中亚造山带西准噶尔晚古生代洋陆转换与构造演化——来自晚石炭世流纹岩的证据

本文在中亚造山带西部的西准噶尔地区新发现晚石炭世柱状节理流纹岩,并根据其地球化学特征探讨了其形成的构造环境。岩石化学分析的结果表明,柱状节理流纹岩的主量元素具有高钾低钠的特征,属于高钾钙碱性和钙碱性岩浆系列;球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配模式表现为V字型,Eu亏损,说明发生了斜长石的结晶分异。大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、K相对富集,高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta出现负异常,反映了俯冲带岩浆的特征。研究表明该流纹岩属于A2型,形成于后造山的伸展构造环境;与该地区晚石炭世大型花岗岩类岩基具有同源性,同属于后造山伸展环境下的富碱岩浆作用。对比我国东部沿海中生代柱状节理流纹岩的大陆边缘构造环境,本研究认为西准噶尔地区在晚石炭世存在由大洋俯冲向陆内环境转变的洋陆转换特征;之前的大洋俯冲主要发育在克拉玛依-包古图一带,具有准噶尔洋板块向西北方向在哈萨克斯坦微陆块之下俯冲的构造极性。正是由晚石炭世柱状节理流纹岩所代表的后造山伸展环境下的富碱岩浆作用,终结了该地区洋陆过渡带环境。     

嫩江—黑河晚古生代碰撞过程的岩石构造建造学响应

根据嫩江—黑河地区古生代地质体岩石组合特征,恢复原岩建造类型,并在分析岩浆作用、变质作用、构造组合关系及同位素年代学资料基础上,探讨嫩江—黑河晚古生代陆陆碰撞带的形成机制。研究认为,早石炭世兴安地块和松嫩地块开始沿嫩江—黑河一线汇聚拼贴,早石炭世洋陆俯冲阶段形成了岛弧与弧后盆地沉积;晚石炭世—早二叠世陆陆碰撞过程中形成花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩侵位;早二叠世碰撞后伸展阶段形成了中二叠世弧后残余盆地。总体具有从俯冲-碰撞造山向造山后伸展演化的特点。     

大兴安岭北段扎兰屯地区晚古生代早期花岗质岩浆作用——对额尔古纳 兴安地块和松嫩地块拼合时限的制约

扎兰屯地区位于二连 贺根山 黑河构造带中段,区内发育韧性变形叠加的晚古生代早期花岗岩类。本文在详尽的野外地质调查基础上,对该套花岗岩类的锆石U- Pb年代学和地球化学进行系统分析,研究其成岩年代序列,探讨岩石成因及构造背景,厘定韧性构造叠加的时限,进一步揭示扎兰屯地区额尔古纳 兴安地块和松嫩地块的拼合过程,为兴蒙造山带的区域构造演化研究提供新材料。大量年代学研究显示,扎兰屯地区晚古生代早期花岗质岩浆作用发生于405~325Ma之间,该作用可进一步细化为早中泥盆世(Ⅰ期、405~380Ma)、晚泥盆世—早石炭世初(Ⅱ期、365~350Ma)和早石炭世晚期(Ⅲ期335~325Ma)等3期。其中Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期花岗岩类属高钾—钾玄质钙碱性、准铝质—弱过铝质花岗岩类,可能为俯冲背景下岛弧岩浆活动形成的I型 分异I型花岗岩;Ⅲ期花岗岩类属中—高钾钙碱性、准铝质—弱过铝质花岗岩类,可能为后碰撞背景下岩浆活动形成的分异I型- A型花岗岩。该套花岗岩类普遍叠加韧性变形,可能为碰撞后侧向逃逸作用的产物,变形时限为晚石炭世末—早二叠世(308~290Ma)。大兴安岭北段晚古生代早期花岗质岩浆作用与额尔古纳 兴安地块和松嫩地块的碰撞拼合作用有关,扎兰屯地区二者的碰撞拼合时限可能为早石炭世中期。     

