末次盛冰期太平洋赤道辐合带对暖池外热带海表温度变化的敏感性

利用美国NCAR CAM3大气环流模式,分析了末次盛冰期（LGM）两个不同的热带海表温度重建方案中,北半球冬季热带中、西太平洋对流活动及大气环流对暖池外（赤道东太平洋和热带大西洋）热带SST异常的敏感性。结果表明：  1）SST异常首先引起大气环流的改变。  赤道东太平洋对流层下沉增强,而作为经向补偿,副热带东太平洋上升运动增强,其中南半球尤为明显,同时南半球热带中、西太平洋上升运动增强,加剧了该区纬向逆时针环流,说明冰期热带海气耦合过程受气候背景场（如SST）影响很大;   2）大气环流格局改变引起热带中西太平洋的大气加热、对流活动、表层风场及降雨的巨大变化。  140°E以西的婆罗洲和菲律宾区域,总的大气加热减少是由于对流与辐射加热减少所致,对应于该区风场辐散和降雨减少;   而140°E以东的南半球热带中、西太平洋,大气吸收热量增加,对流与辐射加热均增强,总降雨量也随之增加,反映该区赤道辐合带南移并增强。该项研究为探索热带太平洋在冰期/间冰期旋回中的古海洋学变化提供了新的数据支撑。此外,不同重建SST对赤道辐合带的影响比较大,因此利用重建SST进行数值模拟或者利用耦合模式研究LGM热带海气相互作用时,应该十分重视全球热带SST分布特征。     

IAP近期际气候预测系统海洋初始化试验中海表温度和层积云的关系

气候预测系统的海洋初始化积分试验考虑了海气相互作用,可以视为一种弱耦合同化试验。海温(SST)和层积云的关系是检验海气相互作用过程模拟效果的重要参考。分析了基于耦合气候系统模式FGOALS-s2的中国科学院大气物理研究所近期气候预测系统IAP Dec Pre S的海洋初始化模拟实验(简称EnOI-IAU试验)所模拟的海温—云关系。结果表明,EnOI-IAU试验较好地模拟出了SST和低云的气候态空间分布,但在主要层积云区低估了低云云量和云水,SST模拟偏高,特别在副热带东大洋沿岸和南大洋。部分原因是这些地区实际影响海表温度模拟的是模式的内部过程,而低云模拟不足导致了海表入射更多的短波辐射(强度约偏强20 W/m~2),迫使局地SST模拟过高。分析显示,低云模拟不足主要是由于EnOI-IAU试验不能再现合理的边界层逆温结构,表现为大气垂直速度、温度和湿度过于集中在近地层,使得边界层垂直热输送较弱、边界层无法充分混合,进而无法有效模拟出层积云。这些结果表明,未来引入大气观测数据同化,特别是改善边界层结构的模拟,对形成完整的耦合同化系统具有必要性。     

RegCM3模式在西北地区的应用研究I:对极端干旱事件的模拟

为了检验区域气候模式RegCM3在西北地区的模拟能力,对2001年夏季西北地区极端干旱事件进行了模拟.结果表明:模式能很好地再现西北地区主要的环流特征和温度及降水的变化情况,主要的偏差在于高原上低压中心的模拟偏低,对西北东部对流层低层位势高度的模拟偏高.区域平均的温度模拟存在着1~3℃的冷偏差,偏差产生的原因与地表净辐射的负偏差有关.月降水量模拟远远偏大,最小的百分比偏差也达到了30%.模拟结果同时表明,由于受模式初始场的影响,6月降水和气温的模拟效果最差.RegCM3的模拟中还存在着许多问题,必须开展进一步的工作来提高模式的模拟效果,减少偏差.     

