河南省南部地区生态地球化学评价

河南省南部是全国地方病多发区之一,如何改变环境条件,抑制地方病的发生与蔓延是各级政府亟待解决的问题之一。根据河南省南部地区(1:20万商城县、固始县幅)区域地球化学调查资料,对本区生态环境进行了初步评价。提供了40种元素地球化学成果资料,为生态地球化学研究提供了必要的地球化学前提。     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

Effect of engineering-industrial activities in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly on the ecological state of the river waters

The paper presents analysis of the geochemical state of waters in the fluvial network impacted by the mining and smelting complex and identifies modern technological processes and ecological characteristics of the region controlling the environmental response to anthropogenic impacts and the quality of the waters.     

全国区域化探数据库

全国区域化探数据库首次汇集了全国28个省（自治区、直辖市）的1∶20万和1∶50万区域化探39种元素和氧化物的测试数据,共计数据点142万个,近5 540万个数据,涉及1∶20万图幅1 299个,1∶50万图幅18个,在国内第一次建立了地球化学海量数据库。全国矿产资源潜力评价项目对数据库进行了更新,使全国区域化探数据库汇集数据总量达147万余条记录,数据达6 321万。在此基础上,编制了4万多张各类地球化学系列图件,并建立了空间数据库,为地球化学研究和矿产资源预测相关专业提供了丰富的地球化学信息。该项成果的取得为在全国范围内研究区域地球化学分布、生态环境、基础地质和找矿远景规划提供了最基础的资料。     

西宁—乐都地区土地质量地球化学评估

通过对西宁—乐都地区的土地质量地球化学评估发现,该地区土壤肥力适中,土壤环境清洁,适宜发展现代农牧业。同时,也发现沿湟水河工农业发达的地区,土壤中重金属元素虽还未达到引起污染的程度,但其含量要高于其他地区,土壤环境有恶化趋势,应引起相当的重视。当地土壤中普遍高F可能与当地较普遍的地方性F中毒有一定联系。     

陕西秦巴地球化学环境雏议

本文从地球化学环境与人类生存关系出发，依据区域化探水系沉积物资料编制环境地球化学图。通过对元素区域背景特征的分析及对所圈定的特殊环境区的雏议，提出本区原生地球化学环境质量既正常又欠佳的结论，进而建议充分利用本区高硼量的自然环境发展果林业，同时加强环保措施，预防地方病及矿区污染的进一步扩大。本文附图是我省第一份环境地球化学图，这一基础地球化学资料，对进一步研究本区原生自然环境质量及对环保、农林牧业等方面具有一定的参考价值。     

新世纪俄罗斯找矿地球化学

在系统跟踪研究国内外地质期刊文献的基础上,梳理了新世纪找矿地球化学面临形势和存在的重大问题,全面总结了近十年来,俄罗斯有关找矿地球化学基础理论和方法论、区域地球化学调查方法与应用,以及地质-地球化学找矿模型的研制与应用等众多方面的思路和做法。研究认为,俄罗斯首创的多目标地球化学填图技术可有效地提高国家地质图的质量,为矿产资源量的综合评价和生态环境的评估及一系列基础问题的解决,提供详细的信息。同时,还指出俄罗斯地球化学家为解决新世纪的找矿问题,加大了技术创新,重点聚焦于提高地球化学找矿信号的衬度和强度,提高运用地质-地球化学找矿模型的效用,完善处理地球化学数据的计算技术,以实现地球化学场与地质、地球物理场的综合等,诸创新点和思路值得参考借鉴。     

地球化学填图的国际研究现状及建议

以环境调查、矿产勘探、土地合理利用和绿色农业生产为目的的区域地球化学综合调查工作正在世界各国开展。研究领域有：①制定土地合理使用和区域发展规划;②进行环境污染程度和环境本底值调查;③对研究区成矿潜力进行预测;④进行原生地球化学环境调查,为地方病的防治和动植物的健康服务;⑤对土壤肥力进行评估,为合理施肥和绿色农业服务。结合国内外研究动态,对我国今后开展的多目标地球化学填图提出了一些建议。     

