基于修正Mohr-Coulomb准则的弹塑性本构模型及其数值实施

针对Mohr-Coulomb准则高估岩土体抗拉性能的局限性,建立考虑最大拉应力准则的修正Mohr-Coulomb模型;系统地论述隐式本构积分算法的主要内容,推导相应的一致性刚度矩阵。以ABAQUS软件为平台,采用向后欧拉隐式应力积分算法编制了UMAT本构程序,对单轴拉伸试验和三轴压缩试验进行数值模拟,对比分析ABAQUS自带模型和自编模型的优劣,结果表明编写的修正Mohr-Coulomb模型能够有效地反映岩土介质的抗拉性能,弥补了ABAQUS自带模型的不足。     

基于统一强度理论的岩质边坡稳定动安全系数计算

岩质边坡稳定性分析中常用的Mohr-Coulomb、Drucker-Prager屈服准则,其未考虑中间主应力效应或拉压不等效应,较难反映三维复杂边坡空间应力状态。统一强度理论包含了一系列破坏准则,通过调整参数b可反映中间主应力或中间主切应力的影响程度。利用ABAQUS开发了基于统一强度理论材料子程序(UMAT),首先以三维含结构面岩质边坡为例,采用强度折减法,分别计算 为0、0.25、0.5、0.75 与 1 共5种考虑中间主应力不同程度情况下三维含结构面岩质边坡动安全系数曲线。计算结果表明：不同 值情况下所得动安全系数数值不同,但曲线变化形状一样,最小安全系数均发生在相同时刻;另外,为更清晰地了解三维真实应力状态对安全系数的影响,从三维岩质边坡中抽取二维剖面进行了同样的计算。结果表明,在相同 值情况下,三维模型计算所得安全系数较二维模型大;随着 的增大,安全系数增大,说明不考虑中间主应力的二维计算结果低估了安全系数的大小,即三维真实应力状态下的边坡应具有更高的稳定性     

岩石摩尔-库仑弹塑性损伤本构模型及其主应力隐式返回映射算法研究

在弹塑性损伤理论框架内考虑岩石的塑性变形机制和刚度退化,建立基于Mohr-Coulomb(M-C)屈服准则的弹塑性损伤模型,采用内变量即等效塑性应变表征岩石损伤变量的演化。由于M-C屈服准则在应力空间为一个六棱锥,在数值实施过程中六棱锥角点和棱线上的应力更新存在"奇异性"问题,角点光滑化方法可以处理该问题,但其不可避免的导致近似的计算结果。在M-C本构数值积分算法的基础上,推导弹塑性损伤本构方程的主应力空间隐式返回映射算法,包括弹性预测、塑性修正和损伤修正3个主要计算步骤。在塑性修正过程中,针对流动向量返回到主平面、左右棱线和尖点3种情况分别进行讨论,从主应力空间的角度出发解决"奇异性"问题。采用面向对象的编程方法,使用C++语言开发弹塑性损伤本构求解程序(RDM-C),并采用单轴压缩试验、地基和洞室算例对程序计算的结果进行分析和验证。研究结果表明,所建立的弹塑性损伤本构模型能够较好地描述岩石材料主要的力学和变形特性、塑性区和损伤区变化趋势。基于主应力空间的隐式积分算法所开发的程序可以进行岩土工程问题的数值分析,对现场施工提供指导和理论依据。     

三维弹塑性模型在路堤软基固结分析中应用

针对基于SMP准则改进的剑桥模型(MCC-SMP),采用弹性预测和塑性修正两阶段的回映算法,给出了应力更新算法,根据其算法编制了非线性有限元子程序,进行了三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变等单元试验问题的数值模拟,通过数值分析和试验结果的对比,验证了子程序的精度;采用该本构模型,对澳大利亚某试验段路堤软土地基固结进行了三维有限元分析,重点分析和对比了孔压、沉降及水平位移的变化规律。     

