中国钾盐矿产预测评价模型和资源潜力分析

为摸清全国钾盐矿资源家底,制定科学合理的经济产业政策,依据全国矿产资源潜力评价数据和成果,系统地开展了中国钾盐矿成矿特征研究和资源潜力评价。研究和评价结果显示,中国钾盐矿已发现的矿产资源以第四纪盐湖型钾盐矿为主,成矿时代以第四纪为主。钾盐矿主要分布在西部大型新生代陆相成盐盆地,在空间上可划分为12个Ⅲ级成矿区带。在典型矿床、区域成矿要素和预测要素研究的基础上,归纳总结了第四纪盐湖型、深藏地下卤水型、碎屑岩型、碳酸盐岩型4类钾盐矿的预测评价模型特征。以成矿系列理论为指导,采用矿床模型综合地质信息预测方法,共圈定钾盐矿最小预测区320个,归并圈定了42个3级预测区,并对各预测区进行了定量预测评价,6000m以浅钾盐矿预测资源量计32.63×10~8t(KCl),其中500m以浅钾盐矿预测资源量计15.10×10~8t。分析结果显示,全国以柴达木盆地及北缘钾盐成矿带和塔里木盆地钾盐矿成矿带预测资源量较大,预测资源量主要为第四纪盐湖型和深藏地下卤水型。潜力预测工作较全面地反映了当前的钾盐矿床地质和勘查信息资料水平,对指导钾盐矿地质找矿工作具有重要意义。     

中国硼矿床成矿规律概要与找矿远景分析

硼矿是重要的化工矿产资源,广泛应用于玻璃工业、陶瓷工业、洗涤剂和农用化肥。2014年至今,中国地质调查局组织编写的中国矿产地质志,全面总结了中国硼矿的资源特征和成矿规律。文章依托中国矿产地质志项目,总结了中国硼矿的成矿规律,圈定了硼矿找矿远景区,对未来硼矿的找矿工作有一定的参考价值。文章选取了具有代表性的矿床进行详细解剖工作,分别建立了现代盐湖型和沉积变质型典型硼矿床的预测模型。中国硼矿床的主要类型包括现代盐湖型、沉积变质型、地下卤水型、矽卡岩型和海相火山岩型。目前,中国共发现硼矿的矿产地216处,查明资源储量7575.69万t（B₂O₃）,分布在辽宁、西藏、青海、湖北等14个省（市、自治区）。在成矿时代上,中国硼矿主要形成于新生代、古元古代和中生代。在空间上,中国硼矿可划分为14个Ⅲ级成矿区带和11个矿集区。根据硼矿成矿预测成果,本文圈定了10个硼矿找矿远景区和8个优先勘查区,其中优先勘查区主要集中在青海油泉子（地下卤水型）,昆特依（现代盐湖型）,辽宁夹皮沟-红石砬子、吉林高台沟（沉积变质型）,西藏扎布耶茶卡、依布茶卡、麻米错、班戈错（现代盐湖型）等地区。     

中国三叠纪钾盐沉积——以四川为例

中国三叠系蒸发岩分布于华南,面积超过100×10⁴km²,发现硫酸钾盐及富钾卤水,钾盐矿物有杂卤石、无水钾镁矾、硫锶钾石及多钙钾石膏等,富钾卤水矿化度255~382g/l,含钾量4~49g/l。蒸发盆地的发展受控于古构造及古地理,经历了开放台地一局限台地一堰塞湖一盐湖的发展阶段。钾盐沉积后,经历多阶段的复杂演变。富钾卤水中的钾主要来自硫酸钾盐的深滤,其次来自蒸发浓缩卤水及火山灰吸附钾的释放。杂卤石与富钾卤水的钾同位素测年值分别为210~150Ma及264~150Ma,说明固液相钾盐同源。从地质背景及成矿环境预测,三叠系的钾盐类型只能是硫酸钾盐,主要目的层为T₁j^5~2及T₂l^4~2,主要成矿带为构造分异及钾异常明显的四川盆地东、西部,富钾卤水的储集取决于蒸发岩地层的含钾性、碳酸盐夹层的裂隙发育程度及构造控矿条件。找矿模型应是油气钾卤兼探。     