区域生态地球化学评价核心与对策

生态地球化学是地学与土壤学、农业、环境学和生态学等多学科交叉融合产生的新学科,是地球化学领域新的发展方向。区域生态地球化学评价是在区域地球化学调查基础上,针对影响流域/区带生态系统安全性的元素异常而开展的一项评价和研究工作。多目标区域地球化学调查获得的海量高精度地球化学数据,可为环境质量评价提供背景值、为土地的质量和生态管护提供地球化学依据;调查还发现了一系列影响流域生态安全性的元素异常,针对异常元素分布特征,区域生态地球化学评价将开展异常元素追踪和成因甄别、生态效应评价和生态系统安全性的预警预测等项评价和研究工作。文章论述了区域地球化学调查成果,介绍了区域地球化学评价的思路,阐述了区域生态地球化学评价的主要问题与对策。     

贵州省1∶500 000地球化学块体图编制及应用

地球化学块体制作方法主要是运用地球化学块体的理论与方法技术，利用GeoMDIS2000软件系统制作地球化学块体图及统计与块体相关的参数。并通过对贵州区域化探资料剖析，划分出不同级次的地球化学块体，进行资源潜力评价和矿床规模预测。为矿产资源勘查及新一轮异常查证提供了战略靶区。     

应用MAPGIS制作地球化学图单元素异常图及综合异常图

利用MAPGIS离散数据网格化模型绘制地球化学图,通过四种不同的网格化方法效果对比,在元素含量分析数据极差相对较小时,采用Kring泛克立格法网格化模型绘制的地球化学图效果佳。分析数据极差相对较大时,采用距离幂函数反比加权网格化模型绘制的地球化学图效果较好。两种数据网格模型绘制的地球化学图均达到化探规范中对地球化学图的要求,因此提出了应用MAPGIS制作地球化学等含量线图,利用地球化学等含量线图的属性,绘制单元素异常图及综合异常图。     

土壤地球化学测量发展历程与进展

土壤地球化学测量作为一种重要的勘查技术方法,历经近百年的发展历程,自从1932年苏联地质学家费尔斯曼、谢而盖耶夫等开展地球化学找矿尝试以来,其在矿产勘查、生态、环保等领域均取得了丰硕成果和长足发展。本文基于前人研究成果基础之上,通过对土壤地球化学测量发展历程回顾,通过其在多目标领域运用,在有色金属、贵金属、油气矿产、放射性铀矿、隐伏矿床勘查等领域的研究进展进行总结综述,以期阐明土壤地球化学测量成果对生态环境、现代农业、人类健康、食品安全等目标领域的运用和展望。     

硒的相态分析在环境地球化学监控网络研究中的应用

利用研究制定的硒的六步循序提取方案(另文发表)对全国环境地球化学监控网络的组合样品进行硒的相态分析研究,获得了在全国范围内的硒的赋存状态、分布、生物有效性以及与地方病关系方面的资料和应用效果。     

地表微量元素含量对环境及农业的影响

本文利用1：20万区域化探资料，研究了微量元素在土壤和水系沉积物中的分布，明确了元素含量在水系沉积物中基本能反映土壤中元素含量的变化趋势。通过研究微最元素含量分布对人体健康及农作物的影响，确定了Γ、Cu、Sn、MgO、Be、Mn、Ni、Sr、Cd等元素过剩或缺乏与地方病的关系，明确了Zn、Cu、Mo、P、K_2O、Mn等元素对农作物产量的影响。对区内与地球化学环境直接有关的疾病进行了预测。     

地表微量元素含量对环境及农业的影响

本文利用1:20万区域化探资料,研究了微量元素在土壤和水系沉积物中的分布,明确了元素含量在水系沉积物中基本能反映土壤中元素含量的变化趋势。通过研究微最元素含量分布对人体健康及农作物的影响,确定了Γ、Cu、Sn、MgO、Be、Mn、Ni、Sr、Cd等元素过剩或缺乏与地方病的关系,明确了Zn、Cu、Mo、P、K₂O、Mn等元素对农作物产量的影响。对区内与地球化学环境直接有关的疾病进行了预测。     

