华夏地块中部宽频地震剖面深部速度结构研究

华夏地块处于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块相互作用的前沿。我国著名的南岭成矿带和武夷成矿带均位于华夏地块内。已有的研究认为,南岭和武夷的成矿作用可能与中生代晚期岩浆岩的底侵有关。为研究深部速度结构,本研究在2017年7月至2020年8月期间布设了一条横跨南岭成矿带与武夷成矿带的宽频地震测线。该测线共有81个流动台站组成,台站间距5-8 km,总长度约430 km。从连续波形中截取451个震级大于5.5级的远震事件波形,利用改进的互相关法直接从波形中计算得到7231条相对走时残差数据(误差小于0.1 s)。本研究采用远震走时层析成像方法反演相对走时残差数据,获得了高分辨率的速度结构。初步的成像结果表明:(1)华夏地块中部上地幔内存在一个明显的自西向东逐渐变深的低速异常体;(2)华夏地块岩石圈内速度结构具有很强的横向差异,且与断裂带分布存在一定的空间对应关系;(3)政和-大浦断裂带东侧下方200-300km处存在较明显的高速异常体。结合其它已有成果,本研究认为上地幔内的低速异常可能是上涌的软流圈热物质,抵达岩石圈底部引发岩石圈拆沉,可能继续沿深大断裂侵入地壳,形成金属矿藏;而拆沉的岩石圈冷物质下沉,所留痕迹即为软流圈内的高速异常体。     

钦杭何在?来自综合地球物理探测的认识

扬子古板块与华夏古板块的结合带（简称钦杭结合带）是中国东南部一条最重要的构造岩浆成矿带,其西段的位置和边界的划分方法,尚存在较大的争议。本文以大尺度卫星重磁资料为主,结合区域电性和地震资料的综合处理和分析,对钦杭结合带的边界进行了识别和厘定。研究认为,钦杭结合带是江南造山带的南部边界,结合带南界为宁波—金华—上饶南—赣州北—郴州—北海东,北界为上海—湖州—鹰潭—临川—萍乡—衡阳—永州—桂林—梧州—钦州。在结合带两侧,无论是重力场还是磁力场都具有明显不同的特征,反映了扬子和华夏板块不同的物质组成和基底特征。钦杭结合带内地球物理场也存在局部差异,揭示了结合带经过多期次岩浆活动,在不同地段形成了不同组合的金属矿床和别具特色的钦杭成矿带。     

南海东北部及其邻近地区地壳上地幔P波速度结构

利用中国地震台网和ISC台站记录的P波到时数据,采用球坐标系有限差分地震层析成像方法反演了南海东北部及其邻近地区壳幔三维P波速度结构,并分析了不同地质单元的构造差异及其深部特征。结果表明:南海东北部表现出陆架地区的岩石层特性,属于华南大陆向海区的延伸,岩石层厚度较大,现今不存在大规模的地幔热流活动,推测大陆边缘张裂作用仅限于地壳内部而没有延伸进入上地幔,具有非火山型大陆边缘的深部特点。中央海盆附近上地幔P波速度明显降低,与海盆下方地幔热流活动密切相关。不同的速度异常特征表明:华南大陆暨台湾地区属于欧亚大陆的正常地壳或是与菲律宾海板块相互作用产生的增厚型地壳,冲绳海槽则是弧后扩张产生的减薄型地壳。滨海断裂带作为华南大陆高速异常和南海北部高速异常的分界,代表了一定地质时期华南地块和南海地块的拼合边界。断裂附近的上地幔低速异常揭示了闽粤沿海岩浆作用的深层动力机制。吕宋岛弧、马尼拉海沟、东吕宋海槽的速度异常与其所处的特殊构造位置有密切的关系,清晰地反映出岛弧俯冲带的地壳结构差异;台湾南部至吕宋岛弧的上地幔低速异常揭示了两个重要火山链的深部构造特征,北吕宋海脊下方100 km深度的条带状高速异常有可能代表了俯冲下沉的岩石层板片。     