国家973计划“中国陆块海相成钾规律及预测研究”项目简介

<正>中国人口众多,是一个农业大国,粮食生产是立国之本,而钾肥在农业生产中占有至关重要的地位,我国耕地大规模缺钾。目前,我国已探明的钾盐储量主要分布于青海柴达木盆地、新疆罗布泊盆地等陆相盐湖中,为卤水矿床,储量规模总约为9.9亿吨(KCl),约占全国钾盐总储量的95%;古代固体钾盐矿床仅发现于云南勐野井,规模较小。目前,我国盐湖钾盐产量已占消费量达50%,但按照目前的生产规模其服务年限可能20~30年,届时,如果找钾工作再无突破,钾盐资源将面临全面枯竭,钾肥将主要依赖     

青海都兰沟里金矿整装勘查区1:100 000地质矿产数据集

青海都兰沟里金矿整装勘查区1：100 000地质矿产数据集由系统库、建造构造图、地质矿产图、地磁ΔT平面等值线图、地磁ΔT化极平面等值线图、化探综合异常图、矿产预测成果图及附表组成;每张图文件夹内有对应的编图说明。沟里整装勘查区总体被新元古代-早古生代东昆中缝合带（Pt₃-P₂末）、中-晚古生代兴海-苦海缝合带（D-P₃）、晚古生代-早中生代（C-T₂末）阿尼玛卿缝合带分割为4个二级构造单元。区内岩浆活动以奥陶纪-泥盆纪和二叠纪-三叠纪为主,分别代表了两期不同的造山旋回,成矿期可能在晚三叠世-早侏罗世。此次工作在整装勘查区内共圈定了1：50 000磁异常21处、化探综合异常80处;划分4个三级成矿带（区）、7个四级成矿亚带、8个五级矿带（矿田）、17个六级有利找矿区块;在有利找矿区块中筛选并提交找矿靶区14处;通过后续投入,区内相继发现了那更康切尔大型银矿、德龙金矿、迈龙金矿点、浪木日铜镍矿点、龙什更铜钴矿点等一批有找矿潜力的矿床（点）;估算区内金资源总量588.04吨、银资源总量3 197.85吨、铅-锌资源总量235.83万吨,铜-钴资源总量121.49万吨。     

罗布泊盐湖区深部钾盐找矿：理论、勘查、进展及前景分析

本文对近年来罗布泊深部钾盐成矿规律研究及找矿进展进行了梳理总结.将其大致归纳为"上升卤水补给"及"含水墙"等成钾理论/模式,为罗布泊后备钾资源找矿提供了新的方向和思路,预测了有利成钾靶区.建立以遥感地质解译、高精度重力剖面测量、EH4连续电导率成像以及氡气剖面测量为主的勘查技术体系,实现了盐湖区深部钾盐找矿靶区高效、经济圈定以及钻孔定位.实施深部钾盐科学钻探验证工程,揭示罗布泊深部赋存有丰富、可采的卤水钾盐资源,取得了找矿突破.罗布泊深部钾盐找矿是理论指导找矿取得突破的又一案例,其成矿理论和勘查技术体系可为其他盐湖及古代盐盆地深部卤水钾盐找矿提供借鉴和参考.鉴于罗布泊卤水钾盐的高强度开发态势以及深部找矿的良好前景,有必要进一步加强深部富钾卤水成因机理研究,重点摸清200～500 m层段资源、研发相应开采技术,为罗布泊钾盐基地可持续发展提供后备资源和技术储备.     