大数据科学从信息化、模式化到智能化:现代地球化学应用研究的新范式

地球科学领域处在信息科学与信息化社会时代,基于大数据战略驱动的现代地球科学正在蓬勃兴起。诞生于近代的地球化学具有天然的结构化信息科学属性。提出建立从信息化、模式化到智能化的地球化学大数据信息科学应用研究总体思路,即基于地球化学大数据首先建立信息化系统,运用地球系统科学方法理论建立成矿地球化学分带富集模式与生态地球化学累积效应模式,采用智能系统与智能技术按照模式化思维方式分析、判别和预测大量地质地球化学非线性现象,通过地球化学理论研究和应用评价解决影响国家经济社会发展重要资源环境问题。大数据与地球系统科学构成地球化学应用研究的两大支柱。本文针对目前存在的主要问题,从地球化学大数据信息化、信息模式化及模式智能化等方面进行论述。重要的是以地学模型为主体构建智能化系统,研究成矿系统与生态系统科学问题。世界经济社会发展与资源环境问题处在全球化时代,必须从全球资源配置与全球环境变化高度审视成矿地球化学和生态地球化学问题。地球化学结构化大数据属性的巨大优势,现代计算机关键技术日益成熟及智能化前缘理论研究的不断突破,预示实现地球化学大数据信息科学条件已经具备,可能从地球科学领域脱颖而出,成为具有广博视野和不断进取的新兴科学研究范式。     

江汉平原多目标地球化学调查主要成果与意义

介绍了覆盖区多目标地球化学调查江汉平原武汉试点区所取得的阶段性成果。共归纳出在土壤地球化学图件编制和在第四纪地质、土壤类型及分布、土壤环境状况、农业土壤利用地球化学解释5个方面的成果，从而以实际材料论证了覆盖区多目标地球化学调查在查明我国土壤资源与环境方面的重要作用以及在社会经济生活中的实际意义。     

Mineralogy, geochemistry, and palynology of modern and late Tertiary mangrove deposits in the Barreiras Formation of Mosqueiro Island, northeastern Pará state, eastern Amazonia

A coastal environment has been interpreted from 110 cm thick mudstone deposits found at the base of a 10 m immature laterite profile, which forms the modern coastal cliff on Mosqueiro Island in northeastern Pará state, northern Brazil. The late Tertiary sediment deposits of the Barreiras Formation are studied by multi-element geochemistry and pollen analyses. The mineralogical and geochemical results show that the gray, organic-rich deposits are composed of kaolinite, quartz, and illite/muscovite, as well as pyrite and anatase. They are rich in SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and some FeO. The composition is homogenous, indicating that the detritus source area is formed of lateritic soils derived from acid rock composition. Their chemical composition, including trace elements, is somewhat comparable to continental shale, and the values are below the upper continental Earth crust composition. The pollen analytical data document that the mudstone deposits were formed by an ancient mangrove ecosystem. Mineralogical, geochemical, and pollen analytical data obtained from late Tertiary mangrove deposits are compared with modern mangrove deposits from the Bragança Peninsula of the northeastern coast of Pará state. Although the pollen composition of the deposits is very similar to the modern one, the geochemical and mineralogical composition is different. Smectite was only found in the modern deposit; illite/mica occurs in the ancient deposit, along with Mg, K, and Na. The pollen signature and detrital minerals (kaolinite, quartz and anatase) found in both mangrove deposits show that during the Miocene, a humid tropical climate condition prevailed, similar to modern conditions.     

区域生态地球化学评价思路及建议

区城生态地球化学评价是在多目标地球化学调查基础上开展的一项区域评价研究工作，其目的是为国家和所薪究地区的国民经济建设、工农业结构调整和社会可持续发展提供基础地球化学资料。区域生态地球化学评价以异常元素的来源-成因-迁移转化-生态效应-预测预警为研究主线，以生态系统为研究基本单元，查明异常元素分布、分配、成因及来源，研究它们在地球表层备大层圈中的迁移转化规律，评价它们所产生的生态效应，应用地球化学和生态学的基本原理和方法对污染的生态系统进行预测预警，井提出治理建议，为国家区域性经济战略调整和工农业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Supraore Haloes of Buried Submarine Placers: Formation Conditions and Implications for Prospecting

The structure and formation conditions of secondary geochemical haloes above the buried and flooded placers and their submarine sources in the nearshore shelf zone are considered with a special emphasis on the geochemical processes in placers. It is shown that these processes are most contrasting during periodical emergence and submergence of the shelf. They are of crucial importance in the prospecting for buried mineralization. Submarine tin placers on the Eterikan Strait shelf in the northern framework of Bol'shoi Lyakhovskii Island (New Siberian Islands) were investigated. It was established that ore placers buried below the sealevel are accompanied by contrasting supraore anomalies that penetrate the entire overlying sedimentary sequence and reach the seafloor. The most contrasting anomalies of ore element assemblages are typical of the modern active layer of bottom sediments. It plays the role of an efficient complex geochemical barrier that can accumulate the geochemical information on underlying sediments. Facts demonstrating the efficiency of prospecting works within contours of these anomalies and discovery of buried submarine placers are presented.