乌鞘岭特长隧道复杂地质条件下断层带应力及变形现场监测分析

乌鞘岭隧道是我国迄今为止已建成最长的单线铁路隧道,隧道总长约为20.05 km,而F7断层是乌鞘岭隧道中最长、地质条件最为复杂的活动断层,对隧道施工十分不利。根据F7断层特点及施工中遇到的问题,在乌鞘岭隧道岭脊地段F7断层区段,对洞室开挖后的围岩及支护衬砌结构进行各项应力监测和收敛变形监测,分析了围岩、衬砌系统受力及变形变化趋势,从而探究围岩挤压大变形的机制,掌握围岩应力释放与围岩压力的作用规律;并根据现场监测结果,提出对隧道穿越F7断层区段的断面采用动态优化设计方案及改进的施工措施,避免隧道出现大变形,从而保证隧道穿越F7断层区段安全、快速的进行。     

浅埋双连拱隧道围岩边坡体系变形机理及稳定性分析

双连拱隧道是一种新的隧道形式, 由于其整体跨度大、结构复杂、施工工序繁琐, 在地形偏压、地质条件复杂的情况下修建双连拱隧道难度较高, 尤其在洞口段容易出现衬砌开裂、边坡变形等一系列工程问题。结合安徽铜黄高速公路汤屯段富溪隧道进口段工程, 采用地质条件研究与数值模拟分析相结合的研究手段, 对复杂地质条件下偏压双连拱隧道围岩① 边坡体系在施工过程中应力应变发展过程进行了研究。综合分析表明, 富溪隧道进口段处于F5断层影响带内, 岩体呈碎裂结构,同时, 受到地形偏压影响, 隧道开挖后衬砌和围岩表现为沉降变形和侧向变形, 进口边坡在隧道围岩变形的诱导下, 表现为蠕滑- 拉裂变形破裂。根据以上研究成果, 提出了富溪隧道变形治理应以控制进口段隧道拱顶的变形为主。     

大断面黄土隧道衬砌结构受力变形特征研究

本文结合工程实例对大断面黄土隧道中初期支护与二次衬砌的受力变形特征进行了分析研究。大断面黄土隧道在初期支护中变形具有突变性、变形量大、变形持续时间长等特征,应当及时进行二次衬砌,以防围岩变形破坏。大断面黄土隧道围岩压力在初期支护施工初期快速增大,施工结束七天左右逐渐稳定。大断面黄土隧道二次衬砌施工结束12 h左右各部位接触压力均出现突然增大的现象,这可能与台车模板可提供的反向作用力有关;接触压力由拱顶向拱脚逐渐增大,拱顶接触压力极小,可能该处混凝土未浇筑密实。     

小净距公路隧道支护时机对围岩稳定性影响研究

随着西部高速公路的大规模建设,受地形和施工场地的限制,小净距隧道已越来越多地在工程实际中使用。由于小净距隧道施工工艺复杂,围岩变形和破坏机理也较为复杂,隧道的施工和支护时机对围岩和支护结构的稳定性影响很大。结合正在施工的沪－蓉－西高速公路漆树槽分岔隧道小净距段的施工特点,开展隧道在不同荷载释放比例下不同支护时机对围岩稳定性影响的研究。研究结果表明：支护越早,衬砌和锚杆承担的荷载越大,围岩的塑性变形和塑性区范围越小。及时施作二次衬砌,可以显著控制岩柱部位的变形,改善围岩的应力状态。研究成果将对同类条件下小净距隧道的施工和设计具有指导意义。     

软弱围岩条件公路连拱隧道施工方法数值分析

针对软弱围岩条件（Ⅳ级围岩）大跨度连拱隧道施工安全和围岩稳定问题,结合工程实际,采用非线性有限元法,对连拱隧道施工过程进行了数值计算分析,对比了中导洞一核心土和三导洞先墙后拱施工工艺下隧道的位移特征、点安全系数、二次衬砌应力、锚杆和钢拱架轴向应力。实际工程研究表明,中导洞一核心土施工工艺开挖软弱围岩条件大跨度公路连拱隧道是可行的,对类似软弱围岩条件的隧洞施工有一定参考价值。     

