zone for greater than 750 m. The orebody contained 67 Mt of 4.87 g/t Au and 0.70% Cu.The distribution and variation of between 7 and 29 elements and specific conductance were examined in 1252 samples of the host rocks taken from diamond drill core and surface outcrop. The host rocks in the immediate vicinity of the deposit are marked by the development of three distinct but overlapping chemical and mineralogical zones representing an outward progression from the most intensive to a less intensive alteration. A 50-m-thick siliceous inner zone of intensely altered rocks, depleted in all investigated elements except Si, surrounds the orebody. This zone passes outward into a 100-m-thick middle zone of dominantly sericite-pyrite characterized by high concentrations of K, Fe, Cu and Co. The sericite-pyrite zone, in turn, passes into an outer 100-m-thick chlorite zone with high Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn concentrations. High concentrations of H₂O⁺ are associated with the sericite-pyrite zone and the chlorite zone. The alteration pipe underlying the Mount Morgan orebody is characterized by depletions in Na, Ca and K and enrichments in Fe and Mg. A non-economic pyrite body contained within the alteration pipe has spatially restricted enrichment halos of Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu and Co.     

东天山卡拉塔格早古生代红海块状硫化物矿床精确定年及其地质意义

东天山卡拉塔格矿带红海块状硫化物Cu-Zn矿床产于卡拉塔格海相火山岩建造中,矿层主要与两个岩性段的火山-碎屑岩地层有关:(1)盖层为中性-酸性火山岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩,夹凝灰质砂岩;(2)赋矿层位主要由中基性-中酸性火山角砾岩、凝灰角砾岩、凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩组成。高精度的锆石离子探针U-Pb同位素定年获得矿体上盘围岩底部酸性火山岩的年龄为416.3±5.9Ma,为成矿时代的上限年龄;K-Ar同位素定年获得矿体下盘强绢云母化蚀变围岩年龄为424±7Ma,记录了最晚一期成矿热液活动的时代。同位素年代学研究显示,卡拉塔格地区在早古生代末期存在一期铜多金属成矿作用,这个认识不仅为吐哈盆地南缘古生代火山岩地层的时代划分提供了年代学限制,而且扩大了卡拉塔格地区和区域找矿空间。     

High-temperature emplacement and liquefaction of shallow-water caldera-forming eruption products: Early Miocene Tateyamazaki Dacite in the Oga Peninsula, NE Japan

The Early Miocene Tateyamazaki Dacite infills a 3.2 km diameter caldera. It comprises poorly sorted, massive, biotite-bearing dacite pumice lapilli tuff, in which huge blocks of densely welded dacite lapilli tuff, basaltic andesite lava, and other lithologies are commonly set. Dense blocks are variably cracked and intruded by the host lapilli tuff. Sparse blocks of bedded lapilli tuff and tuff are variably disaggregated to intermingle with the host rocks or are plastically deformed into irregular shapes. Rootless tuff veins millimeters to 30 cm thick are developed within the host rocks, mainly dipping at 10–30°, and are locally branched and mutually cut to form a network. Where thicker, they are stratified and locally carry accidental fragments. Accidental lapilli up to 2 or 3 cm wide and 30 cm long are locally set in near-vertical and variably sinuous arrays. Although poorly defined they are reminiscent of fluid escape structures. The host pumice lapilli tuff, however, retains in part a thermal remnant magnetization (TRM) vector stable at temperatures above 280 °C. Blocks in the caldera fill also retain TRM but the vectors are rotated significantly from those of the host pumice lapilli tuff and the adjacent volcanic rocks. Tateyamazaki Dacite is thus likely to have been emplaced at high temperatures, and intermingled with shattered basement rocks and ambient water to be partly liquefied within the caldera immediately after or during the caldera-forming eruption.     

