黄淮流域天气雷达应用系统介绍与应用分析

2009-2010年,水利部水文局引进了美国海洋大气管理局(NOAA)强风暴实验室(NSSL)开发的新一代多探测器定量估算降水系统(下称Q2),利用黄淮流域的6部新一代天气雷达,开发了水利部天气雷达应用系统(下称MWKQ2)并进行了应用试验。系统集成了雷达、自动雨量站、探空等资料,实时每10分钟自动生成格距0.01°×0.01°(1km×1km)的多种降水产品以及区域面雨量产品(1、3、6、12、24、48、72h)。介绍了该系统的组成及关键技术,重点对MWRQ2雨量估算结果与常规雨量站资料进行了对比分析,结果表明这两种方法估算雨量的一致性较好,尤其是时段区域面雨量差别较小。     

机载多普勒天气雷达及应用研究进展

机载多普勒天气雷达由于其灵活机动性,在台风、暴雨等灾害性天气系统中尺度三维精细结构研究中发挥着重要作用.对机载多普勒天气雷达技术及其资料应用进行了概要性综述,主要从机载多普勒天气雷达发展历程、4种主要机载多普勒雷达技术特点、雷达天线扫描策略、单多普勒雷达风场反演技术、双多普勒雷达风场反演技术、雷达资料同化以及目标观测等方面进行阐述和分析;着重讨论了应用中需要解决的问题.最后,指出发展具有快速扫描和双偏振功能的机载相控阵多普勒雷达是机载天气雷达的发展方向,它可以获取高时空分辨率的探测数据,能够对云和降水系统的三维精细动力结构、热力结构以及微物理结构等进行综合研究.     

黄河三花区间天气雷达测雨技术应用研究

采用改进窗概率配对方法以及自适应卡尔曼滤波和变分联合的方法分别对郑州和三门峡两部新一代多普勒天气雷达观测资料以及地面自动雨量站资料进行了降水反演和评估,并实现了两部雷达降水反演的拼图.评估结果表明在雷达测雨中,利用改进窗概率配对方法确定的Z-R关系反演的雷达测雨精度要优于目前国内业务雷达采用的经验关系式,而且经过自适应卡尔曼滤波和变分联合处理之后,既保持了雷达观测降水的空间分布特征,也显著提高了雷达测雨的精度.     

一种人工影响天气微型无人驾驶飞机及初步试验

人工影响天气微型无人驾驶飞机用于复杂天气下人影作业，是可控和可回收探测器和播撒器。人工影响天气微型无人驾驶飞机系统由微型飞机、任务载荷（机载撒播装置和探测装置）及地面监视控制三部分构成。飞行前通过计算机给飞机上的机载控制系统设置航线,遥控起飞后可由机载控制系统控制,飞机按照预定航线进行自主飞行。在需要修改飞行方向时，也可通过遥控终端发出指令。在到达作业高度后，通过遥控终端发出指令，飞机开始播撒作业。在整个飞行过程中飞机不断探测大气温压湿和风，连续将探测资料和飞行数据发送给地面监视终端。通过试验验证了人工影响天气微型无人驾驶飞机飞行性能和探测能力：能够在携带1 kg播撒剂的情况下，飞达6 km的高度，作业半径20 km；能在雨天进行播撒作业和探测；飞机采用手掷起飞，对起飞的场地几乎没有要求；采用降落伞降落，可选择草地、农田降落。初步分析了对对流降水和雷电天气的适应能力。     

联合天气雷达洪水预警系统中的不确定性,可靠度和风险

洪水预报中的不确定性是由作为输入的降水观测和预报的误差所决定的。误差大小受雨量计站网密度（大多与天气雷达联合运用），降水强度和所采用的降水预报方法的影响。在不更颠南部，采用一种经验方法来量化降水观测及预报的不确定性性，数据由两个密集的雨量计站网和天气雷达共同提供。降水不确定性对洪水预报的影响，通过在伦敦附近的泰晤士流域一个综合实验研究进行了检验。此项研究就模型和流域对洪水预报不确定性的相地影响也很     