钦杭成矿带的研究历史和现状

介绍了钦杭结合带与成矿带的提出过程及其基本特征,以及有关华南大地构造和华夏古陆问题的研究历史和现状。20世纪80年代中期在重新认定华夏古陆的基础上建立扬子与华夏古陆碰撞拼接模式,随之于20世纪90年代初提出钦杭结合带与成矿带,这是华南大地构造研究的重要转折,对华南大地构造和区域成矿的研究有着重要贡献。钦杭成矿带不仅在华南大地构造格局中占有十分重要的地位,对探讨全球Grenville造山、Rodinia超大陆裂解、新元古代成矿爆发等也有重要意义。目前已从岩石组合、构造特征、地球物理信息、成矿作用等方面对钦杭成矿带进行了论证。但毕竟钦杭成矿带的研究历史不长,还有许多基础地质和区域成矿问题尚无定论,为此提出了若干值得关注并可望在近期取得突破的问题。     

武夷山成矿带及邻区上地幔速度结构及其对燕山期岩浆-成矿活动的启示

武夷山成矿带燕山期岩浆-成矿活动的深部动力学机制一直是学者们研究的热点.已有的研究结果表明,武夷山成矿带及邻区的上地幔存在着显著的低速异常,可能与地表的岩浆-成矿活动存在着密切的联系.本研究利用分布在华夏地块98个固定地震台站以及59个流动地震台站所记录到的278个远震事件,采用远震层析成像方法构建了武夷山成矿带及邻区...     

古老俯冲带改造成矿作用是钦杭成矿带的主要成矿机制

<正>地质历史时期,华南地区的主要构造格局曾是"两陆一线牵",即扬子板块和华夏板块及置于两者之间的钦杭结合带(古洋盆),钦杭结合带至少在中晚元古时期曾是一条板块俯冲、碰撞带。这与今天整个华南地区作为西太平洋造域的重要组成部分十分不同。尽管钦杭结合带主要成矿时期是中生代燕山期,但基于整体分析发现,古老俯冲带改造成矿作用是钦杭成矿带的重要成矿机制,其在整体钦杭成矿带均有一定的显示。钦杭成矿带中生代地质事件对古老地质体的改造叠加作用广泛存在,突出表现在岩浆作用改造上,并     

钦杭带南段丰村铅锌矿成矿机理及成矿古地理环境的探讨

<正>钦杭成矿带是位于扬子与华夏两大古陆块中间的巨型结合带,是华南最重要的成矿带。前人根据钦-杭结合带内部结构的不均一性提出两分观点:南岭以北为东段,南岭至云开地区为西段,近年来,周永章等提出三分方案(周永章等,2012),即钦-杭结合带可分为北(东)、中、南(西)3段,南段具体指位于南岭以南的区域,大致相当于云开-十万大山带,丰村铅锌矿即位于南段,且是研究区内比较有代表性的铅锌矿床。     

华南东部地区上地幔P波速度结构研究

基于华南东部宽频地震流动台阵的观测资料,采用三维有限差分走时成像法(FDtomo),开展了华南东部地区地壳-上地幔三维P波速度结构成像研究,结果显示华南东部地区水平面内速度分布差异较大,约163 km以上的地壳到上地幔下扬子地块存在近EW向的相对低速异常,而华夏地块则为高速异常,约163 km以下的上地幔下扬子地块和华夏板块速度异常发生反转,且两者大致以江山—绍兴断裂带为界呈反对称,对比显著。笔者认为该结构特征反映了晚中生代扬子克拉通岩石圈的拆沉过程。这一成果对理解中国东部中生代以来的构造演化以及壳幔的动力学过程提供了新的证据。     

华南地区地壳厚度变化及对成矿类型的制约:来自卫星重力数据的约束

华南地区是中国金属矿产资源的“大粮仓”,分布有多个多金属成矿带。多金属成矿带的形成常伴随着地下特殊的深部背景和过程,通过莫霍面深度的计算,对华南地区的地壳厚薄变化所反映的壳幔耦合关系进行研究,可为探索华南地区地下巨量金属资源的形成与演变过程提供参考。本文首先基于球坐标的重力解算方法对高阶卫星重力场模型EIGEN-6C4的数据进行校正,得到华南地区的卫星布格重力异常。然后采用改进的Parker-Oldenburg方法进行变密度界面反演,获得华南地区莫霍面起伏特征。最后结合区内不同成矿带的范围和前人发表的地质、地球化学等资料,探讨华南地区不同成矿带的成矿物质来源与莫霍面起伏的关系。认为长江中下游和钦杭东段处于莫霍面隆起区域的成矿带,幔源物质对其成矿作用起主导地位,形成以铜、铁为主的多金属矿床;南岭、武夷、钦杭西段及鄂西—湘西位于莫霍面隆-陷交替区域的成矿带,成矿与壳、幔源物质的相互作用密切相关,最终形成钨、锡、金、银、铅锌等多金属矿床。     