成盐理论引领我国找钾取得重要进展

中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所郑绵平院士钾盐团队在地质调查项目和国家自然科学基金重点项目联合资助下,联合柴达木综合地质矿产勘查院等单位,在柴达木盆地西部阿尔金山前第四纪早期地层发现新型砂砾含钾卤水层,根据钻探资料控制的资源量3.5亿吨,有望成为柴达木盆地钾盐后备基地。在塔里木库车凹陷发现厚达百米的古新纪含钾盐矿层,氯化钾达工业品位盐层厚度为41 m;深入阐明了在四川盆地大规模三叠系杂卤石资源:提出该资源既是深层富钾卤水钾重要来源,更是宝贵的缓释钾肥;对上扬子盆地13个储卤构造含钾卤水矿进行评估,估算氯化钾资源量4917万吨;在滇西南勐野井建立钾盐二层楼成矿模式,大幅度缩小陕北奥陶系盐盆找钾靶区,海相钾盐找矿崭露曙光。     

中国萤石矿预测评价模型与资源潜力分析

中国萤石矿资源较丰富,探明资源量居世界前列。我国的萤石矿研究工作主要围绕大中型萤石矿床的地质特征、物质来源、成因、区域成矿规律和少数省级萤石矿成矿远景区划、区域萤石矿资源潜力评价展开。为摸清萤石矿资源家底,制定科学合理的经济产业政策,亟需开展系统的、全国性的萤石矿成矿规律和资源潜力评价。依据中国萤石矿资源潜力评价报告数据和成果,文章分析了中国萤石矿矿床类型、矿床地质特征和时空分布特征,划分了成矿区带;在各省区建立的典型矿床预测模型和区域预测模型基础上,以成矿系列理论为指导,突出总结萤石矿成矿要素和预测要素,归纳、汇总、提出了热液充填型和沉积改造型萤石矿矿床预测评价模型;以各省区圈定的最小预测区、归并的2级预测区和估算的资源量为基础,依据预测要素和区域预测模型,归并、圈定了198个3级预测区,汇总估算了全国萤石矿预测资源量,提出了中国萤石矿预测远景区。中国萤石矿资源丰富,找矿潜力大,预测资源量（CaF2）约9.5亿t,其中单一萤石矿预测资源量约4.3亿t,以热液充填型预测资源量为主。预测远景区主要分布于中国东部,四子王旗、冀北-辽西、豫南、皖南-浙西、浙中、闽北-粤东等地区成矿条件好,资源潜力大,是萤石矿预测资源量较大的地区。     

青海别勒滩干盐湖石盐流体包裹体均一温度分析及地质环境意义

别勒滩位于察尔汗盐湖的最西端,最主要的沉积物为石盐,钾盐矿物主要为杂卤石、光卤石和钾石盐。文章研究了别勒滩区段盐类矿物形成的温度,为确定钾盐的形成条件提供了参考依据。别勒滩地区石盐流体包裹体均一温度呈现出3个或2个温度区段,即低温区段、中温区段和高温区段。低温区段均一温度变化范围为19.5～49.3℃,反映了大多数石盐结晶析出的卤水温度。中温区段均一温度变化范围为50.1～99.3℃,与盐湖底部卤水所达到的最高温度相对应。高温区段均一温度变化范围为100.3～195.6℃,可能为太阳池事件的响应。由太阳池下部对流层中沉积的盐类矿物组合或相关参数计算的古温度只能为其形成时的卤水温度,不能代表当时的气温。在同一样品中,既出现高温流体包裹体,又出现中温或低温流体包裹体,是矿物生长经历太阳池下部对流层环境与中部非对流层环境所致。别勒滩地区在18 m以上部位可能出现6次太阳池事件,它们的位置 （编号）分别为0.40～1.00 m（S₆）、1.70～2.90 m（S₅）、7.90～8.10 m（S₄）、9.90～10.10 m（S₃）、10.80～11.00 m（S₂）、16.39～16.63 m（S₁）。其中第6次太阳池事件（S₆）可能是1989年发生的大水灾在盐湖沉积中的体现。     

对土库曼斯坦钾盐资源及开发利用的考察

土库曼斯坦位于中亚地区的西南部。主体分布于土库曼东部的高尔达克海相含钾盆地分布有多个超大型钾盐矿床,资源总量近200亿吨。卡尔留克和卡拉比尔2个钾盐矿床按地下开采法测算的储量为59．3亿t;钾盐矿石按有用组分KCI含量的高低划分为极富矿石（〉30％）、富矿石（25％～30％）和贫矿石（22％～25％）。文章对土库曼钾盐资源开发现状与投资环境及中国利用土库曼钾盐资源的必要性和可能性进行了分析,认为中土两国已建立的友好关系以及土库曼工农业快速发展需大量引进外资的客观要求,为中国公司在土库曼投资合作开发钾盐资源带来了难得的契机。     