新疆喀什西部新一代天气雷达产品的冰雹预警指标研究

2010年以来喀什地区冰雹频繁,严重危害当地农业生产. 通过整理分析2009-2012年喀什新一代天气雷达监测资料,结合我国中东部地区基于雷达监测的冰雹预警指标,经过对喀什西部的18次冰雹天气过程中新一代天气雷达监测预警指标的分析,归纳出了喀什西部新一代雷达产品的冰雹预警指标：（1）组合反射率≥50 dBz;（2）回波顶高≥9 km;（3）云体垂直液态水含量≥20 kg·m^-2. 根据该预警指标对喀什西部2011-2012年冰雹过程进行回报预警,准确率达到84.6%. 以有详细降雹时间记录的14次冰雹过程为例,分析喀什西部基于雷达监测产品的冰雹预警时效,14次个例中冰雹预警时效平均为27 min. 选取2012年5月13日、5月23日和2013年6月18日3次强冰雹过程个例,分析冰雹出现前后喀什新一代天气雷达的连续监测资料表明：3次过程中降雹开始时间对应雷达监测值达到最大（高）值时刻;组合反射率与回波顶高首先达到预警指标,垂直液态含水量达到预警指标的时间滞后11~19 min;3项雷达产品均达到冰雹预警指标的时间比实际发布冰雹预警时间早7~17 min,喀什西部冰雹预警时效潜力可以增加到30 min以上. 在喀什西部,应用新一代天气雷达监测产品开展冰雹实时预警业务是可行的,对提高当地冰雹灾害防御能力提供了有力的技术支持.     

基于最优化算法的北京市新一代天气雷达Z-R关系研究

运用最优化方法,选取北京市新一代天气雷达2007年4场降雨的基数据资料与对应的雨量计资料进行Z-R关系研究,对不同类型的降雨和不同距离范围的雷达估测点分别优化.结果表明:运用优化后的Z-R关系估测降水量的误差要比缺省的Z-R关系式直接计算出降水量的误差小得多;层状云降水的估测结果优于对流云降水的估测:距离雷达站较近的地区其估测结果优于较远的地区.     

新一代天气雷达背景场特征资料生成方法及检验

地形对波束遮挡是影响雷达观测资料质量的重要误差源之一。国家防汛抗旱指挥系统二期工程建设了天气雷达应用系统,系统利用新一代天气雷达背景场特征资料客观分析技术计算出雷达站周围环境对雷达波束造成遮挡影响的背景场特征资料(挡角图、等射束高度图和波束遮挡能量耗损率图)。详细介绍了新一代天气雷达背景场特征资料计算原理和方法,并提出利用雷达回波概率特征方法,将计算出的背景场特征资料与不同仰角雷达回波统计的概率空间分布进行对比分析,验证了新一代天气雷达背景场特征资料的正确性,为后期雷达波束能量遮挡进行定量订正提供依据。     

突发性强灾害天气预警系统：理论与应用

“突发性强灾害天气预警系统”以WWW为平台,融贯多种天气预报新技术,为各类用户提供了崭新的预报视角和技术含量较高的预报产品;产品包括强对流指数诊断、基于卫星和雷达的外推产品,中尺度数值模式预报产品,以及基于“综合叠套技术”给出的强天气展望和强天气临近概率预报产品等。通过近几年部分省市业务化运行检验,证明该系统整体自动化程度高,运行稳定,其提供的综合预警产品能有效地为暴雨等强对流天气提供预警信息,提高了暴雨等强天气的预报预警服务质量。     

多普勒天气雷达风场反演技术研究进展

多普勒天气雷达是研究中小尺度天气系统的重要工具，但却只能提供风场的径向速度，因而必须通过风场反演技术来求解二维或三维风场。详细分析了各种单部、多部和多基地多普勒天气雷达风场反演技术及其优缺点，同时指出了应重点研究的方向。从反演结果来看，基于变分法的反演技术明显优于其它方法，这是今后的一个主要研究方向；利用四维同化理论，在数值模式初始场中使用反演数据，是反演技术应用的重点。     

基于多普勒天气雷达的冰雹云早期识别与预警方法研究

利用C波段新一代多普勒天气雷达监测资料和探空数据,对新疆南疆阿克苏地区西部绿洲2009-2015年28个降雹个例、32个对流风暴降雹单体进行分析,把发生在该区域的暴雹单体分为弱、中、强等三种类型,并综合分析不同强度降雹单体的“初生”、“跃增”和“酝酿”三个冰雹云生命史关键阶段的空间分布、演变规律以及不同温度层之间的关系,筛选出了能够提前识别各类冰雹云的雷达回波特征参量及指标阈值,并以此作为判识因子,建立了三种冰雹云提前识别及预警概念模型,同时对其识别能力进行验证,获得了三类冰雹云80%以上的识别准确率和合适的早期识别与有效作业指挥时间提前量,为该区域强冰雹云的早期识别与有效实施人工防雹作业决策提供科学依据。     

