新疆祁漫塔格于沟子铁多金属矿辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

于沟子铁-稀有多金属矿区位于东昆仑祁漫塔格矿集区西段,其中铁铜(钼)多金属矿体主要分布于正长花岗岩与狼牙山组碳酸盐岩接触带矽卡岩内,属于矽卡岩型铁铜(钼)多金属矿床,而铌(铷)等稀有-稀土矿化带分布于正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩内。于沟子铁铜(钼)多金属矿床磁铁矿石中的辉钼矿Re-Os定年表明,辉钼矿中含有对Re-Os定年产生较大影响的普通Os,在扣除普通Os后,辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为(210.1±4.8)Ma(n=5,MSWD=0.37),厘定其成矿年龄为晚三叠世,是东昆仑祁漫塔格印支期大规模成矿作用的产物。     

新疆祁漫塔格于沟子铁多金属矿辉钼矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

[摘 要]于沟子铁-稀有多金属矿区位于东昆仑祁漫塔格矿集区西段,其中铁铜（钼）多金属矿体主要分布于正长花岗岩与狼牙山组碳酸盐岩的接触带矽卡岩内,属于矽卡岩型铁铜（钼）多金属矿床,而铌（铷）等稀有-稀土矿化带分布于正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩内。通过对于沟子铁铜（钼）多金属矿体内磁铁矿石中的辉钼矿Re-Os定年表明,辉钼矿中含有对Re-Os定年产生较大影响的普通Os,在扣除普通Os后,辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为（210.1±4.8）Ma（n=5,MSWD=0.37）,厘定了其成矿年龄为晚三叠世,是东昆仑祁漫塔格印支期大规模成矿的产物。     

祁漫塔格东段晚三叠世—早侏罗世花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

祁漫塔格东段拉陵高里河地区晚三叠世—早侏罗世花岗岩组合为高SiO_2(72.18%~76.55%)、高K_2O(4.08%~5.32%)的碱性花岗岩组合,具有明显的负Eu异常(δEu平均值为0.28)。岩石组合为二长花岗岩+正长花岗岩,采用LA-ICP-MS技术测得二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩的年龄分别为205.1±1.0Ma和199.5±1.2Ma。该套花岗岩组合与拉陵高里河地区的矽卡岩型多金属矿关系密切,初步确定祁漫塔格地区晚三叠世—早侏罗世花岗岩组合也是一期重要的成矿岩浆建造。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区晚三叠世正长花岗岩岩石成因及构造意义

青海省东昆仑祁漫塔格地区肯德可克矿区外围东部发育一正长花岗岩体,主要矿物组合为正长石(50%~60%)+石英(20%~30%)+斜长石(10%~20%)+黑云母(1%~5%)。其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为217.9±1.7 Ma(MSWD=0.74,n=20),形成时代为晚三叠世,与祁漫塔格地区铁多金属矿床基本同时形成。岩石地球化学组成具有高硅(Si O2=74.53%~75.28%)、富碱(K2O+Na2O=8.81%~8.95%)、富铁贫镁(Fe OT/Mg O=18.02~31.48)的特征,并具强烈的负Eu异常(δEu=0.04~0.05),富集Rb、Th、U、K、Ga,亏损Sr、Ba、Ta、P、Ti,显示其为准铝质A型花岗岩。正长花岗岩锆石εHf(t)为2.0~12.4,平均6.4,显示其源区具有壳幔混合作用的特征,壳幔物质交换为区内铁多金属矿化提供了大量成矿物质。该正长花岗岩属A2型花岗岩,暗示其形成于造山后的伸展构造体制,反映了祁漫塔格地区晚华力西-印支期造山旋回于晚三叠世由造山后期转为伸展阶段。     

