碎屑锆石对班公湖地区晚侏罗世-早白垩世沉积物源的制约

本文对班公湖地区中生代沙木罗组（J3—K1s）和日松组（J3r）地层的碎屑锆石进行了形态学及U-Pb年代学的研究。结果表明：锆石颗粒粒径约为100～150 μm,内部结构清晰,晶体为长柱状,自形程度较高,多数锆石不含暗色包体及浑圆形内核; 有些锆石颗粒有扇型分带结构。Th/U比值较大,多数大于0.1,均值约为0.86,说明岩浆的成因以锆石为主体,部分颗粒或晶体可能为变质成因; 锆石年龄主要分布在6个区间范围内： 1）180～100 Ma, 2）350～180 Ma, 3）600～450 Ma, 4）1100～600 Ma, 5）1800～1400 Ma, 6）2200～1800 Ma。锆石U-Pb年龄谱对应了羌塘地块经历的几次构造热事件,验证了晚侏罗世—早白垩世班公湖地区的物源主要来自其北部的羌塘地块。     

大兴安岭中段晚石炭世-早二叠世砂岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及地质意义

位于中亚造山带东段的中国东北地区由众多微地块拼合而成,但各地块间的拼贴时间、位置和演化过程一直是地学界争议的关键科学问题.针对大兴安岭中段蘑菇气地区晚石炭世-早二叠世宝力高庙组砂岩开展了详细的岩相学、碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,分析了砂岩母岩区大地构造背景,进而约束兴安地块与松辽地块的汇聚过程.研究结果表明,砂岩具有成分成熟度低、近源快速沉积特点,碎屑骨架成分显示了火成岩区物源供给.锆石颗粒CL图像、Th/U值及REE特征均指示了锆石为岩浆成因.测试样品中锆石U-Pb年龄主要集中在282~360 Ma（n=134）,峰值年龄约为290 Ma、305 Ma、325 Ma和350 Ma.结合区域内前人的研究成果,暗示了其物源可能来自蘑菇气-嫩江-黑河一线的晚古生代俯冲-同碰撞期岩浆弧;样品中最年轻的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为282±4 Ma（样品15MG10）和287±4 Ma（样品15MG11）,可以限定砂岩的沉积下限为早二叠世.对比索伦-蘑菇气地区晚石炭世-早三叠世砂岩的碎屑锆石年龄组成,发现兴安地块内晚石炭世-早二叠世碎屑组分与松辽地块内中二叠世-早三叠世碎屑组分基本相同,说明兴安地块与松辽地块已于晚石炭世前沿贺根山-黑河缝合带完成拼合.      

西藏革吉地区沙木罗组碎屑锆石年代学研究:物源及其对班公湖-怒江特提斯洋西段闭合时限的制约

班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆的闭合时限对理解班公湖-怒江结合带的构造演化意义重大。本文采用碎屑锆石年代学的方法,分析了班公湖-怒江结合带西段革吉地区沙木罗组下段与沙木罗组上段的物源特征及差异,为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆西段的闭合时间提供了新的证据。研究结果表明沙木罗组下段碎屑锆石年龄分布于2586±26Ma～130±1. 5Ma之间,显示出1个主峰年龄约165Ma,1个次峰年龄约240Ma。碎屑锆石年龄分6个组别,集中在2600～2400Ma、2000～1900Ma、1000～840Ma、500～400Ma、340～200Ma和200～130Ma,分别与新太古代克拉通汇聚事件、哥伦比亚超大陆相关的构造热事件、新元古代构造热事件、冈瓦纳大陆边缘安第斯型造山作用的岩浆活动事件、龙木错-双湖结合带岩浆活动事件和班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆俯冲消减的岩浆活动事件一一对应。沙木罗组上段碎屑锆石年龄分布于2558±22Ma～101±1. 0Ma之间,显示出1个主峰年龄约107Ma,2个次峰年龄分别约226Ma、150Ma。碎屑锆石年龄集中分布于1个年龄组为122～101Ma,记录了班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆俯冲消减的岩浆活动。通过与潜在源区的年龄谱峰进行对比,沙木罗组下段物源区与南羌塘地块有良好的亲缘性,表明其沉积物物源主要为南羌塘地块,其中南羌塘岩浆弧可能为其主要贡献者。沙木罗组上段物源区与南羌塘地块和北拉萨地块均具有良好的亲缘性,其沉积物物源具有双源性,分别来源于南羌塘岩浆弧和北拉萨岩浆弧。沙木罗组下段和上段沉积物物源的差异性暗示它们形成的沉积环境和物源区不同。对比分析沙木罗组下段和上段岩石学、碎屑锆石形态学等特征,也揭示了类似的差异性。结合其他相关地质资料,认为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆在革吉地区的主体闭合时间约115～110Ma,其代表性岩浆事件为南羌塘地块和北拉萨地块的早白垩世岩浆弧,沙木罗组为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆由俯冲消减到闭合过程中的沉积产物。     