华南地壳及上地幔三维速度结构成像

利用国家地震科学数据共享中心的地震目录及临时台网资料,挑选出11 113个区域地震的77 093条P波走时和93 541条S波走时,采用1°×1°的经纬度网格划分,反演获得了深至60km的华南南部地区的地壳及上地幔三维P波和S波的速度结构。研究结果表明,纵波速度结构与横波速度结构从整体来看具有较好的一致性,说明该研究获得的深部速度结果具有较高的可信性,但是在50km的深度纵、横波速度结构的一致性较差,可能是由于该深度的纵横波走时数据存在着较大的差异所导致的。本研究显示了研究区域内的速度结构存在着明显的横向不均匀性,东南沿海地区的地壳中出现了大规模的低速异常,可能与该区地幔物质的上涌有关;而在珠江三角洲、雷州半岛、北部湾及海南岛等地区莫霍面下方出现的低速异常,则与该区的热运动有关。经分析认为,华南南部地壳及上地幔的速度不均匀性和华南板块与扬子地块的相互作用有关,因此开展进一步研究能为探索和分析华南再造以及中国南海北部的构造演化提供重要信息。     

S-wave velocity structure of the North China from inversion of Rayleigh wave phase velocity

We constructed the S-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle (10–100 km) beneath the North China based on the teleseismic data recorded by 187 portable broadband stations deployed in this region. The traditional two-step inversion scheme was adopted. Firstly, we measured the interstation fundamental Rayleigh wave phase velocity of 10–60 s and imaged the phase velocity distributions using the Tarantola inversion method. Secondly, we inverted the 1-D S-wave velocity structure with a grid spacing of 0.25° × 0.25° and constructed the 3-D S-wave velocity structure of the North China. The 3-D S-wave velocity model provides valuable information about the destruction mechanism and geodynamics of the North China Craton (NCC). The S-wave velocity structures in the northwestern and southwestern sides of the North–South Gravity Lineament (NSGL) are obviously different. The southeastern side is high velocity (high-V) while the northeastern side is low velocity (low-V) at the depth of 60–80 km. The upwelling asthenosphere above the stagnated Pacific plate may cause the destruction of the Eastern Block and form the NSGL. A prominent low-V anomaly exists around Datong from 50 to 100 km, which may due to the upwelling asthenosphere originating from the mantle transition zone beneath the Western Block. The upwelling asthenosphere beneath the Datong may also contribute to the destruction of the Eastern Block. The Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault zone (ZPFZ) may cut through the lithosphere and act as a channel of the upwelling asthenosphere. A noticeable low-V zone also exists in the lower crust and upper mantle lid (30–50 km) beneath the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan (BTT) region, which may be caused by the upwelling asthenosphere through the ZPFZ.     

Structure of the Upper Mantle and Transition Zone Beneath the South China Block Imaged by Finite Frequency Tomography

We applied the finite frequency tomography method to S wave data recorded by 350 broadband stations beneath the South China Block(SCB) and its surroundings from earthquakes occurring between July 2007 and July 2010,to better understand upper mantle deformation.Differential travel-times in the pair of stations with appropriate weighting for each station are used in the inversion.Our results are consistent with previous tomography that show a high velocity anomaly beneath the Sichuan basin and a high velocity anomaly in the transition zone beneath the Yangtze Craton.However,the resolution of mantle heterogeneity provides new insight into the tectonic framework of subduction of Burmese lithosphere in the west part of the study region and subduction of oceanic lithosphere in the east.In the subduction realm,west of 107°E,a significant fast S-wave anomaly is located on the southeast of Sichuan Basin.East of 107°E,and two narrow and discontinuous fast S-wave anomalies occur at a depth of 400-600 km beneath the middle of the South China block overlain by the pronounced low S-wave anomalies at a depth of 100 and 400 km.If the fast anomalies located in the mantle transition zone represent stagnant slabs,their fragmented nature may suggest that they could be produced by different episodes of subduction beneath western Pacific island and the above slow velocity anomaly may associated with the back-arc regions of ongoing subduction.In addition,tomography also reveals an anomalously high S-wave velocity continental root extends eastward to a depth 400 km beneath the eastern Sichuan Basin.This anomaly may be related to eastern extrusion of Indian lithosphere associated with the collision of India and Eurasia.Moreover,our results also show large slow anomalies beneath the Red River fault region connected to deeper anomalies beneath the South China Fold Belt and South China Sea.AH these observations are consistent with the scenario that the South China block has been built by both of subduction of Paleopacific plate and eastward subduction of Burma microplate.     

