河南南召县银洞山铅锌矿床地质地球化学特征研究

河南南召县银洞山铅锌矿床地处兰草—回龙多金属IV级成矿带中段,是中国中部重要的多金属成矿远景区。文章通过对银洞山铅锌矿床地质特征、岩矿石岩相学特征、地球化学特征进行分析,认为区内的栾川群煤窑沟组、NWW—NW向断裂构造和燕山期花岗岩对成矿有十分重要的作用,成矿物质主要来源于燕山期花岗岩,有部分来自地层;并认为该矿床为岩浆热液型矿床。     

枞树板铅锌矿床地球化学特征及成因探讨

通过矿床地球化学特征和同位素年代学的研究,结合区域成矿规律分析,该矿床成矿物质主要来源于千里山花岗岩,成矿时代为燕山早期,成矿温度１６８℃～２４４℃,它属于岩浆期后中低温热液矿床。与柿竹园钨多金属矿、红旗岭锡（铅锌）矿、南风坳银（铅锌）矿共同组成一个完整的与千里山燕山早期花岗岩有关的矿床成矿系列。     

蒙古国玛达特地区铜钼及铅锌银矿矿床成因类型探讨

蒙古国东部玛达特地区地处中蒙古-额尔古纳多金属成矿带,在区域内先后发现查布铅锌银矿床、喇嘛朝鲁图铜钼矿床及萨尔希特铅锌银矿床等一系列多金属矿床。通过对各矿床成矿时代、成矿地质背景及围岩特征等进行综合研究,将区域内成矿期划分为华力西晚期、燕山期两期,铜钼矿床为华力西晚期、燕山早期两期叠加成矿,铅锌银矿床成矿期为燕山晚期,2类矿床成矿与构造、岩浆活动关系密切。同时,通过分析对比各矿床矿化特征、矿体特征等因素,将区域内矿床划分为2种矿床成因类型,即中高温斑岩型铜钼矿床、中温热液脉型铅锌银矿床,喇嘛朝鲁图铜钼矿床及萨尔希特铅锌银矿床成矿母岩微量元素分析结果表明,二者属同一成矿系列,符合斑岩型-浅成热液型矿床成矿模式。     

内蒙古毛西嘎达坂银铅锌矿地质特征及成因探讨

内蒙古毛西嘎达坂银铅锌矿床位于内蒙东部黄岗梁―乌兰浩特NE向铁锡多金属成矿带上。在对毛西嘎达坂银铅锌矿床的地质特征进行分析的基础上,系统地研究了氢、氧、硫同位素及流体包裹体等特征,认为燕山期的花岗岩为成矿提供了热源和物质来源,成矿热液既有岩浆水又有大气降水的参与,该矿床为岩浆期后中温含矿热液沿断裂裂隙充填交代形成的银铅锌多金属矿床。     

广西环江板同铅锌矿床地质特征及成因探讨

文章阐述了广西环江板同铅锌矿床的地质特征和成矿地质环境,初步探讨了矿床成因,认为该矿床成因类型为岩浆期后中—低温热液裂隙充填型铅锌矿床。     

广西某铜铅锌重晶石矿地球化学特征及其地质意义

以岩石、同位素地球化学等测试结果为基础,对广西象州县境内某铜铅锌重晶石矿的矿床地质特征、成因及其成矿时代进行了研究。结果表明:矿区的矿化受构造破碎带控制;重晶石硫来源于泥盆系中封存的、与沉积物同时沉积的海水或膏盐;铜铅锌钡矿源层以泥盆系为主,部分来自深源的岩浆;含矿溶液为雨水经地下深循环形成的含矿热卤水;成矿温度约为170℃,属中—低温热液型矿床;矿床形成时代为印支—燕山早期。研究结果为该铜铅锌重晶石矿的下一步地质勘查工作奠定了基础。     

水口山矿田矿床定位模式及找矿远景区评价

文章从水口山矿田所处大地构造背景及矿田构造岩浆作用分析入手,阐明了矿田内两大成岩成矿系列:Ⅰ与燕山中期中酸性侵入类有关的中温热液接触交代(夕卡岩)型铅锌铜银硫矿床,Ⅱ与燕山晚期英安质次火山-火山岩有关的浅成低温热液铅锌金银矿床.讨论了两者间的时空关系,分析了控矿因素,总结了矿床定位模式,并结合地物化遥资料进行了矿田内找矿远景区的评价.     

大兴安岭中南段铜多金属矿床成矿系统

在区域地质背景分析和典型矿床研究的基础上,通过对大兴安岭中南段铜多金属矿床成矿地质特征的分析,阐明了该区铜多金属矿床的空间分布、容矿围岩、与成矿有关岩体和成矿时代,运用区域成矿学研究方法将该区铜多金属成矿初步划分为燕山期斑岩热液、印支—燕山期动力热液和晚华力西—燕山期热水喷流沉积叠加后期热液3个成矿系统。研究表明,本区应重视在侏罗世—白垩世火山岩区寻找大型铜多金属矿床,加强在已知矽卡岩型或热液脉型矿床的深部和外围寻找斑岩型矿床。     

河南省栾川福家村钼多金属矿床地质特征及成矿机理

文章对栾川福家村钼多金属矿床的成矿地质背景、矿区及矿床地质特征进行了综合分析,初步探讨了矿床成因机理。研究认为,矿床成因属与燕山期岩浆活动密切相关的高温-中低温热液型钼铜铅锌铁多金属矿床,提出了该区主要找矿标志和找矿方向。     

长江中下游地区首例低温独立铊矿床的Sm Nd同位素定年及其意义

为了确定长江中下游地区首例独立铊矿床—安徽和县香泉铊矿床的热液改造期成矿时代,对矿床中早晚两阶段10件萤石样品进行了SmNd同位素测定,得出早、晚两阶段萤石的等时线年龄分别为131.6±3.0Ma和79±11Ma。结合矿床地质地球化学特征,认为该独立铊矿床低温热液成矿作用发生在晚燕山期,并在燕山期末发生过一期热(泉)活动的叠加。该矿床的发现指示在长江中下游地区存在晚燕山期低温成矿事件和可能的低温成矿域。长江中下游地区燕山期以铊为代表的低温热液成矿作用和以铜(铁)金为代表的中高温热液成矿作用之间可能存在着密切的成因关系,为同一热液流体系统的产物。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.