全球高分辨率气候系统模式研究进展

气候模式是定量研究气候演变规律、预测或预估未来气候变化的重要工具。提高气候模式空间分辨率并改进相应的物理参数化过程,是改善模式性能的重要途径之一,对于认识气候变化规律、提高气候预测能力具有重要作用。在阐述发展全球高分辨率气候系统模式重要性的基础上,对当今国内外高分辨率气候系统模式的研究进展进行总结,介绍全球高分辨率气候系统模式研发和评估的现状及其存在的问题,并着重讨论了制约当前高分辨率气候系统模式发展的关键科学问题和技术瓶颈,其中包括高分辨率海洋和大气模式动力框架的研制和大规模高性能并行计算、次网格物理参数化过程的改进,以及中尺度海气相互作用等。同时,还介绍了国际耦合模式比较计划第六阶段中的高分辨率模式比较子计划的科学目标及其试验设计方案。最后对未来我国全球高分辨率气候系统模式的发展和评估进行了展望。     

破解全球海洋环境气候模拟难题

当前,全球气候变化与海洋环境变化成为各国关注的热点,如何更加准确地模拟和预测海洋气候变化成为各国科学研究的焦点之一。国家海洋局第一海洋研究所副所长、海洋环境科学和数值模拟重点实验室主任乔方利研究员,在大连召开的北太平洋海洋科学组织第十七届年会上,作了《海浪-环流耦合理论和数值模式发展》的主题报告,引起了400余名国内外与会科学家的巨大反响。乔方利博士带领研究组率先打破常规思维,首次将海浪这一物理过程纳入海洋动力学研究中,进而率先在国际上建立了海浪与环流耦合理论和浪潮流耦合预报模式。该理论和模式是我国近期取得的原始自主创新,处于该领域世界领先水平。     

亚洲沙尘的远距离输送及对海洋生态系统的影响

亚洲沙尘是全球沙尘的重要组成部分,其环境效应已得到广泛关注,但至今对亚洲沙尘输送/沉降—海洋生态系统响应—辐射活性气体海气交换—间接气候效应这一过程的认识却是非常初步的。亚洲沙尘存在3个主要源区,对其排放强度的认识仍存在较大的不确定性。亚洲沙尘可以通过长距离输送而影响到广大的北太平洋,其传输路径和影响范围决定于沙尘的来源、粒子谱分布与大气环流特征等因素。沙尘沉降是海洋营养物质和污染物质的来源之一,但沉降通量的估算结果仍有待进一步验证,而对海洋生态系统的作用机制及其反馈还缺乏足够的了解。论文在综述国内外相关研究的基础上,提出了“亚洲沙尘与海洋生态系统”（Asian Dust and Ocean EcoSystem,ADOES）研究计划的科学目标和主要研究内容。     

全球气候变化的区域响应：中国西北地区气候“暖湿化”趋势、成因及预估研究进展与展望

西北地区是中国西部大开发的主战场和重要的生态环境安全屏障区,该区气候变化直接影响到“一带一路”倡议实施中的水资源、生态和环境安全。在全球气候变化背景下,西北地区气候呈现出明显的“暖湿化”现象并呈东扩发展趋势,极端降水事件趋多趋强。一方面,降水量的增加有利于该地区的水资源可持续利用和生态环境保护;另一方面,极端降水的增加也对区域综合防灾减灾提出了新挑战。针对近年来备受关注的西北地区气候“暖湿化”问题,从其演变特征、形成原因和物理机制以及未来趋势预估等方面进行了总结和评述,归纳了已有的科学共识,并进一步剖析了当前研究中存在的问题和不足,最后对未来科学研究的重点方向进行了展望。对西北地区气候“暖湿化”趋势、成因及未来预估进行系统回顾,将对今后深入研究西北地区气候“暖湿化”问题具有重要的科学指导意义。     

