四川盆地西南缘中侏罗统沙溪庙组沉积地球化学特征及其意义

通过对四川盆地西南缘中侏罗统沙溪庙组碎屑岩的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素进行综合研究,得出其主量元素富CaO、MnO,贫SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Na_2O、K_2O;微量元素中富Cr、Zr、Cs、Th元素,贫Sr、Nb、Ta元素;稀土元素比地壳中的稀土元素总量相对较高,轻稀土元素弱富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,具有轻度的负铕异常。四川盆地西南缘沙溪庙组物源区为长英质岩区,物源区为大陆岛弧。沙溪庙期处于温暖、潮湿的沉积环境,具有中等程度的化学风化作用。为该区中侏罗世环境演化研究提供了基础资料。     

四川盆地西南缘中侏罗统沙溪庙组沉积地球化学特征及其意义

通过对四川盆地西南缘中侏罗统沙溪庙组碎屑岩的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素进行综合研究,得出其主量元素富CaO、MnO,贫SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Na_2O、K_2O;微量元素中富Cr、Zr、Cs、Th元素,贫Sr、Nb、Ta元素;稀土元素比地壳中的稀土元素总量相对较高,轻稀土元素弱富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,具有轻度的负铕异常。四川盆地西南缘沙溪庙组物源区为长英质岩区,物源区为大陆岛弧。沙溪庙期处于温暖、潮湿的沉积环境,具有中等程度的化学风化作用。为该区中侏罗世环境演化研究提供了基础资料。     

广元恐龙化石埋藏地沙溪庙组地球化学特征及对物源区和古风化作用的指示

广元恐龙化石埋藏地是四川盆地中侏罗世重要的恐龙化石点,恐龙化石埋藏于中侏罗统沙溪庙组之中。笔者对该恐龙化石埋藏地沙溪庙组泥质岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征进行了研究,并根据泥质岩的地球化学特征讨论了物源区性质、构造背景以及物源区的风化特征。主量元素和稀土元素表明其物源区以长英质岩石为主,构造背景为被动大陆边缘:指示化学风化程度的CIA指数及成分成熟度的ICV指数,表明物源区经历了中等的化学风化作用,反映了中侏罗世恐龙生活在半干旱的古气候环境之中。     

自贡沙溪庙组地球化学特征及其对物源区和古风化的指示

本文对中侏罗统沙溪庙组泥质岩的主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征进行了研究,并讨论了物源区性质以及风化特征。物源区以长英质岩石为主,指示化学风化程度的CIA指数及成分成熟度的ICV指数,表明经历了低-中等的化学风化作用,反映了中侏罗世的半干旱气候环境。     

四川盆地西南缘下三叠统铜街子组-雷口坡组地球化学特征及其古环境意义

沉积岩的微量元素及稀土元素蕴含了大量的地质信息,是研究沉积物沉积时的古气候、古环境的有效手段。作者选取了四川盆地西南缘下三叠统铜街子组-雷口坡组的9件样品进行了主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素的测定。基于能够敏感反应沉积环境的微量元素指标及特征微量元素、稀土元素比值,对四川盆地西南缘早三叠世铜街子组-雷口坡组沉积时期的古环境、古气候进行了研究。结果表明:四川盆地西南缘下三叠统铜街子组-雷口坡组的岩石具有富TiO_2、MgO、CaO、K_2O等,贫SiO_2、Na_2O的特点。相对于地壳,稀土元素总量较高,具中等的负铕异常,w(LREE)/w(HREE)比值较高。四川盆地西南缘下三叠统铜街子组-雷口坡组的沉积环境演化分为9个时期:自下而上,干热(氧化,水体分层弱)→温湿(氧化,水体分层弱)→冷湿(缺氧、水体分层性极弱)→干热(氧化,水体分层弱)→温湿(缺氧,水体分层强)→干热(氧化,水体分层弱)→温湿(氧化,水体分层弱)→温湿(氧化,水体分层性强)→干热(氧化、水体分层性中等-强)。为该区早三叠世环境演化研究提供基础资料。     

四川盆地北部早白垩世剑门关组泥质岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

早白垩世剑门关组是研究四川盆地北部沉积环境演化的良好地层,对该地层开展系统的地球化学研究,对探讨四川盆地北部早白垩世剑门关组物源区性质、构造背景、古风化作用及古环境具有重要意义。系统分析了剑门关组泥质岩主量、微量和稀土元素地球化学特征,发现早白垩世剑门关组泥质岩富CaO、MgO,贫Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、K_2O、Na_2O、TiO_2、P_2O_5、MnO,富Cr、Cs、V,贫Sr、Nb、U、Hf,稀土元素总量为(164.96～234.35)×10^-6,轻、重稀土元素比值为11.77～15.87,轻、重稀土元素分馏程度高,轻稀土元素相对富集,具弱的正Eu异常。综合分析认为:剑门关组为同一物源的近物源再旋回沉积岩;源岩为沉积岩,可能富含斜长石、重晶石等富Eu矿物;源岩在沉积前经历了中等程度的化学风化作用,并发生了钾交代作用;剑门关组沉积期为温暖、湿润的气候,物源区具有由活动大陆边缘向大陆岛弧转化的特征。     