黄土隧道围岩稳定性粘弹塑性有限元分析

模拟分析黄土隧洞围岩稳定性对了解黄土隧洞变形破坏机理,对黄土隧洞设计施工理论具有重要意义.采用粘弹塑性模型对黄土隧道围岩进行有限元分析,研究围岩的变形规律,探讨围岩位移场分布,并同真实试验黄土隧道的侧面无衬砌和半衬砌两种工况各3种状态的变形破坏结果进行比较,发现用有限元方法模拟的结果与真实隧道的变形破坏过程基本吻合,此结果可为类似的黄土隧道工程的设计施工提供参考.     

考虑中间主应力影响水底隧道围岩与衬砌流固耦合弹塑性解

裂隙岩体在渗流水荷载作用下的裂隙围岩流-固耦合研究是隧道工程研究的热点问题,而计及中间主应力影响的隧道围岩流-固耦合应力计算鲜见介绍。采用双剪统一强度理论屈服模型,计及中间主应力影响,分析了在渗流水荷载作用下隧道围岩处于弹性、软化、塑性流动时的流-固耦合问题,并给出了含水围岩、衬砌应力、位移与变形区界面半径解析计算式。其结果对水底隧道围岩稳定分析与衬砌结构设计计算具有工程实用意义。     

复杂条件下隧道断面形状和支护参数优化

通过有限差分法（FLAC3D）数值计算和现场试验对马蹄形断面和大曲率边墙、似圆形断面形式下隧道的支护受力和围岩变形特征进行了对比分析,得出采用似圆形断面可以有效地控制围岩的变形量和变形速率,尤其是水平收敛变形;现场变形量测时的丢失位移所占总位移比例较大,其中下台阶丢失位移比例最大;通过现场试验,对不同支护刚度下围岩压力、锚杆受力、钢架、混凝土应力以及二次衬砌分担的围岩压力和模筑混凝土受力情况进行分析,结合洞室变形的现场量测,得出二次衬砌接触压力及分担围岩压力比呈现出随着初支刚度增大而增大的规律,并综合确定了板岩段合理的支护参数。该结论对在构造应力发育的软岩地区修筑隧道提供了有益的工程经验     

高速铁路大断面黄土隧道二次衬砌施作时机研究

隧道工程二次衬砌施作时机是隧道界普遍关注的问题。依托正在修建的郑州-西安铁路客运专线大断面黄土隧道工程,以围岩及初期支护基本稳定速率作为二次衬砌施作时机判定指标,采用位移断面监测数据回归分析和数值分析相结合,建立基本稳定速率的理论求解方法,从而确定二次衬砌施作时机;同时,选取贺家庄隧道试验段作为工程实例,对高速铁路大断面黄土隧道二次衬砌施作时机进行研究。研究结果表明：当拱顶下沉变形速率值小于0.55 mm/d,边墙水平绝对收敛速率值小于0.11 mm/d时,即可进行二次衬砌施作。此次研究为类似工程的设计和施工提供了参考依据。     

复合式衬砌结构中衬砌分担围岩压力比例的研究

复合式衬砌结构中衬砌分担围岩压力的评价方法是隧道工程技术的重要研究课题之一。依托某新建铁路隧道工程,提出了一种基于监测位移反分析评价围岩和支护应力,进而计算初期支护和衬砌背后压力的方法。根据监测位移和衬砌施作时间,确定初期支护的已发生变形和剩余变形。通过有限元反分析求出与已发生变形和剩余变形相对应的围岩和支护应力,得到初期支护和衬砌背后压力。对比初期支护背后压力及衬砌背后压力的现场监测和反分析的计算结果,两者比较一致,说明了该方法的可行性。该新建隧道初期支护闭合95 d后施作衬砌,计算得到衬砌背后压力约0.04～0.06 MPa,衬砌分担围岩压力比例约13%～16%。研究成果对复合式衬砌结构的设计具有一定的参考意义。     