东昆仑大岔沟地区晚三叠世侵入岩年代学、岩石地球化学特征及Hf同位素研究

东昆仑祁漫塔格大岔沟地区晚三叠世侵入岩岩性主要为中细粒二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年表明,二长花岗岩的形成年龄为(233±2)Ma,属晚三叠世岩浆活动产物。岩石地球化学特征上,里特曼指数σ为0.85~2.59,为钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列;相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb和K,亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、P和Ti等元素;轻稀土元素明显富集,轻重稀土元素分馏较强,具有较强的Eu负异常;花岗岩含角闪石且SiO_2与P_2O_5具明显负相关性,指示其属I型花岗岩。二长花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为–10.36~+1.6,二阶段Hf模式年龄变化范围为1164~1922 Ma,可能主要由中元古代地壳物质部分熔融形成,并有少量古元古代地壳物质和幔源物质加入,岩浆在演化过程中存在分离结晶作用。综合分析认为大岔沟地区晚三叠世可能处于碰撞-后碰撞转换阶段,加厚地壳的拆沉作用导致幔源岩浆底侵下地壳,使其部分熔融形成区内侵入岩。     

青海祁漫塔格中晚三叠世花岗岩:年代学、地球化学及成矿意义

地处柴达木盆地西南缘的青海祁漫塔格地区不仅是一个特征显著的构造-岩浆岩带,而且也是重要的多金属成矿带。本文对该区中晚三叠世花岗岩开展了详细的年代学、岩石地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成研究,并探讨了成矿意义。结果表明,本区中晚三叠世花岗岩均系准铝质到弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩类,晚三叠世花岗岩具有更高的K2O/Na2O比值,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),明显亏损高场强元素(HFSE),中等初始锶比值和偏负的εNd(t)值表明它们主要源于古老地壳物质的深熔或重熔,并可能有幔源物质的加入;发育闪长质暗色微粒包体的中三叠世花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为230～237Ma,大多具斑状或似斑状结构的晚三叠世高分异富钾花岗岩形成于204～228Ma,表明大约240Ma祁漫塔格主造山已由挤压转入伸展并伴有幔源岩浆活动,晚三叠世后演化到后碰撞阶段;中晚三叠世花岗岩与本区密集产出的矽卡岩型和斑岩型多金属矿床的时空与成因关系密切,具有重要找矿指示意义。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区白垩纪基性岩墙的发现及其意义

对东昆仑祁漫塔格地区首次发现的辉绿岩墙群进行了初步的研究,辉绿岩为高TiO_2(1.65%~2.87%)、高碱(全碱在2.98%~5.32%)的碱性玄武岩系列岩石,辉绿岩中采用LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得了102 Ma的年龄,Sm-Nd等时线年龄为(120±8.3)Ma,从而确定了东昆仑祁漫塔格地区白垩纪基性岩墙群的存在,并可初步确定东昆仑祁漫塔格地区早白垩世处于伸展构造环境。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格早中生代大陆地壳增生过程中的岩浆活动与成矿作用

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区位于青藏高原北缘,为典型的大陆边缘增生造山带,经历了漫长的古生代—早中生代增生造山过程,其中以早中生代岩浆活动与成矿作用最为发育。文章系统总结了区内早中生代侵入岩分布及成因,对与其相关矿床地质、成矿流体特征及成矿物质来源进行分析,进一步探讨了祁漫塔格地区早中生代大陆地壳增生过程中的壳幔混合岩浆活动与成矿作用的关联。研究结果认为,中二叠世—早三叠世以俯冲阶段的侧向增生为主,中-晚三叠世以碰撞-后碰撞阶段的垂向增生为主,与成矿有关的岩浆岩主要为中-晚三叠世石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩、花岗斑岩等,以I型、A型花岗岩为主,且多见暗色包体,Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成表明其源于古陆壳物质的重熔,有地幔物质的参与,由地幔底侵古老陆壳,幔源基性岩浆与壳源花岗质岩浆发生不同程度混合作用而形成。与该时期岩浆活动关系密切的主要为斑岩型铜钼矿床、矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床、层控矽卡岩型铅锌矿床、与碱性花岗岩有关稀有金属矿化等。成矿时代集中于248~210 Ma,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液,成矿物质具有壳幔混合来源,区内中-晚三叠世大陆垂向增生过程中的壳-幔岩浆混合作用为区域大规模金属成矿提供大量热能、成矿流体及成矿物质。     

