八论矿床的成矿系列

矿床的成矿系列(简称成矿系列)是区域成矿研究的一种学术思想,亦是地球系统四维成矿论.认为地球的矿床世界是由特定的时空域内,各类地质成矿作用形成的矿床类型组合的矿床自然体矿床成矿系列及其联合体成矿体系所组成.矿床形成决定于时间、空间、成矿作用三要素.矿床世界的基本单元是矿床成矿系列.矿床成矿系列组成成矿体系,成矿体系组成...     

以矿床成矿系列构筑中国成矿体系及其运用

中国成矿体系是指中国境内各个地质历史时期所形成的矿床及其与成矿作用密切相关的地质要素所共同构成的整体。这一成矿体系是中国疆域在其漫长的地质演化过程中逐步形成的最终结果，以矿床的成矿系列为基本单位可以初步构筑起中国成矿体系这一复杂体系的框架。以成矿体系的系统论思想为指导，应用矿床的成矿系列概念和方法，可以根据全位与缺位的辩证关系为成矿预测和资源潜力评价提供科学的理论依据。     

对中国成矿体系的初步探讨

文章通过对中国成矿体系的含义、特点、表达方式及演化过程的分析、界定,提出中国成矿体系是指中国境内各个地质历史时期所形成的矿床及其与成矿作用密切相关的地质要素所共同构成的整体。这一成矿体系是中国疆域在其漫长的演化过程中逐步形成的最终结果,具有明显的阶段性、多期叠加和成矿演化特征。应用矿床的成矿系列概念和方法初步构筑起中国成矿体系这一复杂体系的框架,有助于今后系统地研究其形成机制,并为成矿预测提供理论依据。这一体系大致可进一步分为太古宙的陆核成矿体系、元古宙的陆块边缘裂谷_裂陷槽为主的成矿体系、古生代的板块成矿体系及中_新生代的大陆成矿体系。     

成矿系列的缺位问题及其在成矿预测中的应用

文章在燕山地区找矿实践中,应用矿床的成矿系列概念和分析方法开展了成矿预测研究,提出了成矿系列缺位概念,其含义是指在一定的区域内,依据矿床的成矿系列概念,经对该区地质演化历史、矿床形成地质环境、成矿作用、成矿物质、矿床时空分布规律、成矿系列模式、成矿体系的系统研究后,确定的成矿体系中各个序次的成矿系列在空间、时代、矿床类型、成矿元素(矿种)等方面应当存在而尚未被发现的部分。并把成矿系列缺位分出4个类别,即成矿系列空间缺位、成矿系列时代缺位、矿床类型缺位、矿床成矿元素(矿种)缺位。对运用成矿系列缺位概念进行成矿预测时应重点研究的内容进行了初步探讨,列举了成矿系列缺位预测成功范例。     

甘肃省矿床成矿系列研究

通过对省内矿床的形成时代、成矿环境、地质成矿作用及矿床"自然组合"的研究认识,认为矿床是地质环境中的组成部分,成矿作用是形成地质环境的地质作用中的一个组成部分;在各个地质历史阶段的地质构造环境(单元)中的矿床与一定的地质成矿作用有关。利用在一定的地质历史时期或构造运动阶段,在一定的地质构造单元及构造部位,与一定的地质成矿作用有关,形成一组具有成因联系的矿床的自然组合这一成矿系列概念,基本确定了甘肃省内成矿系列序次,重点是对成矿系列进行了划分和鉴别,提出全省有11个成矿系列类型、39个成矿系列的新认识。论证了成矿系列的产出特征,确定出各系列的矿床式。     

成矿体系的研究进展及其在成矿预测中的应用

系统地研究一定时空范围内成矿作用的各种产物,包括矿床及其示踪成矿过程的各种地质、地球化学、地球物理标志,即是成矿体系的主要研究内容,也是区域成矿学的发展趋势.中国的大陆成矿体系就是指在目前中国境内大陆地壳漫长的形成、发展过程中,随着中国大陆地壳的演变而形成的矿床成矿系列的有机整体及其在四维时空中的分布规律.通过十多年来...     

试论“临界成矿在质条件”

“临界成矿地质条件”指派指具有“临界性质”的成矿地质条件。沉积或受变质沉积矿床的临界成矿地质条件主要中古地理和水动力条件;内生矿床的临界成矿地质条件主要是构造条件;石油的生油和贮油条件所表现出的临界性质十分明显;风化矿床的临界成矿地质条件主要是水文地质条件、构造条件。临界成矿地质条件应该是各类矿床都具备的,但在不同矿床中的表现形式不同。深入研究临界成矿地质条件可以促进矿床学的进展,达到定量化的境地     

矿床的成矿系列

本文论述了矿床成矿系列的主要学术思想及研究趋势。文中强调指出,矿床成矿系列概念视成矿是地质历史发展过程中所形成的地质环境中的组成部分,其本身是四维空间中的成矿整体,它们在地史演化过程中从空间的分布、成矿物质的组成都经历着演化,并有一定规律。笔者着重阐明了成矿系列研究领域的重要内容、研究基础、命名及分类系统,以及不同地质作用对成矿系列所占的份额及其相互关系。     

论矿床的自然分类——四论矿床的成矿系列问题

矿床的成矿系列概念是一种研究区域成矿规律的学术思想,亦是一种新的矿床分类——矿床的自然分类。矿床的自然分类,是以成矿的时代、成矿的地质构造环境、地质成矿作用与所形成的矿床组合自然体这4个因素作为划分原则的。以矿床成矿系列为基本单元,具有5级序次体系:第一序次为矿床成矿系列组合、矿床成矿系列组和矿床成矿系列类型,第二序次为矿床成矿系列,第三序次为矿床成矿亚系列,第四序次为矿床式,第五序次为矿床。矿床的自然分类着重强调矿床在四维时-空域中形成的完整的自然地质过程,恢复矿床在一定时-空域中存在的客观自然面貌。矿床的自然分类是一个既科学又具有实用价值的分类方案。     

华北地台北缘中段金矿成矿规律浅析及找矿方向

华北地台北缘地质环境复杂，金矿类型繁多，金矿空间分布不均一。对区内九处大型以上矿床的区域成矿地质背景、金矿成矿条件、控矿因素、成矿作用、矿床成因等进行对比和研究，认为区内的金矿床均属地层建造、构造、岩浆活动“三位一体”成矿；矿床成因类型有别，是成矿地质背景差异所造成的不同单元中的地层建造、构造运动、岩浆活动三个互补因素各自所起的作用不同所致；总结出不同类型金矿床的成矿规律，指出找矿方向和找矿靶区     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997