东北东部地球物理及地质块体特征——对大地构造环境演化的追溯

通过区域地球物理场多重信息的综合研究，可将东北东部地球物理及地质块体划分为A、B、C三类。它们在空间上有序的分布，特征上各自相异。揭示出所共处的区域岩石圈的大地构造环境演化历史的全过程。B类地块代表了太古宙陆块的形成；C类地块反映了古亚洲构造域复杂的造山过程；A类地块则揭示出中生代以来壳幔作用动态过程—拆层作用和盆山构造的形成及对前期构造的强烈改造。     

东北东部地球物理及地质块体特征——对大地构造环境演化的追溯

通过区域地球物理场多重信息的综合研究 ,可将东北东部地球物理及地质块体划分为A、B、C三类。它们在空间上有序的分布 ,特征上各自相异。揭示出所共处的区域岩石圈的大地构造环境演化历史的全过程。B类地块代表了太古宙陆块的形成 ;C类地块反映了古亚洲构造域复杂的造山过程 ;A类地块则揭示出中生代以来壳幔作用动态过程—拆层作用和盆山构造的形成及对前期构造的强烈改造     

华南印支期铝质A型花岗岩的判别、成因及构造环境

传统意义的A型花岗岩在化学成分上可分为碱性A型花岗岩(简称AAG)和铝质A型花岗岩(简称ALAG)两类,ALAG为A型花岗岩的一个亚类。随着华南地区花岗岩研究的不断深入,印支期铝质A型花岗岩越来越被关注。本文系统阐述了ALAG岩相学、矿物学、地球化学特征及其判别方式,分析了华南印支期ALAG的物质来源、成因及形成构造环境。发现其来源于华夏地块古老变质沉积岩不同程度的部分熔融,在其形成过程中有可能混染当时的基性地幔组分;构造环境主要受控于古太平洋板块的俯冲作用,形成于后造山阶段,但应也受到了印支地块与华南陆块的后碰撞过程的影响。     

南沙地块构造格局及其演化特征

将南沙地块及其周边地块置于统一的地球动力学背景下,根据地球物理、地层展布、构造变形等特征,确立了南沙地块的一级构造边界,提出南沙地块的演化与古南海及现今南海的演化密不可分。古南海分隔了南沙地块和加里曼丹—巴拉望地块,随着古南海由西南往东北的剪刀状南向俯冲封闭和现今南海的张开,南沙地块和加里曼丹—巴拉望地块之间先后在始新世—晚中新世发生B型俯冲、A型俯冲及碰撞作用,形成沙捞越俯冲碰撞带,并在该带北侧形成南沙地块前陆盆地区、南沙地块隆起区及南海深海盆3个构造单元。     

大兴安岭北段嫩江—霍龙门沟地区晚石炭世—早二叠世I型和A型花岗质岩石年代学、地球化学特征及构造意义

<正>中亚造山带,又名阿尔泰造山带,是全球最大的造山带之一,又是全球显生宙陆壳增生与改造最为显著和构造演化最为复杂的区域,大致经历了陆缘增生、后碰撞、陆内造山三个构造演化阶段(Khain et al.,2002)。大兴安岭地区大地构造位置上处于中亚造山带东段,自北向南依次跨越额尔古纳、兴安和松嫩地块,晚古生代岩浆作用形成的花岗岩类在该区分布广泛,其形成时代、地球化学特征及形成时的构造环境对探明兴安、松嫩等地块的构造属性及演化历史意义重大。近年来众多学者对各块体的构造属性及其构造     

江南造山带深部边界及成矿制约：来自综合地球物理的认识

江南造山带位于组成华南大陆的扬子地块和华夏地块之间，是揭示华南陆块演化及其动力学过程、探索该地区大规模岩浆多金属成矿作用的关键窗口。前人在构造学、岩石学和矿床学等方面取得了诸多进展，但仍对江南造山带的深部结构认识不明，导致对其定义、边界范围、形成时代及演化过程等方面长期存在争议，故亟需开展综合地球物理探测工作，为解决上述争议问题提供约束。鉴于后期构造运动对上地壳大幅改造的影响，致使对于江南造山带的深部边界存在不同认识，本文以重力数据和航磁数据为主、辅以大地电磁测深结果、并与水系沉积物地球化学资料相结合，厘定江南造山带的深部边界。综合重磁多尺度边缘检测、深部电性结构及75种元素水系沉积物地球化学数据聚类分析结果，推测钦杭结合带可能为江南造山带东南侧深部边界，并推断了江南造山带北部可能的深部边界和周缘的断裂构造。基于上述结果和认识，分析了区域构造对金、铜矿床的控制作用，认为江南造山带深部边界及深部断裂扮演了成矿系统中“导矿通道”的角色，从深大断裂形成之初就提供了铜、金等幔源成分为主的矿物质，在合适位置就位成矿；后期复杂的构造运动，使得局部位置再次活化，成矿物质重新富集迁移，在次级断裂等有利...     