青海祁漫塔格小圆山铁多金属矿区英云闪长岩LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及其地质意义

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区是青海省重要的矽卡岩型铁多金属成矿带,小圆山矽卡岩型铁多金属矿位于青海祁漫塔格东段。利用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年技术,获得小圆山铁多金属矿区与成矿关系密切的英云闪长岩加权平均年龄为(217.7±1.1)Ma(n=36,MSWD=2.5),厘定其形成时代为晚三叠世,属印支晚期。岩石地球化学研究表明,英云闪长岩为准铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石。岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K)、LREE和活泼的不相容元素(如U、Th),相对亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、P、Zr、Ti),显示了轻稀土元素强烈富集的右倾式稀土元素配分型式,具有弱的负Eu异常。青海祁漫塔格地区已有的年代学资料和区域地质构造演化特征综合表明,小圆山英云闪长岩可能形成于后碰撞构造阶段,为区域东昆仑造山带晚古生代-早中生代构造旋回的产物。     

青海祁漫塔格晚古生代—早中生代侵入岩构造背景与成矿关系

造山带成矿作用研究是当代成矿学重大研究的前沿,通过对东昆仑造山带北西段祁漫塔格晚古生代—早中生代侵入岩研究,表明祁漫塔格与东昆仑东段晚古生代—早中生代构造演化具有一定相似性。早二叠世之前为洋盆扩张期,早二叠世空谷期洋盆扩张结束,俯冲作用开始,发育钾玄岩系列POG型花岗岩,形成斑岩型铜矿。中三叠世为主俯冲阶段,发育高钾钙碱性大陆弧花岗岩(CAG),形成矽卡岩型铁多金属矿。晚三叠世卡尼—诺利期,大洋闭合,进入后碰撞陆内造山阶段,发育高钾钙碱性钾玄岩系列后造山花岗岩(POG),形成了斑岩钼矿和矽卡岩型铁多金属矿。     

Forests, climate, and silicate rock weathering

Over time periods of 10⁶ years and longer, atmospheric carbon dioxide content is largely controlled by a balance between silicate rock weathering and CO₂ sources (degassing from the Earth plus net organic carbon oxidation). Vegetation cover can affect silicate rock weathering rates by increasing soil CO₂ content, stabilizing soil cover, and producing organic acids. Forests absorb more solar radiation than most other ecosystems; this tends to warm Earth's climate, especially outside of the tropics; this warmth would tend to increase silicate rock weathering rates. Here, we develop preliminary parameterizations of this effect that could be incorporated into carbonate–silicate cycle models, based on the results of general circulation model simulations.     

Projectile impact on soft,porous rock

SummaryProjectile Impact on Soft, Porous Rock An experimental investigation was conducted to study the penetration phenomena associated with the normal impact of 60° conical and hemispherically-tipped cylindrical projectiles with a 6.35 mm diameter on green shale in the velocity range from 18 to 40 m/s. In addition to initial velocity, a special device measured the velocity history of the striker during penetration, and the deformation pattern of the target was obtained from grid lines inscribed on a vertical diametral section of the specimen which was reassembled by emplacement in a steel ring before testing. The results showed that the tip geometry controlled the penetration depth which was quadratically related to the initial kinetic energy. Comparison with other data using spherical strikers indicated that only the contact geometry, and not the configuration nor mass of the rest of the striker determined the indentation depth for the same initial bullet energy within the present range of impact parameters.The tests also indicated that target deformation was comprised of material compaction varying in degree from a maximum at the initial contact point towards the target interior and equivolumnial material distortion. A computational model was constructed incorporating both of these features based on an experimentalempirical relation between hydrostatic pressure and volumetric strain and two representations for the effective stress-strain relation of an elastic-perfectly plastic comportment of the material. It was found that good agreement was obtained between the observed deformation pattern and the predictions of this model when flow stress was considered to be independent of volumetric strain, but less so when this quantity was taken as a function of this strain. The model also adequately predicted the velocity history of the projectile both for the present tests and those involving spherical strikers conducted previously.With 15 Figures     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Vesuvianite-wollastonite-grossular-bearing calc-silicate rock near Tatapani,Surguja district,Chhattisgarh