重庆云阳恐龙化石埋藏地沙溪庙组一段碎屑岩地球化学特征及地质意义

重庆云阳恐龙化石埋藏地是新发现的四川盆地中侏罗世重要的恐龙化石埋藏点,具有巨大的科学意义,恐龙化石埋藏于中侏罗统沙溪庙组一段及新田沟组中。沙溪庙组一段细粒碎屑岩样品地球化学特征表明,样品主量元素w(SiO_2)60.07%～66.57%,w(K_2O)2.77%～4.60%,w(Na_2O)0.73%～2.26%,w(Al_2O_3)15.68%～20.00%,w(Fe_2O_3~T)4.44%～6.74%,w(MgO)1.84%～2.61%,w(CaO)1.06%～1.44%,w(MnO)0.08%～0.12%,样品石英含量较高,成熟度低,可能含有部分重矿物;样品轻稀土元素(LREE)含量介于164.18～221.48×10~(-6),重稀土元素(HREE)含量介于15.83～24.22×10~(-6),LREE/HREE介于7.76～13.99,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线为右倾型,稀土元素上地壳标准化配分曲线为平坦型。主、微量元素特征表明该套碎屑沉积岩物源以长英质火山岩类为主并含有部分古老沉积物,源区构造背景为活动大陆边缘及大陆岛弧环境,中侏罗世沙溪庙组一段处于半潮湿—半干旱的古气候环境中。     

四川省西昌盆地上三叠统白果湾组地球化学特征及其意义

对四川省西昌盆地上三叠统白果湾组碎屑岩的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素进行综合研究,得出其主量元素具有富SiO₂、CaO、P₂O₅,贫Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、Na₂O、K₂O的特征; 微量元素具有富Zr、Cs、Th、U等特征; 稀土元素总量相对较高,轻重稀土元素分馏明显,轻稀土较重稀土相对富集,具有中等负铕异常。白果湾组物源区为长英质岩区,属于被动大陆边缘区; 白果湾期的气候经历了湿润→干旱→湿润→干旱的变化过程; 成分成熟度总体偏低,呈现高→低→高→低的变化规律,与CIA变化趋势呈负相关。本次研究为该区晚三叠世环境演化研究提供了基础资料。     

四川盆地西缘地区中侏罗统沙溪庙组地球化学特征及其环境意义

沉积岩的微量元素及稀土元素蕴含了大量的地质信息,它对沉积环境的水文变化有着较高的敏感度,是研究沉积物沉积时的古气候、古环境的有效手段。选取四川盆地西缘地区中侏罗统上、下沙溪庙组的17件样品进行了详细的微量元素及稀土元素的测定,应用了能够敏感反应沉积环境的微量元素指标及特征微量元素、稀土元素比值,对四川盆地西缘地区中侏罗统上、下沙溪庙组沉积时期的古环境、古气候进行了研究。结果表明:研究区上、下沙溪庙组Sr/Ba比值均小于1,说明沙溪庙组沉积期湖水为淡水;V、U、Mo、V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、（Cu+Mo）/Zn、V/（V+Ni）、δCe、δEu、∑REE、La/Yb微量元素及稀土元素特征值及比值,说明整个沙溪庙组沉积时期湖泊底层水体总体上为中等分层的含氧环境;根据Sr/Cu比值及前人研究成果认为下沙溪庙组沉积期整体表现为温暖干旱,局部时期转凉,此后上沙溪庙组沉积期又转变为类似于下沙溪庙沉积期的温暖干旱的气候环境,且干旱程度逐渐加强。     

甘肃南梁—华池地区三叠系延长组长三段储层物源探讨

利用稀土元素和微量元素,分析鄂尔多斯盆地南部南梁—华池地区上三叠统延长组长三段储层母岩类型和物源方向,研究表明盆地南部南梁—华池地区延长组砂岩和泥岩的稀土元素地球化学特征、REE分配模式及微量元素蜘蛛图解相同,与盆地东北缘太古代、元古代变质岩相似,但不相同;与盆地西南缘的水河地区延长组相似且不同,说明研究区与盆地东北缘和西南缘均有较好的亲缘关系。结合轻、重矿物组合和盆地周缘古陆岩矿特征,证实了研究区物源为两个主物源的混合区。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.