巽他海峡BAR9442岩心30 kaBP以来的沉积记录与古季风活动

为重建巽他海峡区古季风活动历史,通过对BAR9442岩心氧同位素、AMS14C测年、陆源碎屑标准偏差区间粒径分布,以及上升流种Globigerina bulloides等变化特点分析,并结合前人对该岩心粘土矿物的研究,获得如下认识:末次冰期30~17 kaBP,海平面下降,陆源粉砂物质输入增加; 南半球夏季日照率高,然而受冰期热带辐聚带位置影响,西北季风受阻,东南信风持续吹过研究海域形成类似东南季风的效应,气候冷干; 受印度东北季风影响,伊利石含量最高,上升流活动不发育, 古生产力降低.17~8 kaBP,海平面迅速上升,出现较强的表层穿越流活动,粘土物质成为沉积物的主要组分; 此时东南与西北季风都有增强,说明当时研究区气候有着更强的季节性.全新世8 kaBP以来,全球海平面上升使穿越流活动加强,沉积物粘土组分含量最大,西北季风带来温暖湿润的气候条件.      

印度尼西亚多岛海末次冰期最盛期以来的穿越流活动

印度尼西亚穿越流是西太平洋和印度洋之间热量传输的重要载体,穿越流的活动由潜在地影响El Nino和季风现象进而影响到全球气候变化。通过对爪哇海SHI9006岩心LGM以来氧同位素、有孔虫与CaCO3沉积量、浮游有孔虫浅层水种与深层水种比值反映的古温跃层变化等的研究,得出结论：研究区末次冰期氧同位素2期穿越流活动微弱,冰后期穿越流活动增强;特别是冰消期终止期IA,穿越流活动由弱迅速增强,是冰川消融、海平面上升,印度尼西亚岛弧古海水通道开放的结果。     

三万年来南沙海区古环境重建:生物标志物定量与单体碳同位素研究

17962钻孔沉积物提供了南沙海区3万年来古气候、古环境变化的高分辨沉积记录。通过对314个柱状样沉积物进行有机分析，提取了相关的古环境信息，揭示出南沙海区末次冰期的古海洋环境及古气候是不稳定的，水生生物来源的生物标志物沉积通量在冰期出现了较大的波动，H3时出现了海洋生产力增大事件；陆源指标如高碳类脂物的沉积通量，既反映了陆源物对南沙海区海洋沉积的贡献，又揭示了造成末次冰期南沙海区陆源物质增高的古气候事件。高碳正烷烃、长链脂肪醇、长链脂肪酸的单体化合物碳同位素δ^13C值:—34．2‰-—28．6‰、—35．8‰-—26．6‰、—31．8‰-—27．1‰都显示其陆源C3植物输入的特征，末次冰期的普遍的干旱化在这一地区并不存在。这些化合物的堆积速率在H3都出现了极大值，反映出在南海海平面降低，巽它陆架出露背景下这一时期丰富的季风降雨导致河流洪水泛滥，从而引起南沙海区输入的陆源营养元素增多，海洋表层生产力增高。     

贵州青岩地区中三叠统新苑组碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及古环境意义

对青岩地区中三叠统新苑组营上坡段和雷打坡段碳酸盐岩进行了碳氧同位素分析。δ(13CPDB)值介于-0.65‰3.65‰,均值为1.24‰;δ(18OPDB)值介于-5.50‰-1.70‰,均值为-3.09‰。研究表明,营上坡段沉积时期是海平面上升,还原性增强,具有海洋生产力高和生物量富集的特点,温度先降低后升高、盐度整体趋于增大。雷打坡段沉积时期为温度逐渐升高、盐度逐渐降低。在雷打坡下段和中段沉积时期海平面几乎不变,海洋生产力较稳定;上段沉积时期是海平面下降,氧化性增强,其海洋生产力较低、生物贫乏。     

渝东地区寒武系龙王庙组高分辨率碳酸盐岩碳同位素记录及其古海洋学意义

早寒武世中―晚期是生命演化史上的重要节点。渝东地区寒武系龙王庙组海相碳酸盐岩地层记录了当时海水的碳同位素变化。在确保碳同位素组成有效保留海水原始信息基础上,分析发现龙王庙组61个碳酸盐岩样品的δ~(13)CV-PDB值分布在+2.7‰~-4.3‰之间;碳同位素变化曲线大体上呈先降低、后升高的变化趋势;地层中―下部δ~(13)C值波动幅度大,正、负漂移事件频发,出现可全球对比的幅度约为4‰的正漂移与幅度约为5‰的负漂移事件;地层上部δ~(13)C值具小幅波动,总体正偏。龙王庙组碳酸盐岩的碳同位素特征,受控于海平面变化、风暴沉积、生物演化引起的海洋生产力变化。龙王庙组沉积的早―中期,海平面变化频繁,陆源碎屑注入量波动性增大,风暴沉积发育,海洋环境的稳定性较差,生物种属数量逐渐降低,导致海洋原始生产力下降及碳同位素组成的频繁波动与多次负漂移事件。龙王庙组沉积的中―晚期,海平面长期缓慢上升,风暴沉积发育程度低,海洋环境趋于稳定,生物多样性增强,海洋原始生产力增大,使得碳同位素组成分布较为稳定,多表现为正值。渝东地区龙王庙组碳酸盐岩中δ~(13)C的急速负漂移可能归因于较浅水体、较充足陆源碎屑注入背景下的风暴沉积。     