西天山式可布台铁矿火山岩地球化学特征、成岩时代厘定及其构造意义

式可布台铁矿位于西天山阿吾拉勒铁矿成矿带西段,是此矿带极具代表性的铁矿床。主要赋存于以凝灰岩为主的石炭系上统伊什基里克组火山岩中。本文通过对式可布台矿区的火山岩进行岩石地球化学和LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年分析来探讨火山岩形成的构造环境与成岩时代。地球化学分析表明大多数火山岩样品显示为高钾钙碱性系列;主量元素表明矿区火山岩主要由安山岩、英安岩、流纹英安岩组成,为钙碱性系列;微量元素和稀土元素表明矿区火山岩产出的构造环境为火山岛弧;LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年显示火山岩的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为(301±1)Ma和(313±2)Ma,表明该区的火山岩为晚石炭世早期。结合区域地质资料,认为矿区内出露的高钾钙碱性系列火山岩可能属于俯冲过程末期大陆岛弧岩浆作用的产物,其岩石的形成与构造岛弧环境有关,主体与下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山岩岩石化学特征相似。     

Volcanic stratigraphy, structural controls, and mineralization in the san cristobal Ag–Zn–Pb deposit, southern bolivia

The Late Miocene San Cristobal Ag–Zn–Pb deposit represents syngenetic and epigenetic mineralization with low- and high-sulfidation characteristics. Rocks in the deposit are characterized by barren dacitic ring fracture domes, mineralized resurgent rhyodacite domes, strongly altered and mineralized tuffaceous lacustrine sedimentary rocks, and an extensive crystal-lithic tuff debris apron. The ore body is hosted by intracauldron sedimentary and volcanic rocks and genetically associated breccias. Fluid inclusion data suggest that silver, lead, and zinc were transported as chloride complexes and precipitated by cooling in veins from <5 wt.% NaCl eq. fluids at 170–215 °C. Silver that was spatially, and perhaps temporally, associated with an episode of rhyodacite resurgence may have been transported as a chloride complex and precipitated by increased H₂S activity or increased fluid pH. Although San Cristobal represents a major silver resource, the occurrence of stratiform wurtzite and sphalerite in cauldron-hosted sedimentary rocks represents a syngenetic component of mineralization that is very rare in continental caldera-associated epithermal deposits, which contributes to San Cristobal's significance as a zinc resource.     

The polymetallic Au–Ag-bearing veins of Bou Madine (Jbel Ougnat, eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco): tectonic control and evolution of a Neoproterozoic epithermal deposit

The Bou Madine ore deposit is located SW of Jbel Ougnat, the easternmost inlier of the Anti-Atlas Pan-African belt in Morocco. The host rocks are high-K calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, that are part of the Neoproterozoic Tamerzaga-Timrachine Formation (TTF, lower PIII). The TTF consists of ignimbrites of rhyolitic to dacitic compositions, andesite flows and hypovolcanic bodies (andesite dykes and rhyolite chonoliths) emplaced along N160°E tension gashes associated with a regional N30°E sinistral fault system. The mineralization is related to a high enthalpy geothermal system, eventually evolving into a low temperature epithermal system. A regional propylitisation (T around 260 °C) overprinted the TTF rocks prior to the emplacement of the mineralization. There were two main hydrothermal stages. During the first stage, massive veins with pyrite, arsenopyrite and minor pyrrhotite and cassiterite were formed. The veins were emplaced along N160°E-trending en echelon joints related to N120°E dextral arrays. A quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration overprinted the propylites around the veins (“bleached haloes”), at temperatures up to 300–310 °C. The second stage of mineralization was coeval with dextral re-activation of the N160°E veins, in relation with a NE-ward shift of the shortening direction. First, polymetallic sulphides (sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stannite, galena) were deposited at temperatures 260 °C. Younger quartz veinlets contain arsenopyrite and minor micrometre-size sulphides and sulpho-salts, hosting the precious metals. This was the low temperature epithermal stage (≈150 °C), in relation with invading meteoric water.     