近千年全球气候变化的长积分模拟试验

近千年全球气候变化的长积分模拟试验是全球气候模拟研究的新领域,它不仅将现代器测资料与过去代用指标序列进行了有机的衔接,而且对过去百年和年代际尺度的气候变化可进行动力学解释,探讨其主要控制因素及其导致的区域响应差异。由于这类长积分模拟对计算机技术和气候模式本身的要求较高,目前能进行这类研究的国家为数不多。重点介绍了德国马普气象研究所的全球海气耦合气候模式ECHO G,以及利用该模式进行的千年长积分模拟试验结果。首先,应用全球120年的器测资料对模拟结果进行了检验,论证了该模型较强的气候模拟能力;其次,根据全球地表2 m气温的千年模拟结果,揭示了中世纪暖期—小冰期—20世纪暖期三段式气候变化时段,然后讨论了中世纪暖期和小冰期鼎盛期全球及中国的温度分布特点;最后根据对各控制因子的拟合分析与比较,初步揭示了近千年来的温度变化主要受太阳有效辐射的变化控制,而温室气体含量的增加对100年来温度的快速上升起着主导作用。      

近千年来中国区域降水模拟与重建资料的对比分析

依据中国区域27年GPCP降水观测再分析资料、500年旱涝等级资料及近千年冰芯、树轮、湖芯等降水代用资料,对全球海气耦合气候模式ECHO G近千年积分模拟降水进行时空变化的对比分析,检验模式对中国地区降水的模拟性能。结果表明模拟降水较好体现了中国区域降水年平均和季节平均的分布型态,并在年代际变化上与历史记录一致。中国西部模拟降水呈现出与重建资料一致的准200年的百年际周期及20～30年左右的年代际周期,并与湖泊盐度的高低时段对应较好。总体而言,模式成功再现了观测及代用资料所体现的中国区域近千年降水的主要时空变化特征。EOF分析结果进一步揭示了3个不同气候特征时期模拟降水存在不同的区域分异特点。     

使用订正的“空间型标度”法预估1.5℃温升阈值下地表气温变化

近10年(2007—2016年)全球地表气温相对于工业革命前(1861—1890年)已上升约1℃,未来达到1.5℃温升阈值时的气候变化及其影响成为国际社会高度关注的问题。目前对未来温度的预估多依赖气候模式,但模式在区域气候预估方面尚存在较大不确定性。采用国际通用的"空间型标度(Pattern scaling)"方法,尝试基于1951—2005年历史温度观测资料,预估1.5℃温升阈值下全球区域地表气温相对于当前升温1℃的变化。由于未来气温变化的空间型可能与历史时期不完全相同,同时非线性因素亦可能令基于线性假设的空间型标度法出现偏差,故利用参加第五次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)的21个气候模式在4种典型浓度路径情景(RCP8.5,RCP6.0,RCP4.5,RCP2.6)下增暖空间型相对于历史时期(1951—2005年)的变化,对观测的空间型进行订正,并考虑非线性因素的影响。结果表明,全球平均温度继续上升0.5℃,达到1.5℃时,4种情景下预估的地表气温变化的空间型和增暖幅度接近。大部分陆地将升温0.6℃以上,北半球比南半球高约0.2℃,陆地比海洋高约0.3℃。预估中国区域升温0.7℃以上。RCP2.6下中国北部和中部升温明显高于其他情景。若不考虑订正方法的影响,在全球和区域尺度上,基于观测资料的空间型标度法预估结果的不确定性均远小于气候模式。     

末次盛冰期西太平洋海温差异对亚洲夏季风影响的数值模拟

文章利用Zhao等的模拟结果,进一步研究了在末次盛冰期(LGM)情景下汪品先和CLIMAP两种重建海洋表面温度(SST)资料差异对亚洲夏季风的影响。模拟结果表明:在LGM情景下西太平洋海域SST资料的不同对模拟的亚洲夏季风有着十分重要的作用。夏季,与CLGM方案相比,在WLGM方案中,当热带西太平洋SST较暖时,印度地区的大气热量出现显著增加,大气热量的这种变化,使得南非高压、南印度洋经向Hadley环流加强,伴随着索马里越赤道气流加强,也导致了印度季风区纬向季风环流的加强,从而造成了印度夏季风增强、降水增多;与较暖的热带西太平洋相对应,澳大利亚高压和120°E附近越赤道气流减弱,东亚季风区20°N以南经向季风环流加强、20°N以北经向季风环流减弱,指示着一个强的南海夏季风和较弱东亚副热带大陆夏季风。     