爪哇海末次冰盛期以来的季风与穿越流活动记录

文章通过SHI9034岩芯氧同位素曲线、AMS¹⁴C测年、浮游有孔虫组合及其所反映的温盐变化特点,并与爪哇海北部的SHI9006岩芯对比研究,获得如下认识:末次冰期21～15kaB.P.阶段,爪哇海区东南季风强而西北季风微弱,气候冷干,混合层薄,生物生产力高;15～10kaB.P.和10～7kaB.P.阶段由于海平面迅速上升,望加锡海峡和龙目海峡通道变宽,出现较强的表层穿越流活动;早全新世东南与西北季风都有增强,说明当时研究区气候有着更强的季节性;7～3kaB.P.阶段,爪哇海北部的穿越流主要在温跃层水中传输,到达爪哇上升流区时,上升至表层,使得混合层增厚,同时也抑制了上升流活动;约3kaB.P.以来,研究区穿越流活动表现与现代相近的性质,主要在温跃层水中传输。     

西太平洋暖池区第四纪钙质超微化石氧碳同位素特征及意义

对西太平洋暖池区MD97—2140柱状样1．75Ma以来的钙质超微化石进行了氧碳同位素分析．结果表明超微化石占δ^18O值与浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber δ^18O值在变化趋势和周期上都具有明显相似性．根据超微化石占δ^18O值也可以划分出59个氧同位素期,1748ka到900ka期间超微化石占δ^18O值的变化周期以41ka为主．而850ka到6ka期间则以100ka为主．这说明超微化石氧同位素分析可以像有孔虫氧同位素分析一样在大洋地层学和古海洋学、古气候学研究中发挥重要作用．超微化石占δ^13C值变化则呈现阶段性变化的特点．以900ka,480ka和250ka时间面为界,可分四大阶段．同时,MD97—2140柱状样超微化石占δ^13C值的这种变化规律与邻近ODP807站揭示的海水初级生产力变化趋势极为相似,意味着超微化石占δ^13C值是反映海水初级生产力变化的一项重要指标．     

贵州晚前寒武世海相磷酸盐循环模式

被动大陆边缘向前陆（盆地）充填的构造背景，形成了台棚、缓坡、陆坡组成的古地理，提供了陆源磷和发育了磷酸盐循环的古海洋；冰期形成了下降洋流，引起陆源磷酸盐的迁移和深海溶解磷酸盐的富聚；三级相对海平面快速上升和发育于低纬度区的上升洋流，为各种磷块岩形成开拓了沉积场所和磷保证。     

滇东南中三叠世拉丁期沉积体系与层序地层格架下的聚锰特征

为了研究海平面变化对含锰岩系的影响,找到沉积型锰矿层的分布规律。本文综合利用地层剖面岩相组合、沉积构造序列、生物化石标志等分析了滇东南地区中三叠世拉丁期含锰岩系的沉积体系与其空间配置格局。在此基础上,通过对不同古地理背景下层序界面及体系域界面的识别,建立了研究区中三叠世拉丁期的层序地层格架。总结了锰矿层位的空间叠置关系及其形成机制,指出海平面快速上升过程中的低速率沉积期最有利于锰矿沉积成矿,并提出研究区锰矿成矿模式:由于海平面区域性下降,由构造活动或风化淋滤带来的锰矿物质,在凹陷或者低洼部位聚集,伴随新一轮海平面快速上升,促使凹陷或者低洼部位更加封闭缺氧,达到锰矿进一步富集,最终在蓝绿藻类生物化学作用下成矿。     

冲绳海槽中部28ka以来陆源物质输入和古环境演化的生源组分记录

沉积物中有机碳、生物碳酸盐和生物硅等生源组分的埋藏速率在很大程度上受到海洋古生产力的控制,常常被用作古生产力的替代指标.本文利用TOC、生物硅及CaCO3等生源组分探讨冲绳海槽中部DGKS9604孔(28°16.64'N,127°01.43'E;水深766m;柱长10.76m)距今28ka以来陆源物质输入和古环境演化对海洋生产力的影响.研究结果表明,在冬季风较强的末次冰期晚期(28～22kaB.P.),长江直接输运大量的陆源营养物质进入冲绳海槽,古生产力较高;在末次盛冰期(LGM,22～18kaB.P.),虽然河口距离海槽区更近,但大陆流域降水匮乏,河流人海径流量偏低导致海槽陆源营养物质明显减少,生产力降低,表现在生物硅和有机碳堆积速率明显降低;冰消期早期生产力与末次盛冰期相比并未明显降低,此阶段气候回暖,大陆流域降雨增加,陆源物质输入相对较高.全新世早期,古生产力快速下降,既反映海平面降低,陆源物质输入减少.还可能与冰消期寡营养盐的黑潮在海槽加强有关.DGKS9604孔CaCO3含量及堆积速率变化的总体趋势与有机碳和生物硅相反,表现为末次冰期晚期低.冰消期以来逐渐升高,一方面反映陆源物质输入的稀释作用;另一方面与黑潮加强致使钙质生物生产力增强有关.此外,15～7kaB.P.期间CaCO3含量及其堆积速率有几次明显降低,可能对应黑潮减弱、陆源冲淡水较强的环境事件.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.