西藏拉萨地块过铝质花岗岩中继承锆石的物源区示踪及其古地理意义

富含继承锆石的过铝质花岗岩一般来源于富铝质岩石(如变泥质岩)的部分熔融,因而分析这些继承锆石的U-Pb年龄可以像分析沉积岩碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄一样,提供过铝质花岗岩源区物质中碎屑沉积物物源区的丰富信息。本文报道了中部拉萨地块早侏罗世过铝质花岗岩的全岩地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学数据,结合拉萨地块已有二叠纪和晚三叠世过铝质花岗岩的继承锆石年代学数据,总结了目前已有的拉萨地块过铝质花岗岩的继承锆石U-Pb年龄特征(共199个谐和测点)。这些过铝质花岗岩属强过铝质S型花岗岩,其中的继承锆石定义了1250~1100Ma(峰值1181±14Ma)和550~450Ma(峰值494±7Ma)2个最突出的年龄群,分别可比于拉萨地块古生代沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄峰值(约1170Ma)和寒武纪火山岩的侵位时代,明显不同于西羌塘、安多和特提斯喜马拉雅新元古代-古生代沉积岩中的碎屑锆石年龄频谱。拉萨地块过铝质花岗岩中约1181Ma的继承锆石,可能与拉萨地块古生代沉积岩中的同期碎屑锆石一样,都来自澳大利亚南西部Albany-Fraser造山带和东南极Wilkes等地,而约494的继承锆石,既可能来自澳大利亚西部,也可能来自拉萨地块本地。本文提供了拉萨地块与澳大利亚大陆北缘具有古地理联系的过铝质花岗岩继承锆石U-Pb年龄证据。拉萨地块的研究实践表明,采用过铝质花岗岩继承锆石和古生代沉积岩碎屑锆石相结合的锆石U-Pb年代学方法,可为重建冈瓦纳大陆北缘其它微陆块的古地理和构造岩浆演化提供重要约束。     

华北板块北缘东段柳河盆地早白垩世鹰嘴砬子组碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

华北板块北缘在晚中生代受到古太平洋板块西向俯冲作用的影响,发育强烈的构造变形及大规模的岩浆活动.研究区柳河盆地地处华北板块北缘,对其开展研究能够为约束华北板块北缘晚中生代构造演化阶段提供沉积方面的证据.依据对盆地早白垩世鹰嘴砬子组样品碎屑组分、岩性序列、沉积相演化特征的研究,结合碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学判断,盆地样品矿物组成具有石英含量较低,岩屑和长石含量较高的特点,显示沉积物物源主要来自岩浆弧物源区.两组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄组成相似,以晚中生代为主,古元古代为辅.L1-B178样品（岩心）碎屑锆石存在约127Ma的主峰和约2553Ma的次峰;P303-B3样品（剖面）存在约126Ma的主峰和约2545Ma的次峰,中生代沉积物物源可能来自盆地东北侧丰富的岩浆岩.早白垩世鹰嘴砬子组最年轻碎屑锆石颗粒的U-Pb年龄限定岩层的最大沉积年龄为（125±4）Ma,介于早白垩世巴雷姆阶与阿普特阶,与层内流纹岩样品（124.3±0.7）Ma的锆石加权平均年龄吻合.通过对柳河盆地样品矿物组成特点、沉积相演化和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学特征综合判断,盆地在（125±4）Ma已接收到古太平板块俯冲作用带来的物源...     

内蒙古伊敏地区下石炭统红水泉组砂岩物源分析及其构造意义

碎屑沉积物成份与源区构造环境、构造背景及源区岩石性质密切相关。通过对伊敏地区红水泉组砂岩样品进行砂岩碎屑颗粒成分统计、地球化学特征及碎屑锆石LA--ICP --MS U--Pb 年代学等物源分析方法,确定红水泉组砂岩为长石岩屑砂岩,物源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧环境,其物源类型为切割型岛弧。红水泉组砂岩中最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为338 ± 3 Ma,该年龄值表明红水泉组形成的时代为早石炭世密西西比中期的韦宪阶或之后。903 ～ 1 676 Ma 的分散元古界锆石年龄和～ 780 Ma 新元古代锆石年龄峰值,可能反映南蒙古微板块基底年龄信息。～ 500 Ma 和～ 380 Ma 的年龄峰值指示源区可能经历了多期岩浆事件: ～ 500 Ma 的岩浆锆石物源可能来自额尔古纳与兴安地块闭合相关的后造山花岗岩, ～ 500 Ma 的变质锆石可能来自变质基底, ～ 380 Ma 的物源可能反映额尔古纳-兴安地块与松嫩地块至少在晚泥盆世开始碰撞拼贴,并导致该区存在一个晚泥盆世-早石炭世的岩浆弧。     