P-wave Velocity Structure of Crustal and Upper Mantle beneath South China and its Tectonic Implications

The 3D P-wave velocity structure beneath the South China Block was determined by applying arrival times from 269 teleseismic events recorded by 240 seismic stations within the study region. Our tomographic results reveal the deep structural characteristics of major tectonic units and ore concentration areas. There are distinct high velocity anomalies beneath the ancient Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, with the lithosphere of the Cathaysia Block being thinner than the Yangtze Block; the Jiangnan orogenic belt, located in the combined zone of two blocks, is a high and low velocity anomaly conversion zone; the famous metallogenic belts of Edongnan, the Youjiang Basin and the Cathaysia Block are obviously low velocity areas with different metallogenic mechanisms. The deep ore-forming material source in the Edongnan metallogenic belt is different from that of the Cathaysia Block. The low velocity anomaly under the Cathaysia Block related to mineralization results from the upwelling of mantle material, caused by the joint action of the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain, the Paleo-Pacific tectonic domain and the Hainan mantle plume migration and erosion, which has been occurring from northeast to southwest since 80 Ma. The low-temperature mineralization mechanism of Youjiang Basin should be considered not only in terms of the influence of the Emeishan mantle plume in the west and the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain in the south, but also in the context of the influence of the upwelling of asthenospheric material from the Paleo-Pacific tectonic domain in the east.     

Joint Inversion of the 3D P Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Using Regional Earthquake and Teleseismic Data

The special seismic tectonic environment and frequent seismicity in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau show that this area is an ideal location to study the present tectonic movement and background of strong earthquakes in mainland China and to predict future strong earthquake risk zones. Studies of the structural environment and physical characteristics of the deep structure in this area are helpful to explore deep dynamic effects and deformation field characteristics, to strengthen our understanding of the roles of anisotropy and tectonic deformation and to study the deep tectonic background of the seismic origin of the block's interior. In this paper, the three-dimensional(3D) P-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle under the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is obtained via observational data from 224 permanent seismic stations in the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces and from 356 mobile China seismic arrays in the southern section of the north–south seismic belt using a joint inversion method of the regional earthquake and teleseismic data. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the P-wave velocity anomalies in the shallow upper crust is closely related to the surface geological structure, terrain and lithology. Baoxing and Kangding, with their basic volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks, present obvious high-velocity anomalies. The Chengdu Basin shows low-velocity anomalies associated with the Quaternary sediments. The Xichang Mesozoic Basin and the Butuo Basin are characterised by lowvelocity anomalies related to very thick sedimentary layers. The upper and middle crust beneath the Chuan–Dian and Songpan–Ganzi Blocks has apparent lateral heterogeneities, including low-velocity zones of different sizes. There is a large range of low-velocity layers in the Songpan–Ganzi Block and the sub–block northwest of Sichuan Province, showing that the middle and lower crust is relatively weak. The Sichuan Basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze platform, shows high-velocity characteristics. The results also reveal that there are continuous low-velocity layer distributions in the middle and lower crust of the Daliangshan Block and that the distribution direction of the low-velocity anomaly is nearly SN, which is consistent with the trend of the Daliangshan fault. The existence of the low-velocity layer in the crust also provides a deep source for the deep dynamic deformation and seismic activity of the Daliangshan Block and its boundary faults. The results of the 3D P-wave velocity structure show that an anomalous distribution of high-density, strong-magnetic and high-wave velocity exists inside the crust in the Panxi region. This is likely related to late Paleozoic mantle plume activity that led to a large number of mafic and ultra-mafic intrusions into the crust. In the crustal doming process, the massive intrusion of mantle-derived material enhanced the mechanical strength of the crustal medium. The P-wave velocity structure also revealed that the upper mantle contains a low-velocity layer at a depth of 80–120 km in the Panxi region. The existence of deep faults in the Panxi region, which provide conditions for transporting mantle thermal material into the crust, is the deep tectonic background forthe area's strong earthquake activity.     

