青海省化隆县下什堂岩体地质-地球化学特征及其含矿性研究

作者近几年在青海省化隆地区开展了岩浆型铜镍矿资源潜力评价,重点对下什堂岩体进行了实地调查和研究.岩体地质特征、岩石地球化学特征及区域对比分析表明,下什堂岩体为一铁质系列的超基性-基性岩杂岩体,岩体分异好,有用元素Ni、Cu、Co丰度高,系有利成矿岩体;元素丰度和相关性揭示,该岩体在岩浆成岩演化过程中,硫逸度对元素富集起...     

北山地区坡北1号、10号基性-超基性岩体成矿预测及找矿方向

简述了坡北1号、10号基性-超基性岩体地质特征，从总结求取哈密黄山 岩带（黄山东、黄山南、黄山）基性-超基性岩成矿富集系数入手，对坡北1号、10号岩体的Cu、Ni、Co资源量及硫化相资源量进行预测及对岩体的找矿方向作了简单分析，对北山裂谷带中基性-超基性岩体部署找矿工作有一定的地质意义。     

青海化隆基性-超基性岩带铜镍矿成矿条件与找矿潜力

青海化隆基性-超基性岩带是南祁连山一条重要岩带,其内产出若干基性-超基性岩体。通过对化隆基性-超基性岩带的基本地质特征及化隆群结晶基底的综合研究,结合已有研究成果及其相关其他地质信息,发现该基性-超基性岩带中的岩体都不同程度侵位于化隆群中,并具有相似的地质地球化学特征和成矿地质条件。加之带内几处典型的铜镍成矿表现,可见青海化隆基性-超基性岩带具有较好的铜镍成矿条件与找矿潜力。现有的野外工作及找矿实践亦表明了在巨厚红层覆盖下所发育的基性-超基性岩体表现了重要的铜镍矿化显示,同时提示在化隆基性-超基性岩带还有发现新的同类型岩体和铜镍矿床的潜在条件,其资源潜力较好。     

新疆巴尔鲁克西段基性-超基性岩带中金矿找矿潜力分析

西准噶尔西缘巴尔鲁克山西南部存在近东西向的也节拜蛇绿混杂岩带,带内基性-超基性岩发育,基性-超基性岩与南北围岩接触带内构造发育并具强烈蛇纹石化,在其中及附近围岩中发现多处金异常和多条金矿化体。现有工作及找矿实践表明,也节拜蛇绿混杂岩带西段发育的金矿化体与带内基性-超基性岩在空间上密切相伴,成因上密切相关。该特点与世界上典型的基性-超基性岩型金矿相似,可以应用基性-超基性岩型金矿的成矿理论指导本区找矿。根据区内矿化体特征、成矿条件,结合区域物化探特征和成矿规律,应用基性-超基性岩型金矿的成矿理论综合分析认为:也节拜矿区内基性-超基性岩与南北围岩接触带具强烈蛇纹石化地段、基性-超基性岩中构造发育且蛇纹石化强烈部位、蛇绿混杂岩中的韧性剪切带及附近构造部位均为有利的找矿区域;也节拜蛇绿混杂岩带东部和苏云河蛇绿混杂岩带具有基性超基性岩金矿的找矿潜力。     

大道尔吉铬铁矿床特征简介

一、区域地质概况大道尔吉基性超基性岩体,位于祁连褶皱系中间隆起带西端南侧,与南祁连褶皱带相邻接。祁连中间隆起带以前震旦系的片岩、片麻岩夹大理岩和震旦系的硅质灰岩、板岩夹千枚岩等分布甚广,其次为第三系砂岩、砾岩,石炭系灰岩夹炭质板岩出露另星。南祁连褶皱带为下古生界(寒武-奥陶系)板岩、千枚岩、灰岩夹火山岩等。区内岩浆活动强烈,除喷发作用形成的火山岩外,侵入活动频繁,形成超基性岩、闪长     