Radar research of hailstorm formation and development over the central part of Northern Caucasus (Russia). Organization and main results of the regional hail suppression projects

The results of the analysis of long-term radar research of the hailstorms over the central part of the Northern Caucasus are presented. Radar observations which formed the basis of experimental material were carried out continuously from the moment of the first radar echo registration until complete dissipation of the hailstorm. The computerized system of collecting, processing and the analysis of the radar information was used. Time discretization of the radar parameters of the full spatial observation averaged 3 min. Statistical sampling of radar data included 392 hail cells, for each of which the time distributions of the radar parameters both measured and calculated using the computerized system were compiled. Distribution of the hailstorms first radar echo formation zones over the observation region was compiled. Areas with the maximum frequency of the hailstorms first radar echo formation were defined. The hailstorm trajectories were analyzed. Four main types of hail cell trajectories were selected, which included 86 % of the supercells and 64 % of the long-lived multicells. The dynamic parameters of the hail core formation and development were analyzed. The hail storm characteristics of the Northern Caucasus are compared to the hail storms of Mendoza, Argentina, and Alberta, Canada. The bases of the organization of regional hail suppression services which use the rocket technology of cloud seeding are presented. The results of the cloud seeding operations during recent years are shown.     

Radar research of hailstorm formation and development over the central part of Northern Caucasus (Russia). Organization and main results of the regional hail suppression projects

The results of the analysis of long-term radar research of the hailstorms over the central part of the Northern Caucasus are presented. Radar observations which formed the basis of experimental material were carried out continuously from the moment of the first radar echo registration until complete dissipation of the hailstorm. The computerized system of collecting, processing and the analysis of the radar information was used. Time discretization of the radar parameters of the full spatial observation averaged 3 min. Statistical sampling of radar data included 392 hail cells, for each of which the time distributions of the radar parameters both measured and calculated using the computerized system were compiled. Distribution of the hailstorms first radar echo formation zones over the observation region was compiled. Areas with the maximum frequency of the hailstorms first radar echo formation were defined. The hailstorm trajectories were analyzed. Four main types of hail cell trajectories were selected, which included 86 % of the supercells and 64 % of the long-lived multicells. The dynamic parameters of the hail core formation and development were analyzed. The hail storm characteristics of the Northern Caucasus are compared to the hail storms of Mendoza, Argentina, and Alberta, Canada. The bases of the organization of regional hail suppression services which use the rocket technology of cloud seeding are presented. The results of the cloud seeding operations during recent years are shown.

     

数值天气预报检验方法研究进展

数值天气预报检验是改进及应用数值模式的重要环节。近年来,模式检验中的观念不断更新,适用于不同预报产品及不同用户需求的模式检验方法也不断涌现。首先简单回顾了以列联表为基础的传统的模式检验方法。其次重点总结了伴随高分辨率数值预报而出现的空间诊断检验技术,按照检验目的的不同,诊断方法可以归纳为:①基于滤波技术的分辨模式在不同时空尺度上预报能力的邻域法、尺度分离法;②利用位移偏差诊断模式预报位置、面积、方位、轴角等与观测差异的属性判别法、变形评估法。然后阐述了集合样本成员的概率分布函数(PDF)、集合预报与观测概率分布函数相似程度、事件发生的概率预报等集合预报检验方法。最后论述了空间诊断技术、集合预报检验方法的适用领域,并讨论了模式检验中存在的一些问题及未来的发展方向。     

大气重力波布阵探测灾害性冰雹过程的研究

1995－1997年在冰雹灾害频繁的贵州省中西部进行了灾害性冰雹过程的大气重力波布阵探测研究，结果表明使用动态谱分析技术的大气重力波三测点布探测方法不仅可以在冰雹灾害发生3－24小时以前获得可靠的预警信息，而且可连续跟踪监测波原所在方位，为冰雹过程发生发展的理论机制及预报方法和研究和人工防雹作业提供了一些新的线索和一种新的技术手段。     

Weather forecasting for dinosaurs

A weather forecast for 22 September 150 million years ago: 'Most of Britain will continue to enjoy a sunny end to the summer. Winds remain calm, but some cloud may develop by the end of the day. Further afield, India and Australia are experiencing some stormy weather with severe gales across the northern coast of India.'     