Radial Deformations Induced by Groundwater Flow on Deep Circular Tunnels

Summary. The magnitude and distribution of ground deformations around a tunnel are often monitored during construction and provide key information about ground-support interaction and ground behavior. Thus it is important to determine the effects of different parameters on ground deformations to accurately and effectively evaluate what contributes to ground and support behavior observed during excavation. This paper investigates one such relation: the effects of seepage on radial deformations. A number of numerical analyses have been conducted with the following assumptions: deep circular unsupported tunnel, elastic ground, isotropic far field stresses, dry ground or saturated ground with steady-state water seepage. The analyses cover a wide range of tunnel sizes, effective stresses, and pore pressures. Results from the numerical simulations confirm previous analytical solutions for normalized radial deformations behind the face (i.e. on the tunnel side of the face) of a tunnel excavated in dry ground, and have been used to propose a new analytical formulation for normalized radial displacements ahead and behind the tunnel face for both dry and saturated ground with water flow. Water seepage substantially increases the magnitude and distribution of the normalized radial deformations ahead of the face and at the tunnel face, but does not change much the displacement distribution behind the tunnel face.     

Characteristic Curves for Deep Circular Tunnels in Poroplastic Rock

A complete analytical solution for an axisymmetric deep tunnel excavated in a saturated poroplastic rock is presented. Results are found for short- and long-term analyses and for different drainage conditions at the rock–liner interface. In the derivation, the following assumptions are made: (1) circular cross-section, (2) deep tunnel, (3) plane strain conditions on a cross-section perpendicular to the tunnel axis, (4) axisymmetric loading, (5) the rock is saturated, homogeneous and isotropic, and (6) the rock is elastic-perfectly plastic with brittle failure and non-associated flow rule. The results obtained indicate that, if the rock remains elastic during construction, the stresses of the liner and the tunnel deformations are the same for short- and long-term conditions and are independent of the drainage conditions at the rock–liner interface and on the magnitude of Biot’s parameter α. If the rock yields, the stresses in the liner and the tunnel deformations strongly depend on the type of analysis. Effective radial and tangential stresses inside the rock decrease with Biot’s parameter α, while radial displacements increase. The response of the liner in terms of stresses and deformations strongly depends on its stiffness relative to the rock, yielding of the rock, groundwater and drainage conditions, and construction operations, while it is somewhat less sensitive to the rock’s poroplastic properties. Stresses and deformations inside the rock, however, show a much stronger dependency.     

Analytical Solutions for the Construction of Deeply Buried Circular Tunnels with Two Liners in Rheological Rock

The construction of underground tunnels is a time-dependent process. The states of stress and strain in the ground vary with time due to the construction process. Stress and strain variations are heavily dependent on the rheological behavior of the hosting rock mass. In this paper, analytical closed-form solutions are developed for the excavation of a circular tunnel supported by the construction of two elastic liners in a viscoelastic surrounding rock under a hydrostatic stress field. In the solutions, the stiffness and installation times of the liners are accounted for. To simulate realistically the process of tunnel excavation, a time-dependent excavation process is considered in the development of the solutions, assuming that the radius of the tunnel grows from zero until its final value according to a time-dependent function to be specified by the designers. The integral equations for the supporting pressures between rock and first liner are derived according to the boundary conditions for linear viscoelastic rocks (unified model). Then, explicit analytical expressions are obtained by considering either the Maxwell or the Boltzmann viscoelastic model for the rheology of the rock mass. Applications of the obtained solutions are illustrated using two examples, where the response in terms of displacements and stresses caused by various combinations of excavation rate, first and second liner installation times, and the rheological properties of the rock is illustrated.     

