用连续小波变换分析探地雷达回波信号

脉冲探地雷达回波信号是典型的非平稳、非线性信号.本文通过连续小波变换,对地下圆柱目标实测结果进行分析,得到了目标冲击响应的典型波形特征.分析结果证明,这种方法可以有效地用于目标检测,时延估计等脉冲探地雷达信号处理中的关键问题     

基于小波域KL变换的探地雷达信号处理

探地雷达目标回波信号通常会受到串扰(或直达波)、随机噪声等的干扰,致使目标信号难以分辨。利用小波分析的时频局部化特性和多道探地雷达记录中直达波、目标回波信号以及随机噪声等的不同相关性,对探地雷达记录进行小波分解,得到多频段的小波剖面,再对不同频段的小波剖面做KL变换,实现了串扰抑制。通过实验数据和现场实测数据验证了该方法的有效性。      

阵列式探地雷达信号极化场特征

阵列式观测是探地雷达系统研制和新型探测方法的一个重要发展趋势,而同形多源并发地下目标响应特征分析成为系统研制和数据处理研究的基础和前提。阵列式天线的多源并发信号及目标反射信号存在复杂的极化特性,但同时也包含更多目标特征的响应信息。本文针对基于似平面波探地雷达系统,分析了目标体在极化平面波照射下的响应特征,从多极化信号角度分析典型地下目标体形态特征;并采用时域有限差分正演分析方法,通过对阵列天线接收到的数据沿时间轴进行积分来获得目标在地表投影的分布情况,分析了一维及二维分布的收发天线阵列对目标的检测。研究成果表明,多极化综合特征分析能够有效改善目标检测的稳定性,提高目标响应信号的信噪比,减弱天线方向图和目标散射截面闪烁对数据剖面的影响,降低数据处理和解释的难度。     

2D有限差分偏移技术在探地雷达信号成像中的应用

由于绕射波的存在,很难准确估计探地雷达剖面中目标的尺寸,因此,对目标进行成像研究具有重要意义和应用价值。采用2D有限差分偏移技术对典型的合成记录及实测探地雷达剖面进行了成像处理,结果表明,偏移可以大大提高探地雷达资料的横向分辨率。在实际资料处理中,通过对点目标绕射波的准确归位,可以简单估计地下介质的电磁波速度。讨论了工程处理中速度模型的建立,实际数据的非零偏等偏移处理中的核心问题。      

多输入多输出极化步进频率探地雷达硬件系统开发

对基于矢量网络分析仪的单发单收探地雷达系统进行扩展,组建了可实现信号多通道发射和多通道接收的步进频率探地雷达系统。该系统主要由计算机、矢量网络分析仪、三维直角坐标仪、开关控制转换器、同轴开关以及多次覆盖极化天线阵列构成。系统信号发射通道和信号接收通道均可扩展至6个通道,可满足一般天线阵列测量需求。多次覆盖天线阵列采集共中心点（CMP）数据,每个测点可获取2个共极化模式数据和4个交叉极化模式数据,数据叠加后噪声可得到有效压制,系统信噪比可获得较大提升;同时应用Pauli分解方法获得伪彩色剖面图以对目标物体进行散射机制的分类。对该多输入多输出步进频率探地雷达系统进行系统测试和实验的结果,验证了其可靠性。     

瞬时属性估计器在探地雷达数据处理中的应用

为了提高浅层埋藏目标识别的瞬时物理属性的精度,根据极平坦频率特性有限脉冲相应滤波器的思想,首次提出用它作为微分器和延时器组成解析信号瞬时属性估计器（FIFM）,对探地雷达信号的瞬时属性进行提取。结果表明,瞬时属性剖面的分辨率得到了明显的提高;采用瞬时属性估计器进行探地雷达信号瞬时参数的研究是一种非常有效的方法,可用于公路、桥梁、隧道等结构物的无损检测数据分析。      

一种用于混凝土结构探测的探地雷达天线阵列的设计

基于脉冲体制探地雷达天线原理,针对混凝土结构探测的需求,以变形领结天线为基础,设计了一种双极化、多天线的探地雷达天线阵列,该天线阵列具有0.75~2.25 GHz的频带宽度,且方向性良好。该天线阵列不仅可以提高雷达系统的探测深度,也提高了雷达的探测效率。设计的天线阵列已成功应用于成像探地雷达项目中,对工程质量检测具有重要意义,为探地雷达三维成像设备的进一步开发提供了强有力的技术支撑。     

基于GprMax的道路空洞三维探地雷达正演数值模拟

探地雷达(GPR)方法具有高效、高分辨率、无损探测等优势,广泛应用在城市道路病害体探测中。三维探地雷达是近年来发展起来的新技术,通过三维阵列天线进行三维数据采集,对道路病害体具有更高的空间分辨率和测量精度。本文利用基于三维时域有限差分方法原理的GprMax 3D软件,针对以空洞为代表的典型道路病害体,开展充气型和充水型空洞三维探地雷达正演模拟工作,获得两种不同填充类型空洞的三维雷达数据体,对数据体不同方向的图像特征进行分析,并结合工程实例,验证了正演模拟结果的可靠性。该研究对三维探地雷达实测图像解译和提高检测结果判定的可靠性具有重要的指导意义。     