周宁芹溪银铅锌矿床成矿作用与找矿方向

周宁芹溪银铅锌矿床位于寿山早白垩世火山喷发盆地北东缘,矿体受火山构造、区域北西—北北西向断裂构造控制,贮存于南园组第三段流纹质晶玻屑凝灰岩中,呈脉状、透镜状产出,属浅成中低温火山-次火山热液银铅锌矿床。     

热水沉积-热液改造成因铅锌矿床——河南熊耳群火山岩中一种新的矿床类型

骑马沟铅锌矿赋存于熊耳群条纹状硅质大理岩与火山凝灰岩之间.通过对矿床地质、岩石、矿物组合特征等方面的初步研究,认为该矿床为热水沉积-热液改造成因铅锌矿床,其成矿主要与熊耳期火山岩及火山气液作用有关.这是在河南熊耳群火山岩中首次发现的该类矿床类型.     

新疆东天山觉罗塔格带中康古尔金矿床成因的再认识

东天山觉罗塔格构造带中康古尔金矿因其独特的成矿地质特征,成因一直备受争议。文章立足于康古尔金矿地质特征,结合前人的研究资料,通过探讨觉罗塔格带的构造演化,重新审视康古尔金矿的成因。笔者总结了觉罗塔格构造带晚古生代地层时代及火山-沉积建造特征,认为晚古生代早期大洋板块向北俯冲,发育奥陶纪-泥盆纪弧火山岩及火山-沉积岩系,石炭纪康古尔洋发生双向洋-陆俯冲,在两侧形成对称岛弧带,局部平稳拉张环境为铜-铅-锌-金成矿的有利环境。野外地质观察及室内研究结果表明其成因不仅仅与韧性剪切作用有关。康古尔金矿体位于海相安山岩、凝灰岩的交替部位,上部富金-中部铅锌-下部富铜的金属分带特征,与VMS矿床特征一致。矿体呈板状且与围岩截然接触,明显受挤压变形的网脉状矿化表明矿体形成早于韧性剪切作用。矿床地球化学特征表明,康古尔金矿成矿作用具有多期多阶段性。通过详细对比康古尔金矿和造山型金矿、小热泉子VMS铜矿的特征,笔者认为康古尔金矿具有原生VMS矿床的特征,并且被二叠纪韧性变形所改造,为喷流沉积-变质热液改造型富金多金属矿床。     

Internal deformation of Sikhote Alin volcanic belt, far eastern Russia: Paleocene paleomagnetic results

We present paleomagnetic results of Paleocene welded tuffs of the 53–50 Ma Bogopol Group from the northern region (46°N, 137°E) of the Sikhote Alin volcanic belt. Characteristic paleomagnetic directions with high unblocking temperature components above 560 °C were isolated from all the sites. A tilt-corrected mean paleomagnetic direction from the northern region is D=345.8°, I=49.9°, α₉₅=14.6° (N=9). The reliability of the magnetization is ascertained through the presence of normal and reversed polarities. The mean paleomagnetic direction from the northern region of the Sikhote Alin volcanic belt reflects a counterclockwise rotation of 29° from the Paleocene mean paleomagnetic direction expected from its southern region. The counterclockwise rotation of 25° is suggested from the paleomagnetic data of the Kisin Group that underlies the Bogopol Group. These results establish that internal tectonic deformation occurred within the Sikhote Alin volcanic belt over the past 50 Ma. The northern region from 44.6° to 46.0°N in the Sikhote Alin volcanic belt was subjected to counterclockwise rotational motion through 29±17° with respect to the southern region. The tectonic rotation of the northern region is ascribable to relative motion between the Zhuravlevka terrane and the Olginsk–Taukhinsk terranes that compose the basements of the Sikhote Alin volcanic belt.     