Three-Dimensional Back-Analysis of an Instrumented Shallow Tunnel Excavated by a Conventional Method

The excavation of a shallow tunnel induces deformations of the soil volume in the vicinity and above the tunnel and consequently on the nearby buildings. The range of these deformations depends among other on the geological conditions, the geometry of the tunnel, and the excavation method. In this context, this research focuses on the 3D numerical modeling of a shallow tunnel instrumented during its construction, located on the Toulouse (France) subway line B for which the excavation has been carried out in a conventional manner in an over consolidated molassic geological context. The objective of this analysis is to estimate the tunnel behavior in terms of vertical and horizontal movements of the surrounding soil and the deformations of the existing buildings. The explicit finite differences numerical code FLAC^3D is used to model the various implementation phases of the work where the fluid–soil interaction is taken into account through an undrained coupled analysis. The results of this 3D model are compared to those of the in situ measurements in order to validate the geotechnical characteristics of the molasses. The latter are a useful basis for the back-analysis of the different monitoring sections implemented in areas where the tunnel excavation is made by TBM with pressurized front.     

基坑开挖对下卧运营地铁隧道影响的数值分析与变形控制研究

以紧邻已运营天津地铁1号线既有隧道箱体上方的西青道下沉隧道基坑工程为背景,结合现场实测数据,采用ABAQUS软件对基坑的实际施工过程进行动态模拟。在此基础上分析既有隧道箱体两侧的土体加固、浇筑底板与抗浮桩形成“保护箍”以及堆载回压等措施对既有箱体轨道的影响及其有效性,指出有针对性地综合采用上述保护措施,能够及时有效地控制既有箱体轨道上抬,保证地铁的安全运营,并进一步研究了不同加固参数对既有箱体轨道变形的影响规律,结果表明：提高各加固参数能减小箱体轨道上抬及变形缝处的箱体间差异变形,但其加固效果却随着参数的增加而减弱,存在着一个合理的参数范围,为施工设计的优化提供依据。     

Time dependent deformations during tunnelling and stability of tunnel faces in fine-grained soils under groundwater

The measures required for driving a tunnel below the groundwater table depend on the permeability of the soil. In coarse-grained, highly permeable soils additional measures, for example compressed-air support combined with a reduction of the permeability of the soil, e.g. induced by grouting, are necessary. Compared to this, it is possible to do without such measures in fine-grained, cohesive soils because of the increased short-term stability of the tunnel face under undrained conditions. In this publication the results of 3-dimensional finite-element calculations are presented to show the influence of the permeability of the soil and also the rate of the tunnel driving on the deformations around the tunnel as well as on the ground surface. The calculated deformations can furthermore be considered as an indicator for the time dependent stability of the tunnel face due to a higher redistribution of stresses and by that an enlargement of the plasticized zone. Usually the stability of the tunnel face is reduced by the presence of water because of the flow of water towards the tunnel. In low permeable soils undrained conditions prevail immediately after an excavation step. In this case relatively high stability-ratios may occur. The stability of the tunnel face will be reduced with increasing time until reaching the lower boundary of possible values, possibly leading to failure. If calculations are done under the assumption of drained conditions, the real stability of the tunnel face during construction may substantially exceed that of the calculated one. On the other hand, if calculations are done for undrained conditions, the effective stability may lie on the unsafe side [10]. There is therefore a big demand to optimize the method of investigating deformations around the tunnel, so as to ensure a safe tunnel excavation on the one hand and to guarantee a cost-effective process on the other. In this paper the tunnelling process is modelled by a step-by-step excavation under atmospheric conditions. The soil is described by a material model which distinguishes between primary and unload-reload stress paths and also accounts for stress-dependent stiffness parameters. The failure criterion is described by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion that considers cohesion, friction angle and angle of dilatancy.     

Laboratory determination of strength properties of frozen salt marine clay

In connection with the building of a railway tunnel through the City of Oslo, temporary improvement of the soft clay by freezing was considered in order to reinforce the tunnel ceiling in an area where the rock cover was insufficient. The same solution was also considered for another part of the tunnel where the problem was to prevent bottom heave failure in a deep excavation.

As this marine clay deposit has a very high salt content (about 25 g/l pore liquid), it was reasonable to believe that the strength of the frozen clay would be relatively low compared to previously published data concerning fresh clay soils. To investigate the stress—strain properties of frozen Oslo clay, a fairly comprehensive research programme was carried out; including two different temperature levels and using different testing techniques. The clay was tested in compression, tension, bending and shear, respectively. The tests were run very slowly, time to failure was normally 70–100 days.