云分析预报方法研究进展

云作为地球大气系统的重要组成部分,不仅影响着气候变化和天气系统的发展演变,还与航空活动密切相关,一直以来是空军和民航部门非常关注的气象要素之一。在云探测、资料同化和反演方法发展的基础上,从实际业务保障和数值模式发展需求出发,综述国内外云分析、预报方法和云分析预报系统开发的研究成果,分析各类方法的优势和不足,明确国内外研究的主要差距,并探讨国内未来研究的方向。云分析方法中,探空对云廓线识别较好,卫星可见光和红外资料在云顶信息反演方面优势明显,多普勒雷达能够获取对流层中层和底层的云信息,而毫米波雷达能够很好地反映云三维结构信息,发展潜力巨大。云预报方法中,传统的统计和诊断方法发展较为成熟,而考虑了大气温湿和云微物理状况的大气辐射传输模式正演模拟云顶亮温的方法是未来的发展趋势。加强云探测技术,综合利用云分析预报方法,借鉴国外先进云分析预报系统的设计理念,积极开发我国自主的云分析预报系统,推动天气预报、航空气象保障和数值预报模式的发展将会是我国云研究的重要方面。     

Detection of hail through the three-body scattering signatures and its effects on radar algorithms observed in Romania

The Romanian National Meteorological Administration (NMA) radar network consists of five S-band and four C-band radars. Observation of convection in Romania through the Doppler radar network offered a new perspective in understanding the climatologic risk of certain regions and mesoscale environments. Highly organized convective systems, such as supercells, are better observed and their subsequent threat can be better anticipated during the nowcasting process using Doppler velocity fields and detection algorithms such as mesocyclones (MESO) and tornadic vortex signature (TVS). However, for warning purposes, these tools cannot be used without a subjective validation because of the associated errors and limitations of radar observations. In this paper several cases are presented where the presence of large hail inside the storm produced a radar artifact named three-body scatter signature (TBSS) that disturbed the Doppler velocity field. The cases presented were observed with S-band radars and were associated with hail reports on the ground. The first case shows a TBSS whose radial Doppler velocities are negative due to the falling hydrometeors. The second case is a less frequent event; there the Doppler velocities in the TBSS region are positive due to the updraft. The third case has both positive and negative values in the TBSS region; it ocurred in a supercell that affected the city of Varna in Bulgaria with large hail. The positive values were associated with the overhang region in the rotational updraft at upper heights, while the negative values in the regions outside the rotational updraft at lower heights, were associated with the downdrafts. Features produced by the TBSS have perturbed the output of the MESO and TVS algorithms by introducing false strong values of wind shear that have been interpreted as rotation. Thus false mesocyclonic and tornadic vortex signatures were generated. In some of the cases large hail and weak tornadoes were reported, so the presence of a TBSS was a challenge for the nowcasters. In the last part of the paper we analyze the link between the TBSS appearance with reports of large hail at the ground in 2009 within the coverage area of the Romanian S-band radars, which also cover parts of Hungary, Bulgaria, the Republic of Moldova and Serbia. The results show that the TBSS artifact is a strong indicator of large-size hail.     

Ideological and volume politics behind cloud water resource governance – Weather modification in China

Weather modification operations are the intentional alteration of weather and cloud water conditions using technologies such as cloud seeding. Post-socialist authoritarian China is the world’s leading user of state power for rainfall enhancement through weather modification, with diverse purposes including agriculture production, water security, ecological preservation, and mega events. We argue that weather modification in China needs to be understood as a facet of ecological modernization, in which the authoritarian state believes that precipitation can be controlled through the use of advanced technologies, thus transforming clouds into a kind of cloud water resource. Two political dimensions are highlighted to understand precipitation control and utilization of cloud water: the first is a new ideological politics of the changing human-weather relationship from ‘adaptation to the weather’ to ‘taming the weather”; the second is volume politics that presents unique characteristics of airborne water as opposed to terrestrial and groundwater.