北疆及邻区石炭-二叠纪花岗岩时空分布特征及其构造意义

北疆及邻区发育大量的花岗岩,其中石炭-二叠纪花岗岩较为突出。本文总结了该期花岗岩的时空分布特征。北疆及邻区不同构造单元石炭-二叠纪花岗岩特征不同,形成时代峰期也不一致。在阿尔泰,该期花岗岩主要集中在早二叠世(289～266Ma),晚石炭世出现一个明显的岩浆宁静期;西准噶尔可以分为早石炭世(340～320Ma)和晚石炭世—早二叠世(310～290Ma)两期,后一期较强,铝质A型花岗岩分布广泛是该地区的一个重要特征,形成时代集中在300Ma左右;东准噶尔地区石炭-二叠纪花岗岩多沿断裂带展布,岩浆活动从晚石炭世一直延续到早二叠世(320～270Ma),该地区最大的特点是发育多条碱性(A型)花岗岩带,在晚石炭世—早二叠世连续产出。西天山大致可以分为3期:早石炭世(355～345Ma)、早石炭世晚期—晚石炭世(335～305Ma)和二叠纪(300～255Ma)。早石炭世花岗岩主要集中在北天山,早二叠世花岗岩浆活动最为强烈,其中的碱性(A型)花岗岩不仅在南天山呈带状大面积分布,在北天山也有发育;东天山—北山是区内石炭-二叠纪花岗岩最为发育的地区,岩体数量多,分布面积广,锆石年龄主要集中在335～310Ma和300～270Ma,相对来说来东天山石炭纪花岗岩较多,北山二叠纪花岗岩较多。总体而言,北疆及邻区石炭-二叠纪花岗岩时代主要集中在晚石炭世—早二叠世,特别是早二叠世,整体展现出同步性,这个时期碱性岩最发育,可能揭示了不同构造背景下的伸展特点。这是整个中亚造山带及邻区大量的酸性和基性-超基性岩浆活动及暗示的伸展环境的一个缩影。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗北部阿登锡勒大队一带早石炭世高分异I型花岗岩的发现及地质意义

本文对内蒙古苏尼特左旗北部阿登锡勒大队一带二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,年龄为335.9±1.3Ma。岩石地球化学具有高硅、富碱,贫TFe O、Mg O特征,铝饱和指数A/CNK介于1.03~1.15之间,TFe O/Mg O=6.58~10.13。稀土总量偏低,轻稀土分馏程度相对较高,重稀土不分馏,δEu=0.25~0.69。大离子亲石元素Rb、Th等相对富集,高场强元素Sr、P、Ti表现为强烈亏损,而元素Nb、Ta则表现为相对亏损。属弱过铝质高分异I型花岗岩,形成于俯冲构造环境。通过区域对比分析,与近两年在二连浩特—东乌珠穆沁旗地区新发现的早石炭世二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩、安山岩、英安岩共同构成了早石炭世贺根山洋盆向北俯冲形成的早石炭世岩浆弧。     

嫩江黑河构造带收缩与伸展——源自晚古生代花岗岩类的地球化学证据

黑龙江省嫩江至黑河一带发育大量的晚古生代花岗岩类岩石,同位素测年结果显示主要集中在3个时代:早石炭世、晚石炭世和早二叠世。岩石类型从花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩-正长花岗岩-碱长花岗岩等均有不同出露,石炭纪部分岩石遭受韧性剪切变质变形作用改造形成花岗质糜棱岩。岩石整体具有高硅、富钾钠特征;稀土元素总量偏高,铕负异常明显;微量元素具明显的大离子亲石元素(LILE)K、Rb、Th富集和高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、P、Ti亏损特征。其中石炭纪花岗岩类地球化学特征显示陆缘弧及同碰撞花岗岩特点,二叠纪花岗岩则表现后造山花岗岩特点。二者反映了由碰撞造山向板内后造山阶段转变的构造环境特点,也反映了嫩江-黑河构造带汇聚拼合与伸展的活动史。     