青藏铁路专用检测探地雷达实时数据采集与传输系统设计

为了快速检测青藏铁路路基冻融等病害,研制了专用探地雷达的实时数据采集、处理与传输系统。采用高速、高精度并行模数转换器,结合现场可编程逻辑阵列(FPGA)技术和通用串行总线(USB)实现雷达回波数据快速、实时传输,采用高性能浮点数字信号处理器对雷达回波数据进行实时处理。针对专用探地雷达三个天线同时工作,设计了3个实时数据采集、处理与传输通道。测试结果表明该系统达到了较高的数据吞吐率,满足探地雷达在青藏铁路上实施快速、连续检测的要求。     

利用比值DEXP进行重力梯度数据深度成像

针对传统DEXP快速成像结果依赖于地质体构造指数的缺点,笔者提出了利用重力异常不同阶垂向导数比值DEXP的方法。该方法使得成像结果独立于地质体构造指数。地质体的深度估计完全自动化,仅需要寻找比值DEXP成像结果的极大值点位置。通过该方法估计出的深度结果,可以进行地质体构造指数的估计。通过模型试验,证明该方法能准确地估计出地质体的深度位置以及地质体的类型。将该方法应用到Bell Geospace公司在Vinton Dome测得的Air--FTG全张量重力梯度数据中取得了很好的结果。     

基于超声波合成孔径技术的钻孔成像方法

随着地下空间开发的深入,钻孔岩壁上特殊区域的重视程度越来越高,为了克服传统超声波钻孔成像技术分辨率低的不足,提出一种基于超声波合成孔径技术的钻孔成像方法,提高钻孔图像的分辨率和图像质量。采用高分辨率的合成孔径SAFT成像技术综合处理大量的断面扫描回波信号,达到增强反射信号和抑制干扰信号的目的,使对应的岩壁特征区域回波更加突显,在该基础上提取出扫描断面回波信号的声幅和声时参数。综合声幅和声速参数的特征,提出了基于相关性的超声波钻孔图像重建原则,选择合适的成像数据点,在叠加不同深度的探测数据后形成了关注区域更加明显的钻孔重建图像。将该方法应用到了实际工程中,验证了该方法的可行性和准确性。     

Recursive parameter estimation with applications in earth sciences

Parameter estimation has become increasingly interesting the last few decades for a variety of engineering topics. In such situations, one may face problems like (a) how to estimate parameters for which erroneous measurements are available (direct estimation), or (b) how to estimate coefficients of some process model governing a geological phenomenon when these coefficients are inaccessible or difficult to access by direct investigation (inverse estimation or identification). Both these problems are examined in this presentation from a modern stochastic viewpoint, where parameters sought are interpretated mathematically as random functions, generated and estimated in space or time with the aid of recursive models. Advantages of this methodology are remarkable, from both theoretical and physical points of view, as compared to conventional statistics or nonrecursive estimators. Particularly it may offer more accurate estimators, better representation of spatial variation, and a means of overcoming difficulties such as excessive computational time or computer storage. To test effectiveness of this type of estimation, a series of representative case studies from geotechnical practice have been computed in detail.     

基于BFGS 算法的地层品质因子反演方法

目前,油气勘探已经从简单构造勘探转向岩性勘探,今后勘探的主要地质目标之一是地层--岩性油气藏,Q 值在地层--岩性油气勘探中有重要作用。为较好地估计地层的Q 值,本文提出了基于 BFGS 算法和广义S 变换的Q 值估计方法。通过广义S 变换得到不同旅行时刻的振幅谱,构造一个最优化问题,引入BFGS 算法估计出地震品质因子。该方法可以在整个频带范围内计算振幅谱的互相关系数,避免了频带范围选择的问题,而且收敛速度更快。模拟算例和实际资料处理结果均表明,该方法可以有效快速地估计品质因子,并具有较好的抗噪性。     

基于背景矩阵减法的探地雷达杂波信号抑制方法研究

探地雷达是探测浅层地下目标并对其空间分布进行成像的重要地球物理方法之一,但在实测雷达剖面中,目标反射信号不可避免地会受到直达波和地面反射波等杂波信号的干扰。为了提高探地雷达数据解译的可靠性和准确性,需要对杂波进行抑制或去除。提出一种背景矩阵减法来抑制杂波信号,并通过两组仿真数据和两组实测数据示例与减平均道法、奇异分解法对杂波抑制效果进行对比分析,结果表明背景矩阵减法的效果明显优于减平均道法和奇异分解法,可以在保证有效信号不丢失,幅值和相位不失真的基础上,使杂波得到较好地抑制,有助于识别探地雷达剖面中目标信号的特征,提高数据解译准确性和可靠性。     

Geostatistical integration of MT and borehole data for RMR evaluation

The geostatistical approach was applied to integrate MT (Magneto-telluric) resistivity data and borehole information for the spatial RMR (Rock Mass Rating) evaluation. Generally, resistivity of the subsurface is believed to be positively related to the RMR, thus the resistivity and borehole RMR information was combined in a geostatistical approach. To relate the two different sets of data, the MT resistivity data were used as secondary information and the RMR mean values were estimated at unsampled points by identification of the resistivity to the borehole data. Two types of approach are performed for the estimation of RMR mean values. Then the residuals of the RMR values around the borehole sites are geostatistically modeled to infer the spatial structure of difference between real RMR values and estimated mean values. Finally, this geostatistical estimation is added to the previous means. The result applied to a real situation shows prominent improvements to reflect the subsurface structure and spatial resolution of RMR information.     