Progress in Study of Potash Resources of Oil (Gas) Field Brine in China

With a population of 1.3 billion, China is a large agricultural country. However, China is short of potash resources as the external dependence is more than 50% for many years. With the limited possibility for increasing potash reserves from surface salt lakes, and the challenge of finding potash deposit from marine strata has not been yet overcome, the oil (gas) field brine resources has become the preferred source for the urgent needs of potash. In recent years, a lot of exploration and research work on the oil (gas) field brine has been done under the guide of “oil and potash co-exploration” policy and delightful achievements have been obtained. The research achievements at Qaidam Basin, Sichuan Basin, Jianghan Basin and Tarim Basin were summarized in the present paper. All of the above basins are the most important areas with great prospects of oil (gas) field brine. This paper mainly focused on three aspects, the brine characteristics, the brine geochemistry and resource assessment. After the summary, the characteristics of oil (gas) field brine and the progress in study of that were gotten in different basins. It was suggested that the research work of (gas) field brine at Qaidam Basin should be emphasized. It was concluded that the evaluation work of oil (gas) field brine resources is insufficient at the four basins, and it is urgent to establish oil (gas) field brine resources evaluation criteria and methods.     

青藏高原第四纪钾盐矿时空分布特征 及成矿控制因素

青藏高原是中国钾盐的重要产地,钾盐矿产主要分布在柴达木盆地和羌塘高原内陆湖盆区,从北到南盐湖水化学类型具有明显的分带,柴达木盆地区盐湖水化学类型为硫酸镁-氯化物型,钾盐矿产具有成盐多期性,以卤水钾盐为主,固液并存;羌塘高原内陆湖盆区盐湖水化学类型为碳酸盐-硫酸盐型,钾盐主要存在于卤水中。在综合分析青藏高原钾盐矿产时空分布的基础上,进一步分析青藏高原钾盐矿产成矿的控制因素有成矿物质来源、构造地貌及气候,其中成矿物质主要来源于地层和深部水的补给,构造地貌决定物质的搬运富集,气候决定矿产的形成和保存。     

Geochemistry of Brines from Salt Ore Deposits in Western Tarim Basin

In the geological evolution of the Tarim Basin, many transgressions and relictions happened. So there have been plentiful sources of salt. Moreover, because of uttermost drought, a lot of salt has been deposited. It is possible to find potash salt in this area. In our fieldwork, we have found salt and brine in western Tarim Basin. Based on a geological survey and the characteristics of sedimentary facies and paleogeography, this paper deals with the geochemical parameters and discusses the possibility of formation of potash salt in terms of the chemical analyses of samples collected from western Tarim Basin. Results of brine analysis lead to some conclusions: most of these salt brines have eluviated from very thick halite beds, mainly chloridetype salt and this kind of halite does not reach the stage of potash deposition in all aspects; WKSL (Wukeshalu) occupies a noticeable place, and we should attach importance to this district because there have been some indicators of the occurrence of potash deposits as viewed from the contents of Br and K. Finally, low Br contents are recognized in the Tarim Basin as a result of salt aggradation, and this point of view has been proved by the results of this experiment and the data available. It cannot depend upon the index of Br to judge the evolution stage of halite. We must look for other facies of potash except marine facies.     