Decadal Prediction Skill of the Global Sea Surface Temperature in the BCC_CSM1.1 Climate Model

This study assesses retrospective decadal prediction skill of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability in initialized climate prediction experiments (INT) with the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC_CSM1.1). Ensemble forecasts were evaluated using observations, and compared to an ensemble of uninitialized simulations (NoINT). The results show as follows: ①The warming trend of global mean SST simulated by the INT runs is closer to the observation than that in the NoINT runs.②The INT runs show high SST prediction skills over broad regions of tropical Atlantic, western tropical Pacific and tropical Indian Oceans. ③ In the North Pacific and the east-central tropical Pacific Ocean, the prediction skills are very weak, and there are few improvements coming from the initialization in the INT runs. ④ In the southern Indian Ocean, the prediction skills of the INT runs are significantly larger than that of the NoINT runs, with the maximum skill at the 3~6 and 4~7 years lead time. The above-mentioned conclusions are similar to the results of other climate models. However, the prediction skill in the North Atlantic Ocean is much lower than that of other models, especially in the subpolar region. The low skills in the Atlantic Ocean may be attributed to the misrepresentation of the lead-lag relationship between the Atlantic meridional heat transport and the SST in the BCC_CSM1.1.     

Study of the global and regional climatic impacts of ENSO magnitude using SPEEDY AGCM

ENSO is considered as a strong atmospheric teleconnection that has pronounced global and regional circulation effects. It modifies global monsoon system, especially, Asian and African monsoons. Previous studies suggest that both the frequency and magnitude of ENSO events have increased over the last few decades resulting in a need to study climatic impacts of ENSO magnitude both at global and regional scales. Hence, to better understand the impact of ENSO amplitude over the tropical and extratropical regions focussing on the Asian and African domains, ENSO sensitivity experiments are conducted using ICTPAGCM (‘SPEEDY’). It is anticipated that the tropical Pacific SST forcing will be enough to produce ENSO-induced teleconnection patterns; therefore, the model is forced using NINO3.4 regressed SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific only. SPEEDY reproduces the impact of ENSO over the Pacific, North and South America and African regions very well. However, it underestimates ENSO teleconnection patterns and associated changes over South Asia, particularly in the Indian region, which suggests that the tropical Pacific SST forcing is not sufficient to represent ENSO-induced teleconnection patterns over South Asia. Therefore, SST forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean together with air–sea coupling is also required for better representation of ENSO-induced changes in these regions. Moreover, results obtained by this pacemaker experiment show that ENSO impacts are relatively stronger over the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) compared to extratropics and high latitude regions. The positive phase of ENSO causes weakening in rainfall activity over African tropical rain belt, parts of South and Southeast Asia, whereas, the La Niña phase produces more rain over these regions during the summer season. Model results further reveal that ENSO magnitude has a stronger impact over African Sahel and South Asia, especially over the Indian region because of its significant impact over the tropical Atlantic and the Indian Ocean through Walker circulation. ENSO-induced negative (positive) NAO-like response and associated changes over Southern Europe and North Africa get significantly strong following increased intensity of El Niño (La Niña) in the northern (southern) hemisphere in the boreal winter (summer) season. We further find that ENSO magnitude significantly impacts Hadley and Walker circulations. The positive phase of ENSO (El Niño) overall strengthens Hadley cell and a reverse is true for the La Niña phase. ENSO-induced strengthening and weakening of Hadley cell induces significant impact over South Asian and African ITCZ convective regions through modification of ITCZ/monsoon circulation system.     