This paper reports the occurrence of vesvianite + wollastonite + grossular + diopside + microcline + quartz assemblage in an enclave of calc-silicate rocks occurring within quartzofeldspathic gneiss near Tatapani in the western part of Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex. The enclave contains phlogopite-absent and phlogopite-bearing calc-silicate rocks, the latter being much more abundant than the former. The above assemblage occurs in the phlogopite-absent rock. Phlogopite-bearing rock contains the assemblage phlogopite + salite + microcline + plagioclase + quartz. A strong schistosity is developed in both the calc-silicate rocks and the minerals are syntectonic with the major foliation-forming event in the area. The vesuvianite-bearing assemblage is formed by amphibolite facies regional metamorphism of a calcareous protolith at pressure < 4 kbar and X_{CO 2} (fluid) < 0.15.     

新疆喀拉通克镁铁质岩体群的岩石成因研究

喀拉通克镁铁质岩体群位于准噶尔板块北缘,由13个小岩体组成。主要岩石类型为方辉橄榄岩、橄榄苏长岩、辉长苏长岩、辉长岩、淡色辉长岩、辉长闪长岩等。主要造岩矿物为贵橄榄石、普通辉石、紫苏辉石、斜长石和数量较多的褐色普通角闪石、黑云母等。主量元素分属钙碱性系列、岛弧拉斑玄武岩系列和具有MORB属性的拉斑玄武岩系列。大多数样品具有高LREE/HREE比值、富集大离子亲石元素,相对亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti）。ε_Nd(t)=＋6.2~＋8.2,4件样品的ε_Sr(t)=-0.6~-36.3,另有1件样品为+36.5;(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) _i=17.784~18.008,(²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) _i=15.400~15.555,(²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) _i=36.973~37.560。元素地球化学和Nd、Sr、Pb、Os、O、S同位素体系证明,岩浆仅在局部遭受了同化混染作用。原生岩浆为高镁的拉斑玄武岩浆（MgO=11.6%）。岩浆在上侵和运移过程中经历了以单斜辉石为主的暗色矿物的广泛分离结晶作用和斜长石的凝聚,导致了淡色辉长岩的广泛分布和超镁铁岩的严重缺失。岩浆源区由被消减板片交代的地幔楔物质和软流圈地幔物质组成,因而富集不相容元素和水,并因交代作用与岩浆生成的时差短,而保持放射成因同位素的亏损状态。在岩石圈根部拆沉和软流圈地幔上涌过程中生成了喀拉通克镁铁质岩体群。     

Fused rock from Köfels,Tyrol

The vesicular glass from Köfels, Tyrol, contains grains of quartz that have been partially melted but not dissolved in the matrix glass. This phenomenon has been observed in similar glasses formed by friction along a thrust fault and by meteorite impact, but not in volcanic glasses. The explosion of a small nuclear device buried behind a steep slope produced a geologic structure that is a good small-scale model of that at Köfels. Impact of a large meteorite would have an effect analogous to that of a subsurface nuclear explosion and is the probable cause of the Köfels feature.

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Zusammenfassung Der Bimsstein von Köfels, Tirol, enthält Körner von Quarz, welche teilweise geschmolzen, aber nicht im Mutterglas gelöst sind. Diese Erscheinung wurde in ähnlichen Gläsern beobachtet, welche durch Reibung entlang von Rutschverwerfungen und durch Meteoriteneinschläge entstanden, aber nicht in vulkanischen Gläsern. Die Explosion eines kleinen nuklearen Gerätes, eingegraben in einem steilen Abhang, brachte eine geologische Struktur hervor, welche ein gutes Modell im kleinen Maßstab des Vorganges bei Köfels darstellt. Der Einschlag eines großen Meteoriten würde einen Effekt hervorrufen, der analog ist einer unterirdischen nuklearen Explosion, und ist wahrscheinlich der Grund für die Bildungen von Köfels.