中国含油气盆地构造分析主要进展与展望

本文简要总结了中国含油气盆地构造分析的主要进展。中国区域大地构造理论特别是板块构造理论，对于指导盆地构造研究起了重要作用。通过各种地球物理探测方法，揭示了中国含油气盆地的上地幔结构，地壳结构、基底结构与盖层构造的关系。中国含油气盆地在地质历史中的演化过程十分复杂，伸展盆地、前陆盆地、走滑盆地、克拉通盆地和叠合具有各自独特的地球动力学系统。构造样式分析是盆地构造分析的重要方面，直接与寻找油气圈闭有关，可以划分出伸展构造、挤压构造、走滑构造、反转构造和潜山－披覆构造等。断裂和不含油气盆地中的重要构造要素，控制着油气运聚成藏、叠合盆地多期成盆、多期改造造成的复杂构成图像，是中国含油气盆地的重要特色之一。展望21世纪 中国油气盆地构造分析，需要重点关注的是：叠合盆地形成演化和地球动力学过程分析；盆－山耦合过程的深部－浅部耦全过程分析；盆地三维构造精细描述和盆地模拟技术，盐构造和天然气构造分析。     

造山后伸展构造研究的最新进展

本文综合介绍和比较分析了全球范围内不同时期造山带中的伸展构造样式；地壳尺度的拆离带或低角度正断层的性质、几何学和运动学；拆离带下盘变质核杂岩的抬升机理及其中各种韧性组构的成因和发展演变；后造山伸展塌陷过程中的岩浆活动和热演化；伸展平行褶皱的成因和构造几何学；后造山伸展盆地的形成过程；造山带地球物理剖面解释和岩石圈动力学；后造山伸展构造的物理和数字模拟等方面，当前开展的主要研究内容、研究方法和趋势。     

武陵—江南造山带中段地壳结构及其物质组成差异——基于地球化学和地球物理异常特征研究

区域深部结构和物质组成差异与成矿成藏及其保存具有密切关系。武陵—江南造山带中段区域西部地区是我国重要的含油气地区, 中东部则以盛产铅锌等金属矿产为特征。本文通过对研究区地球化学和地球物理异常特征进行研究, 探讨研究区地壳结构和物质组成差异的地球动力学背景。地球化学聚类分析结果表明武陵山—江南造山带中段不同块体之间在物质组成及元素富集规律上存在较大差异, 推测与深部具有不同的构造特征有关。区域重、磁、震地球物理研究表明东部隔槽式褶皱断裂构造系统发育, 且在中下地壳发育有大尺度叠瓦式逆冲断层; 西部仅在上地壳尺度存在隔挡式褶皱。区内南北重力梯度带为纵贯中国南北的大兴安岭—太行山—武陵山重力异常梯度带的南段, 它将华南陆块明显地分为东西两大部分。东西两部分的地质构造格局、地壳厚度以及地形地貌等方面都有巨大差别, 地球物理属性差异揭示梯度带东侧构造演化主要受古太平洋西向俯冲及其远程应力作用影响, 与中生代晚期古太平洋俯冲角度/方向和(或)后撤引发挤压-构造伸展体制转换有关。地球化学和地球物理综合研究表明不同块体的相互作用为湘西—鄂西成矿带成矿提供了有利条件, 成矿带与齐岳山断裂和江南造山带边界交汇区域具有多处明显的化探高值异常, 推测其具有进一步找矿前景。下一步, 仍需加大地球化学和地球物理综合解释投入, 为研究区域构造变形、演化及成矿过程提供进一步制约。     

喜马拉雅碰撞造山带新生代地壳深熔作用与淡色花岗岩

自从印度-欧亚大陆碰撞以来,伴随着构造演化和温度-压力-成分(P-T-X)的变化,喜马拉雅造山带中下地壳变质岩发生不同类型的部分熔融反应,形成性质各异的过铝质花岗岩。这些花岗岩在形成时代、矿物组成、全岩元素和放射性同位素地球化学特征上都表现出巨大的差异性。始新世构造岩浆作用形成高Sr/Y二云母花岗岩和演化程度较高的淡色花岗岩和淡色花岗玢岩,它们具有相似的Sr-Nd同位素组成,是碰撞早期增厚下地壳部分熔融的产物。渐新世淡色花岗岩主要为演化程度较高的淡色花岗岩,可能指示了喜马拉雅造山带的快速剥露作用起始于渐新世。早中新世以来的淡色花岗岩是喜马拉雅造山带淡色花岗岩的主体,是变泥质岩部分熔融的产物,包含两类部分熔融作用——水致白云母部分熔融作用(A类)和白云母脱水熔融作用(B类)。这两类部分熔融作用形成的花岗质熔体在元素和同位素地球化学特征上都表现出明显的差异性,主要受控于两类部分熔融作用过程中主要造岩矿物和副矿物的溶解行为。这些不同期次的地壳深熔作用都伴随着高分异淡色花岗岩,伴随着关键金属元素(Nb、Ta、Sn、Be等)的富集,是未来矿产勘探的重要靶区。新的观测结果表明:在碰撞造山带中,花岗岩岩石学和地球化学性质的变化是深部地壳物质对构造过程响应的结果,是深入理解碰撞造山带深部地壳物理和化学行为的重要岩石探针。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.