黑龙江先锋北山金矿床火山岩地球化学特征、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

黑龙江省先锋北山金矿床地处完达山造山带西南段,矿体主要赋存在流纹岩、岩屑晶屑凝灰岩和流纹质角砾岩中。文章系统研究了与成矿密切相关的火山岩的地球化学特征,同时,对其进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年。与成矿相关的火山岩(流纹岩、岩屑晶屑凝灰岩、流纹质角砾岩)表现出高硅、富碱,贫铝、镁、钙的特征,属碱性系列岩石;具有弱的Eu负异常;富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Th等;亏损高场强元素Ta、Nb、P、Ti等。同时,Ba、Sr、Eu等元素亦表现为亏损,具有典型的同碰撞环境的地球化学特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示,流纹岩、流纹质角砾岩和石英闪长玢岩的206Pb/238U谐和年龄分别为(116.98±0.47)Ma、(116.98±0.42)Ma和(108.48±0.99)Ma。结合矿区侵入接触关系,限定先锋北山金矿床的形成时间介于(116.98±0.47)Ma~(108.48±0.99)Ma,即早白垩世晚期。该矿床的形成与太平洋板块的俯冲和佳木斯与完达山地块的拼合有着密切的关系,系古太平洋板块构造体制由挤压变为伸展背景下的产物。     

新疆苏普特背斜花岗岩和变安山质凝灰岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学特征及意义

阿尔泰南缘古生代康布铁堡组火山岩系是许多铁矿、铜锌矿以及铅锌矿的赋矿围岩,但该赋矿地层目前还缺乏精确的同位素年代学资料。通过对变安山质凝灰岩和花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得阿尔泰南缘苏普特背斜花岗岩的年龄为412.7±0.78 Ma,安山质凝灰岩的年龄为411.2±3.4 Ma,表明阿尔泰南缘苏普特背斜内泥盆纪早期存在着强烈的火山活动,与区内广泛发育的火山岩属于同一事件的产物,具有相同的动力学背景。为研究阿尔泰南缘古生代构造演化及苏普特背斜异常区提供了重要的理论依据。     

内蒙古靠山屯银铅多金属矿综合找矿信息的提取及找矿前景

为了评价内蒙古靠山屯勘查区银铅多金属矿床找矿前景,对该勘查区进行了地质、航磁激电和化探综合找矿信息的提取。结果表明,靠山屯银铅多金属矿床是以银为主,伴生有铅和锌的中型矿床,产于早白垩世钾长花岗岩和晚侏罗世凝灰岩内。蚀变和矿化特征显示该矿床成因类型为中温热液脉型。上侏罗统玛尼吐组火山岩富含Pb、Ag等成矿元素,是有利的容矿围岩,产于火山岩和岩体接触带附近的断裂构造是有利的控矿构造,绢英岩化和硅化是近矿的围岩蚀变。成矿后区内存在差异性抬升,中部和北东部矿化以方铅矿和共伴生银矿物为主,矿床保存条件好,如Ⅱ和Ⅲ号蚀变带。南西部以闪锌矿(含黄铜矿)为主,矿床剥蚀较大,如Ⅰ号蚀变带,中高极化、低阻或中高阻、低-中高磁异常的物探异常总体为矿致异常的特征。Pb、Zn、Ag异常套合好,Pb和Ag异常面积大,强度高的异常KHt4-11分布区矿床保存条件较好,找矿前景较好。Zn异常面积大,外侧的Pb和Ag异常面积小的异常KHt1 KHt3分布区矿床剥蚀较大,找矿前景较差。     

西藏罗布真矿区林子宗群火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

罗布真铅锌多金属矿床位于冈底斯火山-岩浆活动带的中南部,矿区内广泛发育林子宗群火山岩,岩性为英安岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,罗布真矿区内林子宗群英安岩的成岩年龄为(49.14±0.86) Ma,应属于帕那组火山岩地层,并非前人所认为的典中组。岩石具有高K、低Ti的特征,属于高钾钙碱系列;相对富集Rb、Th、U、K、Zr、Hf等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Sr等元素,且轻重稀土分馏明显,具有明显的负铕(δEu=0.50~0.65)异常。在印度-亚洲大陆汇聚的过程中,新特提斯洋向欧亚大陆俯冲,约50 Ma发生了大规模的火山、岩浆作用,同时岩浆-热液成矿作用也进入高峰期,林子宗群火山岩的形成时代与该时代一致,形成于陆陆碰撞形成的板内环境。罗布真矿区林子宗群火山岩年龄的厘定,揭示了冈底斯带林子宗群帕那组火山岩具有赋矿潜力,对认识该地区林子宗群火山岩与热液脉型铅锌多金属矿化的关系具有指导意义。     