末次冰消期冲绳海槽中部表层和温跃层海水温度演化的脱耦现象

解读末次冰消期全球水文气候演变过程对于理解气候系统对内外强迫的响应具有重要意义. 以冲绳海槽中部OKI02岩心为材料,通过浮游有孔虫Globigerinodes ruber和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata壳体Mg/Ca比值分别重建了19 ka BP以来海槽中部表层和温跃层海水温度（SST和TWT）,结合浮游有孔虫群落组成变化重点恢复了末次冰消期（~18~11.7 ka BP）上层水体温度变化的特征和过程. 结果显示SST在LGM显著偏低,末次冰消期表现为显著的千年尺度变化,清楚地记录了HS1、B/A、YD等快速气候波动事件. 19 ka BP以来重建的TWT整体呈明显的上升趋势,但波动频繁而剧烈,末次冰消期相对较低,未显示显著的千年尺度变化. 对比北半球高纬和热带太平洋的记录发现,末次冰消期冲绳海槽中部SST开始上升的时间基本与前者相当,但明显滞后于热带西太平洋;冰消期其变化模式明显区别于热带西太平洋持续稳定的升温过程,而更类似于北半球高纬区的变化. 与SST明显不同,海槽区温跃层的升温（~18 ka BP）明显早于北半球高纬变暖,却接近于热带西太平洋海表温度开始上升的时间;且TWT的上升和波动方式也更接近于热带太平洋海温的变化模式. 对末次冰消期SST和TWT差异化演变的分析表明,AMOC对中低纬大气环流的影响可能通过东亚冬季风强度的变化控制了海槽区SST的演变,而热带太平洋ENSO过程则可能通过黑潮强度的变化决定了区域TWT的演化. 末次冰消期冲绳海槽中部SST和TWT演化存在明显的脱耦现象,显示了其与高、低纬海洋和气候变化之间的密切联系.      

Progresses and Prospects for North Tropical Atlantic Mode Interannual Variability

North Tropical Atlantic Mode (NTAM) is the leading variability of the boreal spring sea surface temperature anomalies over the North Tropical Atlantic at interannual timescale. It is also known as the northern pole of the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM). NTAM shows significant impact on the shift of Intertropical Convergence Zone, the precipitation of the surrounding countries, the quasi-biennial oscillation of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the recent global warming hiatus. Despite its distinct influence on global climate, NTAM has not received equivalent attention as other tropical variability (e.g. ENSO). By revisiting previous studies, this paper summarized the triggers and mechanisms responsible for the evolution and development of NTAM, including remote forcing from ENSO, south tropical Atlantic as well as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), local air-sea coupling, and the interactions among different triggers. Also, this paper detailedly introduced the ability of CMIP5 (The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) model simulation. The prominent model biases over the equatorial Atlantic significantly limit the study of NTAM. Finally, a future prospective of NTAM interannual variability was presented.     

南沙海区盛冰期的气候问题

南沙海区属于西太平洋暖池区，其盛冰期的表层水温变化涉及暖池在冰期旋回中的稳定性，因而具有全球性意义、本文根据十几个沉积柱状样的氧同位素与微体古生物分析结果，指出南沙海区盛冰期时夏季温度与全新世差别微小，而冬季水温强烈降低，使季节性温差高达６℃，明显超过同纬度的西太平洋开放水域。推测冰期时的冬季风强化，是造成这些变化的主要原因，同时也为热带海区冰期海面温度高、岛屿山地温度低的矛盾提出了一种新的可能解释。     

Tree‐ring‐based annual precipitation reconstruction for the Hexi Corridor,NW China: consequences for climate history on and beyond the mid‐latitude Asian continent