This paper presents the main test results, which indicate that there exists a fairly well defined critical shear stress level for a given freezing temperature. As long as the stresses do not exceed this stress level, the creep deformations are small and the creep rates are constant or decreasing with time. On the other hand, higher shear stresses lead to very extensive deformations or failure.     

Improving the existing roadway tunnels capacity by adding new tunnels—a structural approach

The roadway tunnel is considered a good solution for the success of modern roadway networks. It can help to overcome possible traffic congestion and considerably reduce journey time. The continuous growth of traffic volumes leads to increase congestion and decrease safety. This leads to the need for extra tunnel space. The extra tunnel space can be achieved either by the widening of the existing tunnel or by adding a new one. The choice of the suitable method is dependent on many factors like tunnels alignment, site conditions, construction method, tunnel operation, risk assessment…etc. The current research investigates the second alternative through a specific case study as an example. The method comprises adding two new tunnels to an existing twin roadway tunnels. The investigated problem considers the new tunnels to be added vertically or horizontally. The influence of the new tunnel construction on the existing tunnels is investigated considering both the variation of relative position and spacing distance in a parametric study context. Several numerical models are employed to check the construction sequence and the tunnelling safety. These models are used to evaluate the induced stresses in surrounding ground for two different soil types, straining actions in tunnels’ liner and deformations of both ground and liner. The result demonstration shows how to find out the minimum practical and safe spacing distance between the driven new tunnels and the existing ones without the need for the relatively expensive soil strengthening techniques.     

隧道围岩稳定性正算反演分析研究——以厦门海底隧道穿越风化深槽施工安全监控为例介绍

为了降低海底隧道施工风险,确保隧道施工顺利穿越海底几处风化深槽和风化囊区域,解决难以获得隧道围岩力学参数的技术难题,采用位移反分析方法建立了动态反演预测模型;作为比较,还简单介绍了弹塑性反演的一种全局优化方法。根据隧道典型断面实际监控量测的围岩拱顶沉降量和周边收敛位移量,结合先行服务隧道揭露的水文地质情况,进行优化反演分析,得到该类围岩初期支护后的等效弹性模量和等效侧压力系数。在相应的同类地质条件下,对后续将开挖的左、右主洞围岩采用边界元法进行正演数值计算,使之能为主洞施工方案比选以及支护设计参数调整与修正提供定量依据,做到信息化动态设计与施工。工程实例分析表明,利用正算反演分析法得出的围岩等效力学参数是可靠的,可据此对类似地质条件下主隧道围岩进行正演计算分析,预测主洞围岩的变形破坏模式,判断其围岩稳定性。位移反分析法是隧道施工变形理论预测分析与工程实际相联系的有效平台,为工程设计施工技术决策提供了一种切实有效的途径。     

阳坡里隧道纵穿滑坡体段变形破坏机制与加固效应研究

以武罐高速公路阳坡里隧道为依托,深入探讨了隧道纵向穿越滑坡体情况下隧道与滑坡的相互作用机制及变形破坏模式。在理论分析的基础上提出了针对性的综合工程防治设计方案,并采用强度折减有限元法与极限平衡法对隧道穿越滑坡段的开挖加固效应进行了分析研究,对开挖加固前、后滑坡的稳定性进行了对比分析。结果表明：在隧道开挖条件下,滑坡的稳定性满足规范要求,目前该工程正在施工中,安全稳定性良好。另外,研究表明：纵穿滑坡体段的隧道结构对滑坡体来讲是一个重要的“抗滑结构体”,由于受滑坡推力作用隧道衬砌结构所受主应力发生明显偏转,当进入基岩后,随着隧道拱顶距基岩与覆盖层接触面距离的增加,衬砌所受各主应力逐渐转变为正常状态。提出的隧道纵穿滑坡段的分析思路和综合防治方案对类似工程有一定的借鉴和指导意义。