On velocity anomalies beneath southeastern China: An investigation combining mineral physics studies and seismic tomography observations

Seismic tomography studies reveal distinct velocity and V_P/V_S anomalies in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) beneath the Yangtze Craton and Cathaysia Block in southeastern China. The anomalies under the Yangtze Craton are characterized by high velocity (both V_P and V_S) and low V_P/V_S ratio, while those beneath the Cathaysia Block are characterized by low velocity (especially V_S) and high V_P/V_S ratio. Here, we conduct analyses of phase relations and thermoelasticity to model the effects of thermal and chemical homogeneities in the MTZ, by taking advantage of recent simultaneous V_P and V_S seismic tomography results under southeastern China. We attempt to quantify the seismic tomography results and examine the effects of temperature, chemical composition, and water (or protonization) on velocity anomalies in the deep mantle. We find V_P/V_S to be a powerful parameter in distinguishing the various effects of temperature, chemical composition, and protonization. We conclude that an ancient stagnated oceanic slab is most likely the main cause of the observed fast velocity and low V_P/V_S anomalies in the MTZ under the Yangtze Craton. This ancient slab material is most likely a product of paleo Pacific subduction around 100–125 Ma ago, when the oceanic plate abruptly changed its direction of motion. Such an event has been shown to be closely related to the magmatic activities around eastern China, the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism zone between the Yangtze Craton and the North China Craton, and the destruction of the lower crust of the North China Craton. The anomalies under the Cathaysia Block, on the other hand, are likely due to dehydration-induced partial melting of subducted Pacific slab materials. Here the large low V_S anomaly in MTZ coincides with the extensive Mesozoic to Cenozoic igneous features on the surface, suggesting a state with lower viscosities in the upper mantle. Dehydration-induced partial melting in MTZ may have also promoted deformation of the South China fold belt. Our results suggest that these lithospheric processes are directly related to the tectonic interaction between the oceanic and continental plates in southeastern China and that a better understanding of past deep mantle dynamic processes may place important constraints on the evolution of the cratons in China.     

长江中下游成矿带岩石圈结构与成矿动力学模型——深部探测(SinoProbe)综述

岩石圈结构和深部过程对理解成矿带和大型矿集区的形成十分重要。岩石圈尺度的地球动力学过程将在地壳中留下各种结构的或物质的"痕迹",这些"痕迹"可以通过地球物理的手段去探测。为深入理解长江中下游成矿带形成的深部动力学过程,作者在国家深部探测专项(SinoProbe)和国家自然科学基金重点项目支持下,在长江中下游成矿带开展了综合地球物理探测。方法包括宽频地震、深地震反射、广角反射/折射和大地电磁测深。数据处理和反演结果取得一系列新发现:(1)成矿带上地幔顶部存在低速体,在中心深度300km处有一向SW倾斜的高速体;(2)S波接收函数证实成矿带岩石圈较薄,只有50~70km;横波分裂结果显示,成矿带上地幔各向异性方向和强度与邻区有较大区别,显示平行成矿带(NE-SW向)的上地幔变形和流动;(3)深反射地震揭示成矿带上地壳曾发生强烈挤压变形,以紧闭褶皱、逆冲和推覆为特征;在宁芜火山岩盆地、长江断裂带和郯庐断裂之下出现"鳄鱼嘴"构造,指示上下地壳在挤压变形过程中解耦;深反射地震证实发生过陆内俯冲和叠瓦,并认为是岩石圈增厚和拆沉的主导机制;(4)广角反射和大地电磁反演给出了跨成矿带地壳剖面的速度和电性结构,速度和电阻率分布总体上与构造单元相吻合。本文分析和解释了这些发现的地质意义,并结合近年在长江中下游地区的地球化学研究进展,提出了成矿带地球动力学模型。该模型认为:中、晚侏罗世陆内俯冲、岩石圈拆沉、幔源岩浆底侵和MASH过程造就了长江中下游世界级成矿带的形成。