不同应力路径下剪切带的数值模拟

采用回映应力更新算法,编写了基于伏斯列夫面的超固结黏土本构关系模型子程序,嵌入非线性有限元软件ABAQUS。通过对单元试验进行三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变等问题的模型预测,再现了超固结黏土在不同初始超固结比和应力路径时的变形和强度特性,从而验证了子程序的正确性。借助该本构模型,对三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变应力路径下超固结黏土体变形局部化问题,进行了三维数值模拟。分析结果表明：超固结黏土在三轴压缩及伸长状态时,土体变形局部化在应力-应变关系软化时出现,而平面应变状态时,在应力-应变关系硬化阶段出现,其超固结黏土的剪胀特性在剪切带的形成过程中起重要作用。     

基于统一屈服准则超固结土的应力诱导各向异性下负荷面模型

为了描述中主应力对超固结土力学行为的影响,提出了一种表征土体超固结和应力诱导各向异性新的弹塑性本构模型。采用统一表述Mohr-Coulomb、Drucker-Prager、Lade-Duncan和Matsuoka-Nakai 4种屈服准则的形状函数g(θ),将其引入到下负荷面模型中修改临界状态破坏线的斜率M值,从而实现新模型中M值能随洛德角θ改变而变化;选择塑性偏应变增量为迭代变量,利用Newton-Raphson迭代开发了新模型的应力积分算法,编写了UMAT子程序,成功将新模型嵌入大型商业有限元软件ABAQUS中。结果表明：新模型能同时表征土体的超固结、剪胀和应力诱导各向异性,预测结果与试验数据吻合良好;新模型物理意义明确表述简单,便于工程推广应用;新模型的应力积分算法收敛速度快,每个增量步所需的迭代次数少,收敛精度高,算法运行稳定可靠。     

三维应力状态下砂的临界状态本构模型分叉分析

就服从非关联流动法则软化型砂的临界状态本构模型,在不同应力路径下的分叉进行了理论和数值分析。理论分析表明：分叉现象强烈依赖于应力路径,即当平均应力p一定时,应力路径在洛德角在-25o～15o之间时,均会在应力-应变关系硬化阶段出现分叉现象,而其他应力路径下不会产生分叉。并且分叉时对应的应力比、主应变及剪切带倾角都随洛德角的增加而变化,其值是先增加而后减小。采用回映应力更新算法,编写了该本构模型材料子程序,借助有限元软件ABAQUS及材料子程序,通过数值计算方法预测到了分叉点所对应的应力状态,表明了分叉现象在数值计算中的存在性,并通过数值预测值和理论解的对比,两者结果基本一致。     

各向异性弹黏塑性模型在ABAQUS中的研发

通过将Perzyna过应力理论与临界状态理论相结合,并引入Wheeler旋转硬化法则,提出一个能描述土体初始各向异性及应力诱发各向异性的三维弹黏塑性本构模型。模型考虑流变发生的下限,在三维应力空间,模型存在形状相似的静屈服面及动态加载面。采用缩放形式的幂函数。本构模型数值算法采用回映算法,借助ABAQUS软件UMAT子程序接口实现。并通过对三轴不排水蠕变试验的模拟,确定合适的积分步长。此后,分别对三轴不排水蠕变试验及常应变率三轴不排水剪切试验进行了模拟。模拟中通过设置不同参数值,可将模型退化为各向同性模型,并对这两种模拟结果进行了比较。模拟结果表明：(1) 对于三轴不排水蠕变,在低剪应力水平下,各向同性模型和各向异性模型模拟的结果相差不大,而在高剪应力水平下,各向异性模型模拟结果更接近试验结果;(2) 对于常应变率加载试验的模拟,模型合理反映了土体不排水强度随着加载速率的增大而增大现象。     