藏北商旭金矿床的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

商旭金矿床处于班公湖—怒江缝合带中段南侧,位于藏北双湖县境内,是班公湖—怒江缝合带已发现的一例造山型金矿。本文选择该矿床木嘎岗日群(J1-2M)的变质砂岩进行碎屑锆石U-Pb定年研究,以期获得碎屑沉积物物源区的丰富信息。随机选取114颗锆石进行分析,可知:(1)锆石颗粒大小在80~150μm之间,绝大多数锆石颗粒的Th/U比值0.4;(2)年龄分布范围在223~2 615 Ma之间,年龄峰值分别为280 Ma、451 Ma、908 Ma、1 900 Ma和2 430 Ma。将商旭矿区碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱图分别与拉萨地块、羌塘地块沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄谱图对比分析,获得如下初步结论:该区的沉积物的最大沉积年龄为223 Ma,峰值为908 Ma的年龄群,可比于南羌塘沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄峰值(~950 Ma),明显不同于拉萨地块沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄峰值(~1 170 Ma)。综合分析表明,该区的沉积物可能为班公湖—怒江洋残余洋盆的产物,暗示班公湖—怒江洋壳在中生代存在北向俯冲。     

新疆库鲁克塔格早志留世地层沉积学、物源分析新认识

库鲁克塔格地区早志留世地层主要由灰绿色砂岩和粉砂岩组成,为浊流成因,沉积环境为海底扇。运用LA-ICP-MS U-Pb方法,对早志留世2件砂岩碎屑锆石进行U-Pb年龄测定,共获得了89组U-Pb有效年龄,获得了地层的物源、研究区区域对比和早古生代的构造演化资料。碎屑锆石的谐和年龄表明,689~836Ma为早志留世地层的主要物源区,866~986Ma、1055~1463Ma和1708~2490Ma为次要物源区,部分为二次搬运。志留纪碎屑锆石的年龄概率图指出,早志留世可能为岩浆活动的安静期,早志留世之后,库鲁克塔格地区中—晚奥陶世岩石大规模隆升。碎屑锆石年龄和CL图像揭示,新元古代时期发育大量岩浆活动,可能与南天山洋向塔里木板块俯冲相关。区域变质作用同样在碎屑锆石中有所反映。     

拉萨地块晚古生代沉积源区转变——来自措勤地区永珠组碎屑锆石的证据

晚古生代是拉萨地块地质演化的重要转折期,一些关键地质问题存在争论,如拉萨地块来源问题。选择西藏措勤地区上石炭统永珠组为研究对象,石英砂岩中碎屑锆石U-Pb测年数据显示523Ma、920Ma两个年龄峰值。通过与拉萨地块及其周缘晚石炭世冰期之前地层碎屑锆石对比,认为拉萨地块永珠组920Ma年龄峰值更具有冈瓦纳大陆靠印度一侧的物源特征,其与南羌塘、拉萨、喜马拉雅微陆块在裂离之前具有显著的亲缘关系。而含有冰筏碎屑的拉嘎组和来姑组中包含的西澳大利亚物源信息(约1180Ma年龄峰值),暗示来自西澳大利亚的冰筏可能通过洋流作用漂移至拉萨地块而后沉积冰筏碎屑。     

保山地体新元古代——早古生代沉积岩碎屑锆石年代学及其构造意义

滇西潞西地区位于青藏高原东南缘,大地构造位置上属于保山地体。由于新生代强烈的陆内变形作用,保山地体与青藏高原腹地体的对应关系难以确定。野外观察及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,潞西新元古代—早古生代地层(震旦系—寒武系蒲满哨群及下奥陶统大矿山组)大部分碎屑锆石Th/U0.1,说明其大多为岩浆成因。U-Pb年龄跨度较大,太古宙—早古生代都有分布,且具有明显的562Ma、892Ma及2265Ma年龄峰,以及较弱的1680Ma和2550Ma年龄峰。保山地体潞西地区沉积岩碎屑锆石年龄分布特征与特提斯喜马拉雅、南羌塘沉积地层碎屑锆石年龄分布特征相似,说明其具有相同的物源——冈瓦纳大陆北部的印度大陆。在新元古代晚期—早古生代,保山地体位于印度大陆北缘,与南羌塘、喜马拉雅地体相邻。伴随着俯冲相关的增生造山过程,保山地体形成相应的新元古代末期—早古生代沉积地层。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.