综合物探在柴达木盆地盐湖深层卤水钾矿勘查中的应用

青海省柴达木盆地是著名的钾肥生产基地,也是中国盐类矿产的主要产地.以往盐类矿产勘查主要针对第四纪浅部盐类矿产,对第四纪深部及古近纪-新近纪卤水钾矿工作程度较低,资源勘查情况不明.由于盐湖区浅部卤水矿化度较高,会对电阻率类方法造成严重的低阻屏蔽效应,从而影响其探测深度,对于应用地球物理方法造成了极大的局限性.为查明该区深部卤水钾矿资源情况,采用对低阻异常敏感、信号强度大、纵横向分辨率高的瞬变电磁法（TEM）,并结合勘探深度较大的大地电磁测深法（MT）对深层卤水钾矿进行探测.勘查结果识别出了相对低阻异常区,经后期钻孔验证,显示探测结果较为可靠,表明TEM、MT两种物探方法应用于盐湖区深层卤水钾矿探测是有效的,揭示了TEM、MT综合物探方法在盐湖区探测深层钾盐资源的良好应用前景.     

国内外古陆表海盆成钾条件对比——兼论华北成钾的可能性

克拉通古陆表海盆中的固体钾盐矿床占居全球钾盐资源总量的90%以上,其中最典型的2个巨型钾盐矿床是加拿大萨斯喀彻温和俄罗斯涅帕。为探究华北奥陶纪古陆表海盆的成钾可能性,对比分析了国内外同类型盆地的成钾条件,结果表明:萨斯喀彻温泥盆纪钾盐矿床的形成主要表现为巨量海水在稳定克拉通预备盆地的持续蒸发浓缩,进而迁移至相对活动的亚稳定构造区汇聚成钾盐矿床,其上覆盖着红层沉积,其成钾模式概括为"泪滴式";俄罗斯涅帕寒武纪钾盐矿床的形成过程总体表现为半封闭巨型蒸发台盆接受巨量海水的多次补给并持续蒸发浓缩,富钾卤水最终汇聚于受同沉积断裂控制的深坳中,形成巨型钾盐矿床,钾盐层系上覆为膏岩或灰岩等淡化沉积层,其钾盐成矿模式概括为"牛眼式"。华北奥陶纪古陆表海盆与形成上述2大典型钾盐矿床的盆地具有十分相似的构造古地理和古气候环境条件,且在华北西部的陕北盐盆已钻获厚1.22 m的钾石盐矿层和厚达64.7 m的钾石盐高矿化段,根据盆地特殊地质条件,建立了陕北奥陶纪盐盆的"复底锅"成钾模型。笔者认为,华北奥陶纪古陆表海盆完全可能形成一定规模的海相固体钾盐矿床,并对其中最有希望的陕北盐盆的钾盐资源潜力和找钾前景进行了分析讨论。     

Reviews on Potash Deposit Metallogenic Conditions

Potash salt is one of key scarce strategic resources. Searching for large scale of potash salt deposit is one big problerm which Chinese academic community faces. Many new discoveries of world potash deposit have been made in recent ten years, which provide abundant practical information and complement the potash metallogenic theory. Through the summary of the potash forming characteristics at home and abroad, the paper studies the potash forming time, tectonic condition, paleogeographic condition, paleoclimate, basin location and salt source. Potash is mainly formed in Permian, Cretaceous, late Jurassic, Cambrian and Devonian. The combination of structure and environment helps to form large scale of evaporation. The climate cycle is related with crust activity. As the other ore deposit, the formation of potash ore also needs dry climate. Potash is the product of final stage in brine evolution, and therefore, it needs persistent drought climate. However, the climate condition is very complicated. Drought climate belt also occurs in humid climate stage, which is controlled by geomorphology. Potash ore can also form in local drought condition. Generally, potash forms in rock salt basin. However, the actual situation is very complicated. Some potash basin is coincided with rock salt basin, some is on one side of rock salt basin; and some are even in the outside of rock salt basin. Salt materials can be from three sources: marine source, terrigenous source and deep source.The paper gives an overview of the research status about the potash deposit forming conditions, which has great guiding significance for searching potash deposit in China. The paper also summarizes the three types of metallogenic models for potash deposit, including epicontinental metallogenic model, abnormal marine evaporation model and rift valley model. The three models are mainly different in material sources, in which the potash in epicontinental metallogenic model is from seawater; the potash in abnormal evaporation model is from nonmarine brine and the potash in rift valley model is mainly from deep material of volcanic activity.     