一种适用于饱和黏土循环动力分析边界面塑性模型的隐式积分算法

修正了传统隐式回映算法,建立了适用于饱和黏土循环动力分析的边界面塑性模型的完全隐式积分格式。该模型基于无弹性域概念和临界状态理论,采用各向同性、运动硬化准则、旋转的边界面,并引入表征土体结构损伤和重塑程度的损伤变量以反映循环载荷作用下饱和黏土的各向异性、刚度、强度软化及塑性变形累积等特征。针对等压固结 和偏压固结 的饱和高岭黏土的不排水三轴试验进行模拟,采用不同的应变增量步长进行计算,并与试验数据对比,结果表明,修正隐式回映算法应用于该类边界面模型的合理性、积分格式的精确性和稳定性;另外,结合有限元软件自动时间步长的增量迭代解法,对饱和黏土应力控制的不排水动三轴试验进行预测,结果表明,修正的适用于该边界面的塑性模型隐式回映算法可以得到比较合理的数值分析结果,能够反映饱和黏土的循环刚度的退化和强度的弱化等动力特性。     

弹塑性无厚度接触面单元的本构积分算法及验证

对基于理想弹塑性理论框架、屈服准则为Mohr-Coulomb准则、采用非关联流动法则的无厚度接触面单元的本构积分算法进行了探讨,引入非关联的伪屈服函数和伪势函数,提出了将超出屈服面、处于角点应力区的试应力双向返回到屈服面的本构积分算法。据此编制了ABAQUS用户单元子程序,进行了算例验证。结果表明,提出的算法可以较好地实现土与结构物共同作用的有限元数值模拟。     

An improved return‐map stress update algorithm for finite deformation analysis of general isotropic elastoplastic geomaterials

This paper develops a novel return mapping algorithm for the numerical integration of general isotropic finite strain elastoplastic constitutive models for geomaterials. The constitutive formulation is founded on multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. The logarithmic strain measure as well as the exponential approximation of the plastic flow rule is utilized to restore the standard infinitesimal format return mapping algorithm. Central to the algorithm is the exploitation of a set of three mutually orthogonal unit base tensors for the representation of constitutive relations and the corresponding integration of the rate form of the constitutive equations. The base tensors constitute a local cylindrical coordinate system in the principal space, which allows to formulate the return mapping algorithm in the three‐dimensional space and reduce the dimension of the problem to be analyzed from six down to three. With the proposed approach, direct determination of the principal axes and the transformation procedure between the general space and the principal space, as required in traditional spectral decomposition, are avoided. Furthermore, the matrices that are involved in the inversion evaluation take simple forms, leading to extremely easy inverse computation. As a result, the consistent tangent operator can be streamlined into a form simpler and more compact than those by conventional integration methods. Following the formulation of the integration procedure, a numerical experiment is performed to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A virtual surface concept for nested yield surface plasticity

A return mapping algorithm based on the concept of virtual surfaces is presented for stress integration in the numerical solution of boundary value problems using an elastoplastic multiple yield surface model. Both kinematic hardening and isotropic softening yield surfaces are addressed. With the implementation of virtual surfaces, the active yield surface is located before a stress update is implemented. The return mapping algorithm consists of only two steps. The first step consists of performing the intermediate update of the trial stress corresponding to the translation of all yield surfaces inside the active yield surface. Little calculation is involved in this step. The second step consists of performing the conventional explicit one-step radial return mapping of the updated trial stress on the corresponding active yield surface. The algorithm efficiency resides in the virtual surface based return mapping which preserves the elastic predictor representation of the updated trial stress, and limits iterations to at most two steps.     