An annual (July to June) precipitation reconstruction for the period AD 1760–2010 was developed from a Picea crassifolia regional tree‐ring chronology from two sites in the northern mountainous region of the Hexi Corridor, NW China. This reconstruction explains 52.1% of the actual precipitation variance during the period 1951 to 2010. Spatial correlations with gridded land‐surface data reveal that our reconstruction contains a strong regional precipitation signal for the Hexi Corridor and for the southern margin of the Badain Jaran Desert. Significant spectral peaks were identified at 31.9, 11.1, 8.0, 7.0, 3.2, 2.6 and 2.2 years. A large‐scale comparison indicates that our reconstruction is more consistent with climate records of a Westerly‐dominated Central Asia, and that the Westerlies have a greater impact on the precipitation in this region than the Asian summer monsoon. Our reconstructed precipitation series is significantly correlated with sea‐surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (positive), the tropical Indian Ocean (positive), the western tropical Pacific Ocean (positive), and the western North Pacific Ocean (negative). The spatial correlation patterns between our precipitation reconstruction and SSTs of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans suggest a connection between regional precipitation variations and the high‐mid‐latitude northern atmospheric circulations (Westerlies and Asian summer monsoon).     

Glacial/interglacial sea surface temperature changes in the Southwest Pacific ocean over the past 360 ka

The phase relationship between climate parameters during terminations gives insight into deglaciation mechanisms. By combining foraminiferal Mg/Ca and alkenone thermometers with planktonic and benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O, we determined the phase relationship between local sea surface temperature (SST) and global seawater δ¹⁸O changes in the Coral Sea in the Southwestern Pacific over the last 360 ka. The onset of the SST warming preceded the seawater δ¹⁸O change by several ka for Termination I, II and III. During Termination I, the SST warming started at 20 ka BP, earlier than atmospheric CO₂ rise suggesting that the greenhouse effect was not the main trigger of this early warming. Compilation of ¹⁴C-dated SST records from the whole Pacific during Termination I reveals that the onset of the warming is generally earlier in the Southern and the tropical Pacific than in the North Pacific. This spatio-temporal warming pattern suggests linkage between the southern ocean and tropical Pacific. The early tropical warming could provide heat and moisture to the northern high latitudes, modifying radiative balance and precipitation over ice sheets at the onset of deglaciation.     

ENSO-7赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温距平的循环

近几年的一系列分析研究表明，ENSO与异常东亚冬季风之间有相互影响，持续的强（弱）东亚冬季风通过引起赤道西太平洋地区的西（东）风异常对El Niño/La Niña的发生起着重要作用；赤道太平洋次表层海温异常（SOTA）的年际变化（循环）与ENSO发生有密切关系；ENSO的真正源在西太平洋暖池，暖池正（负）SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传到东太平洋，便导致El Niño/La Niña的爆发；在暖池正（负）SOTA沿赤道东传的同时，有负（正）SOTA沿10°N和10°S纬度带向西传播，从而构成SOTA的循环；热带太平洋SOTA循环的驱动者是赤道西太平洋的异常纬向风。进而可以认为：ENSO实质上是主要由异常东亚季风引起的赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温距平的年际循环。     

The Simulation of Stratocumulus and Its Impacts on SST:Based on the IAP Near-Term Climate Prediction System

The near-term climate prediction system (DecPreS) is built on the initialization of the ocean state, which can be regarded as a full-coupled system with “adjusted” air-sea interactions. The relationship between stratocumulus and Sea Surface Temperature (SST ) is an essential part of air-sea interactions. In this study, we investigated such a relationship in DecPreS of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, in which the merge of the Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) and Incremental Analysis Update (IAU) scheme was employed. EnOI-IAU generally reproduces the spatial pattern of SST and low-clouds. However, the simulated cloud fraction/liquid water path are underestimated while the SST is overestimated in stratocumulus regimes, especially in the subtropical East Pacific and South Ocean. It is partly because the unrealistic air-sea interaction dominates these regions that the underestimated stratocumulus allows more input of incoming shortwave flux (20 W/m²). The deficient stratocumulus is highly related to the unrealistic vertical structure of Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL), in which the moisture, temperature and vertical heat transports concentrate at the surface layer. Our results imply that stratocumulus and ABL be important in DecPreS. Clarifying the importance of ABL and stratocumulus will provide a possible way to improve the DecPreS.