贺根山缝合带白音呼舒奥长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

本文以出露于贺根山缝合带梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩北侧的白音呼舒奥长花岗岩体为研究对象,通过野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学、锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年代学研究,探讨其成因、构造环境及二连—贺根山洋俯冲消亡过程。岩石地球化学研究表明,白音呼舒岩体富硅（SiO2=66. 50%~73. 04%）、高铝（Al2O3=15. 11%~16. 75%）、富钠（Na2O=3. 50%~6. 16%）、低钾（K2O=1. 46%~2. 38%）,相对高锶（Sr=167. 0×10-6~441. 0×10-6）、低钇（Y=5. 30×10-6~9. 51×10-6）,富集Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素和LREE,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素和HREE,无明显Eu异常。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,白音呼舒侵入岩体属于英云闪长岩—奥长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩(Tonalite—Trondhjemite—Granodiorite,TTG)岩系,与高Si 高锶低钇中酸性岩（Adakite,埃达克岩）类似,形成于大洋俯冲带岛弧环境,为俯冲洋壳脱水熔融的产物。锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb测年表明,白音呼舒奥长花岗岩体的形成年龄为309. 2 ±1. 6 Ma,表明该岩体侵位于晚石炭世,反映了贺根山缝合带晚石炭世大洋俯冲带TTG岩浆作用事件。结合二连—贺根山缝合带石炭纪蛇绿岩、石炭纪—二叠纪岛弧型岩浆岩和中生代后造山A型岩浆岩的时空分布与演化关系,表明古亚洲洋二连—贺根山洋盆在晚石炭世并未关闭,而是处于大洋俯冲消减和陆壳增生过程中。     

内蒙古西乌旗努和特早白垩世A型花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

内蒙古西乌旗努和特A型花岗岩位于贺根山缝合带内,侵位于晚石炭世梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩带、中二叠统哲斯组和晚石炭世英云闪长岩中,岩性为正长花岗岩。努和特A型花岗岩富硅、富钾、富碱、贫Al_2O_3、CaO、MgO、TiO_2、P_2O、Sr、Ba、Eu、Ti和P,具有较高的Ga/Al、(Na_2O+K_2O)/CaO、K_2O/MgO、TFeO/MgO、Rb/Nb、Y/Nb、Sc/Nb值,稀土元素配分曲线为海鸥式分布,δEu值为0.25~0.54,负Eu异常明显,地球化学特征明显不同于I、S和M型花岗岩,为铝质A型花岗岩。在地球化学分类判别图解上,努和特A型花岗岩显示后造山A_2型花岗岩特征,反映其形成于后造山伸展环境。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明,该花岗岩的侵位年龄为130.4±1.2Ma和130.4±1.4Ma,其形成时代为早白垩世。根据蛇绿岩、俯冲-岛弧型-碰撞型和后造山型岩浆岩的时空分布与演化特征,贺根山缝合带在早白垩世可能处于后造山伸展阶段。     

内蒙古贺根山地区早二叠世二长花岗岩时代、成因及构造意义

贺根山地区位于华北板块和西伯利亚板块的结合部位。为确定二长花岗岩形成时代与构造背景,开展锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究。结果表明,锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为(284.6±1.3)Ma,为早二叠世岩浆活动产物。二长花岗岩SiO_2含量70.11%~71.06%,Al_2O_3含量14.94%~15.51%,明显贫镁铁,全碱含量ALK为6.90%~7.22%,Na_2O/K_2O值为3.57~4.17,A/CNK值为1.28~1.34,为过铝质钠质钙碱性系列。稀土分布曲线呈右倾轻稀土富集型,负铕异常明显,δEu=0.47~0.49;富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,U,亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,Th,Ti;属A2型花岗岩。结合区域资料推断,二长花岗岩形成于造山后伸展环境。贺根山缝合带在早二叠世之前形成,晚石炭世贺根山蛇绿岩残片完成构造就位,贺根山洋陆续闭合,暗示古亚洲洋至少在早二叠世之前已闭合。     

小兴安岭西北部晚石炭世造山后达音河岩体的 特征及其地质意义

小兴安岭西北部达音河岩体主要由碱长花岗岩、正长花岗岩组成。碱长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为304.4±1.3 Ma,时代属于晚石炭世,而不是过去认为的晚侏罗世。该岩体化学组成以高硅、钾、钠,低钙为特征,富集Rb、La、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Eu等大离子亲石元素和Nb、Ta、Zr高场强元素,反映斜长石作为源区残留相对岩浆地球化学特征的控制。该岩体同区域上十二站、新开岭、龙镇、扎兰屯等岩体构成晚石炭世造山后伸展背景下形成的I型和A型花岗岩带,反映了兴安、松嫩块体在晚石炭世结束块体碰撞造山,转入造山后伸展环境。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the