Progress in the investigation of potash resources in western China

Through the study of the geological conditions of potash deposits in China from recent years, a new understanding of potash theories has arisen that appropriate Chinese geological features. Important progress and substantial breakthroughs have been gained in the direction and management of potash prospecting: (1) Important breakthroughs in continental potassium prospecting: The “Quaternary gravel type deep potassium rich brine metallogenic model in western Qaidam” ensures Quaternary deep potassium rich brine prospecting will grow new KCl resources by 350 Mt, providing a resource guarantee for meeting the Chinese demand for sylvite. (2) The Marine facies potash prospecting shows good prospects: the determination of the new type of Triassic polyhalite potash ore deposits in Sichuan provide an important scientific basis for the establishment of exploration planning and the selection of exploration target areas for polyhalite minerals in the Sichuan Basin; The “two-storey potash deposits model” in southwestern Yunnan has been confirmed, which indicates prospects for the exploration of potash in the deeper Marine facies in southwestern Yunnan are likely to be successful. The discovery of a high concentration of rich bromite salt and potash salt in the Paleogene of the Kuqa depression and the southwestern Tarim region provides strong support for the likelihood large-scale potash deposits exist in these regions.     

中国钾盐地质资源现状与找钾方向初步分析

分析了中国钾资源供需形势、有利成盐找钾时代、主要的有利成钾盆地等,回顾了中国找钾工作的历史,指出中国西部仍有找钾前景,尤其是中、上侏罗统-白垩系和新生界,其次是上震旦统-寒武系、石炭系、奥陶系和三叠系,同时,还应继续开展现代盐湖和地下卤水找钾和综合评价,主要找钾地区为塔里木盆地、滇西-羌塘盆地、柴达木盆地和上扬子盆地.鉴于中国特定的成盐构造地质条件和钾盐成矿、保存特点,以及国外预测找钾的经验,在中国找钾要有做长期深入勘查研究的思想准备和采取切实有效的措施,建议对找钾工作加大投入,加强找钾预测的地质基础研究,建立专业队伍和落实油钾兼探的方针.     

罗布泊低品位光卤石矿分布特点及其找矿规律探讨

罗布泊干盐湖位于新疆塔里木盆地东部。1995年以来,在罗布泊发现了超大型规模卤水钾盐矿床,卤水钾盐资源主要赋存于罗北凹地等盐系地层中。近年来调查发现,罗布泊分布有地堑式张性断陷带,不仅控制成钾凹地的形成,其本身也蕴藏有一定规模的固体钾盐资源。地球物理(EH-4)测量显示,断陷带深达1 000 m。在罗布泊盐湖演化过程中,断陷带内出现较小规模的洼地或盐湖,湖表水蒸发浓缩形成卤水,由于罗布泊地堑式断陷带长达30~50 km,向下延长深度可达1000 m,说明罗布泊断陷带内可以形成和储集一定规模的固体钾盐矿,成为今后罗布泊盐湖钾资源扩大找矿的新空间。     

塔里木盆地西部盐矿点卤水地球化学特征及成钾预测

在塔里木盆地的地质发展史上,发生了多次的海进和海退,带来了大量的成盐物质。而且,由于极度的干旱,沉积了大量的岩盐,有望在塔里木盆地找到钾盐。通过野外工作,发现在塔里木盆地西部有大量石盐和盐泉卤水出露。笔者基于地质概况和岩相古地理特征的介绍,通过对采自塔里木盆地西部卤水样品的化学分析,讨论了其地球化学参数及成钾可能性。根据卤水样的分析结果得出:大多数卤水都是从厚层的岩盐中淋滤出来的,岩盐主要是氯化物型,这种类型的岩盐表面上都没有达到钾盐沉积的阶段;其次,根据Br和K含量表明WSKL(乌克沙鲁)已经有钾盐沉积的显示,是一个值得注意的地方,应该把重点放在这个区域;最后,由于原始沉积的原因,塔里木盆地Br含量普遍很低,这一点通过实验结果和收集到的资料已经得到了证实,不能单纯地依据Br指数来判断岩盐的沉积阶段,必须寻找除海相成钾以外的其他的成钾模式。