逆时偏移技术在碳酸盐岩缝-洞储层成像中应用

针对塔里木盆地塔西南地区中-下奥陶统埋藏深度大 (大于 5 000 m)、储层发育规模较小(小尺度溶孔-裂缝为主)的碳 酸盐储层精细成像难题,将基于 GPU 平台的叠前逆时偏移技术应用于研究区 562km2 实际三维地震资料处理中,取得了较好 的成像效果。通过地震剖面、平面相干属性和振幅属性对比分析叠前逆时偏移和传统叠前时间偏移结果表明:对于高陡构 造带成像,逆时偏移成像效果局部好于叠前时间偏移;对于碳酸盐岩内幕“串珠”成像、缝-洞储层刻画方面,逆时偏移 技术占有明显优势。叠前逆时偏移技术有效提高了研究区奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝-洞型储层成像的精度。     

Fuzzy Modeling for Reserve Estimation Based on Spatial Variability

This article addresses a new reserve estimation method which uses fuzzy modeling algorithms and estimates the reserve parameters based on spatial variability. The proposed fuzzy modeling approach has three stages: (1) Structure identification and preliminary clustering, (2) Variogram analysis, and (3) Clustering based rule system. A new clustering index approach and a new spatial measure function (point semimadogram) are proposed in the paper. The developed methodology uses spatial variability in each step and takes the fuzzy rules from input-output data. The model has been tested using both simulated and real data sets. The performance evaluation indicates that the new methodology can be applied in reserve estimation and similar modeling problems     

Quick and Approximate Estimation of Earthquake Loss Based on Macroscopic Index of Exposure and Population Distribution

In the traditional method of earthquake loss estimation, all exposed facilities are classified according to their structural type and/or occupancy. Inventory data is collected and the total loss is estimated as the aggregate of all facility losses from each facility class separately. For many regions of the world, however, the vast amount of data required for this method is difficult or impossible to obtain. The traditional method is also unable to estimate quickly the loss from an unexpected catastrophic earthquake. It is difficult to give the necessary risk information to help the government with rescue and relief after the earthquake disaster.In this paper, we propose a quick and approximate estimation method of earthquake loss based on a macroscopic index of exposure and population distribution from GIS. This method was applied to analyze several earthquake scenarios with World Bank and CIESIN data. The preliminary analysis and comparison results show that our method is effective and reasonable for quick assessment of earthquake risk.     

Estimation of non-ergodic variograms and their sampling variance by design-based sampling strategies

Design-based sampling strategies based on classical sampling theory offer unprecedented potentials for estimation of non-ergodic variograms. Unbiased and uncorrelated estimates of the semivariance at the selected lags and of its sampling variance can be simply obtained. These estimates are robust against deviations from an assumed spatial autocorrelation model. The same holds for the variogram model parameters and their sampling (co)variances. Moreover, an objective measure for lack of fit of the fitted model can simply be derived. The estimators for two basic sampling designs, simple random sampling and stratified simple random sampling of pairs of points, are presented. The first has been tested in real world for estimating the non-ergodic variograms of three soil properties. The parameters of variogram models and their sampling (co)variances were estimated with 72 pairs of points distributed over six lags.     

Modelling Short‐Scale Variability and Uncertainty During Mineral Resource Estimation Using a Novel Fuzzy Estimation Technique

For mineral resource assessment, techniques based on fuzzy logic are attractive because they are capable of incorporating uncertainty associated with measured variables and can also quantify the uncertainty of the estimated grade, tonnage etc. The fuzzy grade estimation model is independent of the distribution of data, avoiding assumptions and constraints made during advanced geostatistical simulation, e.g., the turning bands method. Initially, fuzzy modelling classifies the data using all the component variables in the data set. We adopt a novel approach by taking into account the spatial irregularity of mineralisation patterns using the Gustafson–Kessel classification algorithm. The uncertainty at the point of estimation was derived through antecedent memberships in the input space (i.e., spatial coordinates) and transformed onto the output space (i.e., grades) through consequent membership at the point of estimation. Rather than probabilistic confidence intervals, this uncertainty was expressed in terms of fuzzy memberships, which indicated the occurrence of mixtures of different mineralogical phases at the point of estimation. Data from different sources (other than grades) could also be utilised during estimation. Application of the proposed technique on a real data set gave results that were comparable to those obtained from a turning bands simulation.