Implicit and explicit integration schemes in the anisotropic bounding surface plasticity model for cyclic behaviours of saturated clay

Two integration algorithms, namely the implicit return mapping and explicit sub-stepping schemes, are adopted in the anisotropic bounding surface plasticity model for cyclic behaviours of saturated clay and are implemented into finite element code. The model is a representative of a series of bounding surface models that have typical characteristics, including isotropic and kinematic hardening rules and a rotational bounding surface to capture complex but important cyclic behaviours of soils, such as cyclic shakedown and degradation. However, there is no explicit current yield surface in the model to which the conventional implicit algorithm returns the stress state back or the sub-stepping integration corrects the drift of the stress state. Hence, necessary modifications have been made for both of the integration schemes. First, the image stress point is mapped or corrected to the bounding surface instead of mapping back or correcting the stress state to the yield surface. Second, the unloading–loading criterion is checked to determine the image stress point rather than checking the yield criterion after giving the trial stress state in a conventional way. Comparative studies on the accuracy, stability and efficiency of the two integration schemes are conducted not only at the element level but also in solving boundary value problems of monotonic and cyclic bearing behaviours of rigid footings on saturated clay. For smaller strain increments, there is no significant difference in the accuracy between the two integration schemes, but the explicit integration shows a higher efficiency and accuracy. For relatively larger increments, the implicit return mapping algorithm presents good accuracy and more robustness, while the sub-stepping algorithm shows deteriorating accuracy and suffers the convergence problem. With the tolerance used in the present model, the bearing capacity of the rigid footing predicted by the return mapping algorithm is closer to the available analytical and numerical solutions, while the bearing capacity predicted by the sub-stepping algorithm shows a marginal increase.     

A Generalized Backward Euler algorithm for the numerical integration of an isotropic hardening elastoplastic model for mechanical and chemical degradation of bonded geomaterials

An extended version of the classical Generalized Backward Euler (GBE) algorithm is proposed for the numerical integration of a three‐invariant isotropic‐hardening elastoplastic model for cemented soils or weak rocks undergoing mechanical and non‐mechanical degradation processes. The restriction to isotropy allows to formulate the return mapping algorithm in the space of principal elastic strains. In this way, an efficient and robust integration scheme is developed which can be applied to relatively complex yield surface and plastic potential functions. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can be linearized in closed form, thus allowing for quadratic convergence in the global Newton iteration. A series of numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the accuracy and convergence properties of the algorithm. Selected results from a finite element analysis of a circular footing on a soft rock layer undergoing chemical weathering are then presented to illustrate the algorithm performance at the boundary value problem level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hierarchical thermo‐hydro‐plastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils and its numerical implementation

Unsaturated soils are highly heterogeneous 3‐phase porous media. Variations of temperature, the degree of saturation, and density have dramatic impacts on the hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. To model all these features, we present a thermo‐hydro‐plastic model in which the hydro‐mechanical hardening and thermal softening are incorporated in a hierarchical fashion for unsaturated soils. This novel constitutive model can capture heterogeneities in density, suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature. Specifically, this constitutive model has 2 ingredients: (1) it has a “mesoscale” mechanical state variable—porosity and 3 environmental state variables—suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature; (2) both temperature and mechanical effects on water retention properties are taken into account. The return mapping algorithm is applied to implement this model at Gauss point assuming an infinitesimal strain. At each time step, the return mapping is conducted only in principal elastic strain space, assuming no return mapping in suction and temperature. The numerical results obtained by this constitutive model are compared with the experimental results. It shows that the proposed model can simulate the thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils with satisfaction. We also conduct shear band analysis of an unsaturated soil specimen under plane strain condition to demonstrate the impact of temperature variation on shear banding triggered by initial material heterogeneities.     

Implicit integration algorithm for Hoek-Brown elastic-plastic model

A realistic strength criterion often used to describe the yielding behaviour of a jointed rock mass at a continuum level is the well-known Hoek and Brown criterion. This paper is concerned with a 3-D stress generalization of the Hoek-Brown failure criterion by means of an elliptical functional which leads to a smooth deviatoric trace in the stress space. For its incorporation into a finite element analysis involving plasticity calculations, the formulation of an implicit stress integration algorithm is presented. The key computational methodology alludes to the notion of consistent tangent modulus and implicit return mapping schemes (radial and closest point return) for stress integration in a finite element analysis. Within the context of non-linear elastoplastic analysis, it is found that formulation of such consistent modulus and success into achieving numerical efficiency are closely intertwined. Indeed, the procedure results into accurate and rapid convergence of the displacement finite element scheme during the search for equilibrium. This means that considerable savings in computational time can be achieved for large scale problems. Numerical examples which focus on the Hoek-Brown plasticity model are presented in order to fully appreciate the robustness of the algorithm, and hence the viability of such method to practical problems.     