云南西双版纳曼远铁矿矿床地质

曼远铁矿以磁铁矿、赤铁矿、磁赤铁矿为主,赋存于澜沧群勐井山组上段中部。该组地层中夹多层中性—基性火山岩、火山凝灰岩,属典型的火山沉积变质型铁矿。     

新疆东准噶尔地区金矿床类型、地质特征

东准噶尔地区构造上位于哈萨克斯坦－准噶尔板块之巴尔喀什-准噶尔微板块北缘古生代陆缘活动带, 晚古生代是该区构造变形、岩浆活动和成矿作用的主要阶段。区内金矿可分为3个主要类型: 产于晚古生代凝灰岩、杂砂岩、浊积岩中的金矿, 产于海西期中酸性(偏碱性)侵入岩及其接触带中金矿, 产于晚古生代火山岩系中的金矿, 典型的代表性矿床分别为双泉金矿、黄羊山西金矿、双峰山金矿。三类金矿在赋矿围岩、控矿构造、矿床(体)规模/品位、围岩蚀变、金属矿物组合、成矿元素组合等多个方面均存在差异, 其原因是三者成矿作用过程中主要控矿因素、成矿机理的不同。     

吉林省长白县马鹿沟高岭石矿地质特征及成因

本文通过对长白县马鹿沟高岭石矿地质条件进行分析,对矿床成因进行了总结。马鹿沟高岭石矿赋存于三叠系长白组中,其成因为火山沉积-热液蚀变型,成矿物质来源于酸性凝灰岩,成矿时代为三叠纪晚世,矿体围岩主要为凝灰岩、角砾凝灰岩,且普遍发生高岭石化或地开石化。     

祁连优地槽区块状硫化物矿床形成地质环境的初步对比研究和探讨

在成矿规律学的研究中,许多研究者常把优地槽的发展演化与矿床形成阶段相结合并力图给予模式化,认为块状硫化物矿床是优地槽发展初期的坳陷阶段,地槽基底下坳带来巨厚沉积和强烈火山作用时期,与火山和沉积作用有关的形成物(毕利宾,1950;斯米尔诺夫,1973)。     

东昆仑卡特里西铜锌矿成因

卡特里西铜锌多金属矿是新疆东昆仑地区首次发现的海相火山沉积型硫化物矿床,该矿产于下石炭统托库孜达坂群内的火山岩地层中,矿体分布明显受地层控制,含矿岩性为一套双峰式火山岩上部的灰绿色基性凝灰岩,一般呈平行层状、似层状、透镜状夹于灰岩中及灰岩与含炭粉砂岩的接触处。该矿海相火山沉积特征明显,为在相对封闭的浅海盆地内,火山活动形成的成矿物质在火山机构边部洼地内堆集形成。东昆仑下石炭统托库孜达坂群地层中海相火山岩带分布有众多铜多金属矿点,为一较有前景的海相火山岩型铜矿成矿带,卡特里西铜锌矿找矿及成因认识上的突破不但填补了东昆仑一带该矿床类型的空白,而且对在该区广泛分布的托库孜达坂群内火山岩系地层中寻找该类矿床具有重大指导意义。     

江南古陆中段沧水铺群锆石U-Pb年龄和构造演化意义

江南古陆中段湖南益阳地区沧水铺群发育在冷家溪群和板溪群之间,其在地层柱中的位置一直是中国地质学家解疑江南造山带何时启动的关键层位。笔者在沧水铺群中的火山集块岩中获得锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(821±13)Ma,再次验证了沧水铺群中的火山岩是820 Ma武陵运动之前的火山事件的产物,与武陵运动的启动有关,也说明该期火山岩与冷家溪群中大量的火山凝灰岩为同一构造运动的产物。