涪陵页岩气田五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气保存条件评价

保存条件是影响页岩气富集高产的关键。综合利用地质、钻井、测井、地震等资料,分析了涪陵页岩气田的盖层和顶底板特征、流体压力特征和构造特征,从宏观和微观两个方面重点对影响页岩气保存的主要指标进行了研究,对涪陵页岩气田保存条件的平面差异性进行定量-半定量的评价。结果表明:研究区发育多套区域盖层,其中以中志留统小河坝组—韩家店组盖层分布最广,封闭能力最佳;页岩气层顶底板条件较好,为典型的"上盖下堵"型;研究区除具有良好的区域盖层和顶底板封闭性能外,还存在一定的泥页岩层的自身封闭作用。根据五峰组—龙马溪组地层变形和断裂发育情况,以石门—金坪断裂带为界把研究区划分为东带和西带,东带地层压力较低,构造变形和断层发育程度均高于西带,整体上西带保存条件好于东带。含气泥页岩所在的中构造层可分为9种主要局部构造样式、5类构造变形,对不同构造变形区块的页岩气保存条件进行了综合评价,构造稳定型的焦石坝箱状背斜、江东斜坡保存条件最好,较稳定型的平桥断背斜次之。     

关于黑色页岩矿床成因的一组论文

本文比较系统地介绍了黑色页岩与金属成矿关系的各个侧面。通过评述有关黑色页岩的９篇文章，对黑色页岩的形成环境，成岩方式及对世界上一些著名的金矿床，如密西西比河谷型硫化物矿床，南非兰德铀金矿床的成因提出了新的观点。     

正安地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩储层特征及控制因素

四川盆地以东的复杂构造变形带拥有巨大的页岩气资源潜力,但目前勘探开发不足。为了支撑复杂构造变形带的页岩气勘探开发,针对复杂构造变形带内正安地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩钻井岩心,开展了矿物学、有机地球化学、岩石学分析测试,探讨了页岩储层特征及主控因素。正安地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩储层石英质量分数高达60%～80%,以硅质页岩为主,脆性程度高。石英主要是无机成因,包括原生碎屑石英沉积和黏土矿物转化而成的次生石英。原生碎屑石英、层状黏土颗粒的压实脆裂增大了孔隙空间,但次生石英的沉淀、充填减小了矿物颗粒间的骨架孔隙。正安地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩储层总w(TOC)高达5.8%,有机质中无定形腐泥组大于80%,沥青反射率介于2.6%～3.1%,有机质热解而成的有机孔显著增大了孔隙度,但有机孔隙后期遭受构造挤压变形,多坍塌成狭长的多边形。     

四川盆地东部五峰组—龙马溪组黑色页岩有机质富集规律探讨

奥陶-志留交替时期是地球历史时期中的关键时期,该时期华南地区沉积的五峰-龙马溪组黑色页岩是现阶段我国页岩气勘探重点层位,多套斑脱岩存在于黑色页岩内指示该时期经历过多期连续的火山活动。本文选取了四川盆地东部华地1井和武隆黄莺乡五峰-龙马溪组两条剖面点,以黑色页岩和斑脱岩为研究对象,通过野外考察、元素地球化学等分析方法,系统分析了有机质富集的主控因素(陆源输入、古生产力、古氧化还原条件),并在此基础上分析斑脱岩的发育与否与页岩有机质富集间的关系。两剖面点均表明五峰-龙马溪组黑色页岩TOC呈高-低-高模式,氧化还原指标(V/V+Ni、V/Cr、Ni/Co)指示水体经历了厌氧-富氧-厌氧的过程,生产力指标(Cu、Ba_bio、Si_bio)、陆源输入指标(Ti/Al、Zr/Al、Th/Al)表明五峰和龙马溪组具较高的生产力和陆源输入,观音桥组较两者均低,三者与有机碳的相关关系反映氧化还原条件对有机质富集作用最大,生产力次之,陆源输入最弱。从斑脱岩发育特征与有机碳、生产力和氧化还原条件的关系看,频繁的火山活动可能对五峰和龙马溪组有机质的保存产生双促作用,一、为海洋提供营养物质,提升其生物生产力;二、火山灰飘落至海水表面阻止了部分光照进入,海底缺氧环境加剧,造成生物大量死亡并落入海底作为有机质埋藏。     