岩石弹塑性损伤本构模型建立及在隧道工程中的应用

在实际隧道施工过程中,隧道开挖引起地下岩体应力重分布使得围岩的微裂纹扩展损伤,并伴随有塑性流动变形。在地下水环境中对于孔隙和微裂隙围岩介质受到应力作用时,在内部将产生高孔隙水压力影响岩石的力学性质,也改变了围岩的破坏模式。为了研究损伤引起的刚度退化和塑性导致的流动两种破坏机制的耦合作用,从弹塑性力学和损伤理论的角度出发,同时引入修正有效应力原理来考虑孔隙水压力的作用,建立基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则的弹塑性损伤本构模型;针对该本构模型推导了孔隙水压力作用下弹塑性损伤本构模型的数值积分算法-隐式返回映射算法,分别对预测应力返回到屈服面的光滑圆锥面或尖点奇异处两种可能的情况给出了详细的描述,隐式返回映射算法具有稳定性和准确性的特点;大多数弹塑性损伤模型中涉及参数多且不易确定的问题,采用反分析方法获得损伤参数,解决了损伤参数不易确定的难题;采用面向对象的编程方法,使用C++语言编制了弹塑性损伤本构求解程序,并对所建立的弹塑性损伤模型和所编程序进行了试验和数值两个方面的验证;最后将其在吉林抚松隧道工程中进行应用,模拟了塑性区和损伤区的发展变化。研究结果表明：所建立的弹塑性损伤本构模型能够较好地描述岩石的力学性能、塑性和损伤变化趋势,所编程序能够进行实际工程问题的模拟,对现场施工给予一定的指导。     

Induced fabric under cyclic and rotational loads in a strain space multiple mechanism model for granular materials

The strain space multiple mechanism model idealizes the behavior of granular materials on the basis of a multitude of virtual simple shear mechanisms oriented in arbitrary directions. Within this modeling framework, the virtual simple shear stress is defined as a quantity dependent on the contact distribution function as well as the normal and tangential components of interparticle contact forces, which evolve independently during the loading process. In other terms, the virtual simple shear stress is an intermediate quantity in the upscaling process from the microscopic level (characterized by contact distribution and interparticle contact forces) to the macroscopic stress. The stress space fabric produces macroscopic stress through the tensorial average. Thus, the stress space fabric characterizes the fundamental and higher modes of anisotropy induced in granular materials. Herein, the induced fabric is associated with monotonic and cyclic loadings, loading with the rotation of the principal stress, and general loading. Upon loading with the rotation of the principal stress axis, some of the virtual simple shear mechanisms undergo loading whereas others undergo unloading. This process of fabric evolution is the primary cause of noncoaxiality between the axes of principal stresses and strains. Although cyclic behavior and behavior under the rotation of the principal stress axis seem to originate from two distinct mechanisms, the strain space multiple mechanism model demonstrates that these behaviors are closely related through the hysteretic damping factor. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The critical state behaviour of barodesy compared with the Matsuoka–Nakai failure criterion

Barodesy is a new approach to constitutive modelling of soil. It is based on Goldscheider's principles and maps stretching directions onto corresponding stress directions with the help of a simple exponential function. This mapping also determines a critical state surface in principal stress space. The article investigates this surface and relates it to the well‐known Matsuoka–Nakai failure criterion. It turns out that the difference between these two surfaces is negligible for practical applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.