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Wit 4 Figures

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Publication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.     

The Cheam rock avalanche,Fraser Valley,British Columbia,Canada

The Cheam rock avalanche, which occurred about 5,000 years ago in the lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, is the largest known catastrophic landslide in western Canada (175×10⁶ m³). A photo-draped digital elevation model of the rock avalanche reveals two morphologically distinct areas, an eastern area of arcuate hummocky ridges separated by flat-floored depressions and a lower western area with a subdued, gently rolling surface. Debris is up to 30 m thick and consists of rubbly, clast- and matrix-supported diamicton derived from local argillaceous metasedimentary rocks. Failure was probably caused by high pore water pressures on a thrust fault that daylights in the source area. Plastic deformation of sediment beneath the rock avalanche debris suggests that liquefaction occurred due to undrained loading when the debris struck the Cheam terrace. Liquefaction also explains the morphology and travel distance of the western debris lobe. The coincidence of well-sorted sands (the Popkum Series soil) with the rock avalanche debris indicates that significant amounts of water flowed over the surface of the landslide just after it came to rest. Stó:lõ Nation oral history suggests that the debris may have buried a village, causing the first known landslide fatalities in Canada.     

冀北镇宁堡—赤城一带红旗营子杂岩变基性岩及其围岩锆石U-Pb年代学研究

红旗营子杂岩主要块体包括太古代火成岩(斜长角闪片麻岩、石英闪长岩-英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩),晚古元古代或古生代变基性岩(退变榴辉岩和斜长角闪岩),晚古生代变表壳岩(石榴角闪黑云斜长片麻岩和蛇纹石化大理岩)。本次研究的变基性岩(石榴斜长角闪岩)角闪岩相变质作用发生的时间为322.0Ma—317.3Ma,其围岩变表壳岩(石榴角闪黑云斜长片麻岩)沉积作用发生的时限可能为357Ma—350.9Ma,发生角闪岩相变质作用的时间为350.9Ma—343.5Ma。对红旗营子杂岩已报道的变质年龄进行汇总研究表明,存在显著的3个变质年龄区间:晚太古代2494Ma—2448Ma;晚古元古代1900Ma—1734 Ma(峰期为1824.6 Ma)和显生宙495 Ma—234Ma(峰期为323.7Ma)。其中,晚古元古代变质年龄和显生宙变质年龄的峰值最为显著,晚古元古代变质事件可能与华北克拉通东西陆块的相互碰撞及哥伦比亚超大陆的形成有关;显生宙变质事件,可能与古亚洲洋的开裂、俯冲、关闭及造山后的伸展有关。     

北京大台井深部岩巷岩爆发生条件及影响因素

大台井岩爆类型为巷道围岩表部岩石破碎爆裂弹射的混合应力型。随采深增加,岩爆的烈度等级加大。岩爆的发生存在一个临界深度。影响岩爆的因素极为复杂。主要有地应力、岩石的结构与性质、开挖(开采)的深度、硐室开挖的形状及尺寸、地质构造与地形地貌、人工爆破等。岩石质地坚硬,结构完整是影响大台井岩爆的基本因素。埋深较大,造成铅垂地应力较高。煤层急倾斜,地质构造特殊,水平地应力较高。构造应力参与是其重要因素。     

北京地区岩浆岩和火山碎屑岩的特征及其对窑坡煤系的影响

详细研究了北京地区与窑坡组有关的岩浆岩和火山碎屑岩的岩性和分布特征以及对窑坡煤系的影响。认为窑坡组形成前的火山喷发,为煤系的形成提供了基底,并引起抢峰坡和葫芦棚等地隆起;窑坡组形成过程中的火山喷发,喷出的火山物质使湖泊淤浅,在淤浅处发育泥炭沼泽而成煤;窑坡组形成后的岩浆侵入使窑坡煤系受到了破坏。