印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛砾岩型红土镍矿床地质特征及成因

红土型镍矿是基性、超基性岩在热带、亚热带地区常年高温、多雨的环境下,经过风化--淋滤--沉积富集而成。基性、超基性岩是此类矿床的成矿母岩。因此,以往针对红土型镍矿的找矿勘探首先是寻找基性、超基性岩。笔者近期在印度尼西亚苏拉威西省Kolaka县发现了一种新型红土镍矿床,该矿床成矿母岩并非是基性、超基性岩,而是砾石成分以超基性岩为主的一套砾岩。为了区分传统意义上由基性、超基性岩风化淋滤形成的红土型镍矿,笔者将其称为砾岩型红土镍矿。该矿床的结构分带由上往下可分为:腐植土层、红土层、强风化砾岩层、半风化砾岩层、砾岩层,镍矿体主要分布于半风化砾岩层中。初步认为矿床是由砾岩经过风化--水解-淋滤-沉淀富集等作用形成的。     

北祁连山超基性侵入体成岩时期及构造控制

长期以来,特别是近十年来,对地槽褶皱带超基性岩体的成岩时期及生成地质环境的研究,越来越引起国内外从事地质构造,岩石和矿床学地质工作者的浓厚兴趣和广泛重视.研究地槽褶皱带超基性侵入体的生成地质环境,对认识地槽发展备阶段的岩浆活动特点,以及阐明铬铁矿的区域成矿远景和部署普查、勘探工作,均有重要的意义.关于祁连地槽尤其是北祁连地槽褶皱带的超基性岩的生成地质环境,许多地质工怍者提出各种看法.本文通过对新近资料的整理综合,论述了北祁连地槽褶皱带超基性侵入体的成岩时期及构造控制,同时就区域铬铁矿成矿远景及成矿有利地段提供一些看法,不妥之处希批评指正.     

南祁连化隆地区小型侵入体铜镍成矿特征

位于青海省拉脊山南邻的化隆地区,发育多个规模相对较小的基性-超基性岩杂岩体,亦是南祁连山一条非常重要的成矿岩带,其内产出与该类岩体密切相关的裕龙沟、拉水峡、亚曲等中小型岩浆铜镍矿床。通过化隆地区小型侵入体的地质特征及地球化学综合研究,联系已有研究成果及其相关其他地质信息,发现化隆地区含铜镍矿岩体属铁质系列的基性-超基性杂岩体,表现为Nb、Ta、Ti的亏损,所有岩石均属于钙碱性系列,且轻稀土(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)相对富集,适度亏损高场强元素。矿石同位素研究揭示其原始岩浆在经历结晶分异后,又遭受了地壳混染作用,以及富Si地壳物质的加入,产生硫化物的熔离作用而成矿。结合区域构造演化过程与成矿认识,认为南祁连化隆地区的成岩成矿可能与形成时的俯冲相关的地质环境密切相关。     

甘肃北山大山头-黑山一带基性-超基性岩成矿条件与找矿前景

甘肃北山大山头—黑山一带位于塔里木板块北缘北山裂谷带,区内与基性-超基性岩有关的铜镍矿化较为普遍,含矿岩体多受庙庙井-西双鹰山及其次级断裂控制,成岩时代集中在358~397Ma,岩体的形成和演化与裂谷作用密切相关。区内与铜镍矿化有关的基性-超基性岩体规模较小,多期侵位且分异较好,具高Mg、低碱、低Ca和低Ti的特征,含矿岩相具有较高的Mg~#,稀土元素配分形式较为平坦,LREE略富集,大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr、U)相对富集,高场强元素(Nb、Zr、Hf)相对亏损。矿化岩体发育强度不高,但规模较大的Cu、Ni成矿元素异常,并有套合较好的磁、电异常。通过对区内已知及新发现的几处铜镍矿化基性-超基性岩体地质特征、岩石学特征及岩石地球化学特征等进行研究,结合近年来的地质找矿实践,认为该地区与铁质基性-超基性岩有关的铜镍成矿条件较好,具有进一步寻找岩浆型铜镍硫化物矿床的前景。     

青海省北祁连山中段超镁铁岩带金矿化特征及成因探讨

北祁连早古生代蛇绿岩是我国规模较大的蛇绿岩带之一,超镁铁岩体极为发育。在该区基性、超基性岩体中相继发现含金超镁铁岩体20余处,矿点两处。金矿(化)体主要赋存于超镁铁蚀变岩石中。金属矿物主要为自然金、毒砂、黄铁矿、黝铜矿等。根据砂金、岩金分布特征及矿物组合,超镁铁岩中金元素丰度、载金矿物硫同位素特征、石英气液包裹体测温及成分测定结果,以及区域成矿条件等特征分析,提出金矿物质主要来自超镁铁岩,金矿成因属中温变质热液型。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.