四川盆地及周缘五峰组—龙马溪组富有机质页岩沉积演化模式

四川盆地及周缘地区上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组富有机质页岩是我国页岩气勘探开发的主要层位,厚度20~60 m,该套富有机质页岩的时空展布差异明显。通过对重点剖面及钻井的岩芯观察、笔石生物地层划分、地化及矿物分析,明确了四川盆地及周缘不同地区富有机质页岩的时空展布特征,建立了3种富有机质页岩沉积演化模式:1）长宁-威远"三隆夹二洼"沉积演化模式:长宁地区富有机质页岩主要沉积于WF2-LM5,威远地区为LM1-LM8,隆起区域富有机质页岩沉积受到不利影响。2）黔渝地区的"渐进式"沉积演化模式:该区域呈现越靠近盆地内部,富有机质页岩沉积结束的时间越晚的趋势,焦石坝区域是富有机质页岩的沉积中心,其他区域厚度相对较薄。3）川东北地区的"稳定抬升型"沉积演化模式:位于盆地中心的巫溪2井区域的富有机质页岩厚度大,沉积持续时间长（WF2-LM9）,盆地边缘区域富有机质页岩厚度明显变薄,区域呈现整体抬升趋势,随时间推移,富有机质页岩沉积范围越来越小。总体而言,富有机质页岩的沉积主要受广西运动的影响,富有机质页岩沉积中心有逐渐向北迁移的趋势,埃隆阶后仅威远和巫溪区域沉积富有机质页岩。研究成果对该地区页岩地层的精细对比具有重要的指导意义。     

四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组重点井含气页岩孔隙类型与孔径分布

针对四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组过成熟海相页岩,开展普通薄片观察、SEM成像、X-衍射全岩组分和黏土矿物分析、TOC含量测定、N₂-CO₂联合吸附实验和RG测定。结果表明,海相页岩发育有机孔、无机孔和微裂缝。有机孔多呈气孔状或海绵孔状,大、小混杂;无机孔多呈三角状、棱角状或长方形状;微裂缝多呈条带状,能有效沟通有机孔和无机孔。过成熟海相中,有机孔数量个数>97%,无机孔和微裂缝数量<3%。孔隙以孔径<10 nm的微孔和介孔为主,孔隙数量和体积占比均大于80%,孔径>10 nm的孔隙数量和体积不足20%。在大于10 nm的介孔和宏孔中,有机孔数量超过97%,面孔率超过50%,无机孔和微裂缝数量不足3%,面孔率低于50%。介孔孔径以5~400 nm为主,孔径<20 nm的数量占比>70%。有机孔面孔率随着孔径增大而增大,孔径为100~400 nm的孔隙面孔率占比普遍超过50%。无机孔主要为石英晶间孔和碳酸盐溶蚀孔及少量长石溶蚀孔,孔径为100~400 nm的孔隙面孔率贡献最大,多数页岩均接近100%。随着TOC含量增高,有机孔孔径减小,其面孔率则先增大后减小,TOC为5.5%时常出现拐点。龙马溪和龙一段页岩孔隙由下至上,面孔率逐渐降低。平面上,龙一_1¹小层不同地区面孔率大小及孔隙组成也存在差异,泸州地区面孔率最大,渝西地区最低。渝西地区无机孔含量最高,长宁地区无机孔含量最低。石英晶间孔隙度与石英含量呈正相关,溶蚀孔隙度与碳酸盐矿物含量呈正相关,这可能与石英抗压实能力强、碳酸盐矿物易于溶蚀有关。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁—吉县地区山西组页岩岩相与沉积相特征

以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁—吉县地区二叠系山西组为研究对象,综合应用岩心、薄片及测井资料,开展山32亚段岩相类型、岩相组合和沉积相研究,研究结果表明:山32亚段包括粉砂质泥岩/页岩相、纹层状层理含粉砂泥岩/页岩相、透镜状层理粉砂质泥岩/页岩相、钙质页岩相、煤层、碳质页岩相、黑色页岩相、波状层理泥质粉砂岩相、交错层理中—细砂...     

涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术

涪陵页岩气田是我国第一个投入商业化开发的国家级页岩气示范区,与北美相比,涪陵地区地表条件、地质条件和页岩气储层特征更加复杂、储层埋藏更深,开发初期钻井机械钻速低、钻井周期长、成本高。为此开展了涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术研究,形成了集水平井组钻井工程优化设计、水平井优快钻井技术、国产低成本油基钻井液、满足大型压裂要求的长水平段水平井固井技术、山地特点“井工厂”钻井技术以及绿色环保钻井技术为核心的页岩气水平井组优快钻井技术体系。在涪陵页岩气田推广应用了290口井,完井256口,平均单井机械钻速提高了182%,平均单井钻井周期缩短了55%,平均单井钻井成本降低了34%。为涪陵页岩气田年50亿m3一期产能建设的顺利完成提供了强有力的技术支撑,对我国页岩气规模开发提供了重要的借鉴和引领作用。     

川中地区下侏罗统自流井组大二亚段陆相页岩层系岩性组合类型及其特征

川中地区下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段湖相页岩非均质性强,有利岩性组合的研究对目标层段的选取较为关键.通过对21口井的岩心观察与描述、有机质含量与主微量元素测定等,划分了岩性段及组合类型,并探讨了各组合类型特征.结果表明:大二亚段页岩层系主要发育泥质介壳灰岩、灰黑色页岩、含介壳页岩3类岩性,针对其生物介壳发育的特征,识别出特殊的介壳层岩性段;进一步总结出4类岩性段类型,A块状介壳灰岩段、B页岩与介壳层互层段、C页岩夹介壳层段、D纯页岩段.4类岩性段的古环境特征差异反映了不同的页岩油潜力,半潮湿-潮湿的古气候、较高的古生产力、合适的沉积速率,以及缺氧还原、半咸水-淡水环境有利于有机质的富集与保存,由此综合优选出有利岩性段类型为C页岩夹介壳层段,D纯页岩段次之.      

鄂西宜昌斜坡带五峰组—龙马溪组页岩优势岩相及其生气潜力

【研究目的】不同页岩岩相的矿物组分、含气性和可压性等的差异,决定不同岩相的开发潜力不同,页岩岩相的划分及评价对找寻页岩气勘探开发甜点具有重要指导意义。【研究方法】基于钻井、岩心和分析测试资料,综合利用地质理论结合硅质矿物-黏土矿物-碳酸盐矿物含量三端元图解,对鄂西宜昌斜坡带上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组下段含气页岩岩相进行划分,结合有机碳含量、含气量、岩心镜下特征等划分优势岩相。优选有机质丰度、硅质矿物含量、黏土矿物含量3项指标与页岩含气量进行相关性分析,建立了五峰组—龙马溪组含气页岩优势岩相的分级标准。【研究结果】研究区优势岩相均为II类优势岩相,II₁类（最优）优势岩相为S-2混合硅质页岩相和S-3含黏土硅质页岩相,位于龙马溪组一亚段和五峰组上段,厚6 m;II₂类（次优）优势岩相为S硅质页岩相,位于五峰组下段,厚4 m。【结论】宜昌斜坡带和涪陵地区具有相似的岩相垂向演化序列,优势岩相均位于五峰组—龙马溪组一亚段,但同一岩相组合的页岩厚度和品质差异较大,发生在鲁丹阶早期的湘鄂西水下隆起和鲁丹阶晚期的水下隆起是造成宜昌地区优势岩相的厚度和品质均要差于涪陵地区的主要原因。创新点：建立五峰组—龙马溪组含气页岩优势岩相的分级标准,提出龙马溪组一亚段和五峰组是优势岩相发育层位。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.