热带雨林有色金属矿产地球化学勘查方法探索

为探索热带雨林条件下有效矿产地球化学勘查方法,在西定金矿开展100km2的采样密度、采样层位(土壤)、采样介质、样品加工粒度、分析方法及土壤地球化学剖面等项试验工作,研究矿体与非矿体上部土壤中地球化学元素的分布特征,为今后在热带雨林地区开展有色金属矿产勘查提供依据。     

穿透性地球化学在干旱戈壁荒漠覆盖区的应用 ——甘肃花牛山铅锌矿试验实例

干旱戈壁荒漠区地处我国西北部地区,天山、北山、祁连山三大多金属成矿带横贯其中,成矿条件优越,找矿尤其是找隐伏矿的潜力巨大,但受风成砂土的影响,很难获知覆盖层下方的矿化信息.穿透性地球化学已被证实是有效寻找隐伏矿的方法,其被定义为能探测深部隐伏矿体发出的直接信息的勘查地球化学理论与方法技术.笔者在花牛山铅锌矿开展土壤微细粒全量测量、金属活动态测量(水溶态测量、黏土吸附态测量、铁锰氧化物态测量)和地电化学测量多种穿透性地球化学勘查方法实测工作,结果表明,5种测量方法分析数据主成矿元素(铅、锌)异常衬度高,变异系数大,富集成矿可能性大,地球化学异常与深部隐伏矿体位置吻合,相比较而言,土壤微细粒全量测量效果最好,黏土吸附态测量、铁锰氧化物态测量和地电化学测量效果较好,水溶态测量效果稍差;所选方法技术针对干旱戈壁荒漠区寻找隐伏铅锌矿是有效的.气固介质中内生条件下的纳米金属微粒的发现为利用土壤作为采样介质的穿透性地球化学方法技术(土壤微细粒测量、金属活动态测量)提供了理论基础.电提取泡塑载体中大量的微米级的黏土矿物颗粒发现,以及微量元素异常与铁、铝等常量元素异常高度一致,初步推断地电化学测量提取过程是对黏土矿物颗粒选择性吸附过程.     

矿产勘查地球化学:过去的成就与未来的挑战

勘查地球化学经过 70年的发展 ,已从矿产勘查从属地位的一种战术手段上升到能左右整个矿产勘查全局的战略地位 ,并且从一门经验或技术 ,发展成为一门地学分支科学。这主要表现在 (1)系统地建立了各种类型的地球化学分散模式 ,并根据这些分散模式所形成的地球化学异常去追踪和发现矿床的理论 ;(2 )发展了各种尺度和各种不同介质的地球化学采样方法 ,多元素高灵敏分析方法和数据处理与图件表达方法 ;(3)发展了不同尺度 (局部、区域、国家和全球 )地球化学填图理论 ,一些国家开始陆续完成和出版了区域性或国家性地球化学图 ;(4 )在全世界发现了一大批新的矿产地 ,包括从 2 0世纪 30年代一直延续到 70年代在前苏联、北美和南美发现的许多斑岩铜矿 ,70年代在北美发现许多铀矿 ,80年代开始在中国发现数百个金矿。勘查地球化学尽管取得了从理论到实践的很大成功 ,但它也面临如下的挑战 :(1)全球各种介质中的地球化学基准与全球地球化学填图 ,(2 )隐伏区三维地球化学分散模式、深穿透地球化学与隐伏区矿产勘查 ,(3)巨量金属的聚集机理、地球化学块体与大型矿集区或巨型矿床的定量评价 ,(4 )难识别矿种或难识别类型的地球化学勘查与评价方法。     

深穿透地球化学勘查技术对胶东冲积土覆盖区隐伏金矿的勘查指示

胶东是当今世界仅有的探明金资源储量超过5000 t的三个金矿省之一,随着地质勘查程度的不断提高,其找矿方向逐渐由浅表矿转向覆盖区深部隐伏矿。土壤微细粒分离技术是一种能反映深部异常信息的深穿透地球化学勘查技术,已在多种景观区取得成功试验案例。本文选择胶东冲积土覆盖区曲家隐伏金矿及其外围开展土壤微细粒分离技术的勘查试验。结果表明：相比于中国土壤、山东省土壤、烟台市土壤背景值,研究区内Au元素高度富集,区域浓集系数高达288,金、银等地球化学异常范围与已知隐伏矿体位置具有很好的对应关系,能够互相印证,且与钻孔原生晕地球化学信息有继承关系。异常形成机理是：深部成矿物质以呈类气体性质的纳米颗粒形式沿断层、地层接触面等〖JP3〗宏观裂隙和围岩中的微裂隙等通道在多营力接续作用下迁移至地表,并被地表微细粒土壤捕获形成矿化异常。土壤微细粒分离技术对隐伏金矿的勘查指示取得理想效果,可以应用于胶东冲积土覆盖区地球化学找矿勘查。     

金的植物地球化学及勘查金矿的方法

用植物地球化学法找金在许多国家进行了研究,并取得了较好的效果。本文对金的植物地球化学及勘查金矿的方法、采样介质和有关指示元素作了简要介绍。     

深穿透勘查地球化学

笔者根据近些年发展起来的寻找隐伏矿的勘查地球化学新方法,提出了深穿透勘查地球化学的概念、理论、研究内容、研究意义与必要性。将深穿透勘查地球化学定义为研究能探测深部隐伏矿体发出的直接信息的勘查地球化学理论与方法技术。它的目的是将各种寻找深部隐伏矿的新方法的理论基础有机地联系起来,将其发展成一门科学,而不仅仅是停留在经验或技术上,以便为更科学有效地寻找深部隐伏矿提供有利手段。     

隐伏矿床上方纳米铜颗粒存在形式与成因

在铜镍矿床覆盖层土壤颗粒中和其下伏原生矿石中同时采集到金属纳米颗粒,颗粒在其粒径大小、形貌、连接和簇聚形式、微粒元素组合等性质上相似,表明两者为同成因物质,是内生成矿作用元素存在形式,土壤颗粒中金属纳米颗粒来自深部矿体。在金矿上方土壤颗粒中采集的纳米金属颗粒,与在铜镍矿床覆盖层土壤颗粒中采集观测到的微粒,在微粒性质可以对比,表明元素的纳米微粒是稳定形式,在其源区形成后可借助多种营力,穿越后期地质作用覆盖层,在近地表被土壤地球化学障捕获滞留,是深部矿化的有效传递物质。深穿透地球化学技术可从土壤中分离富集采集到此纳米微粒,并通过其微粒性质,追踪其源区性质。此研究结果在实用意义上,可为以土壤作为采样介质的深穿透地球化学勘查探测覆盖区隐伏矿方法提供理论依据。     

永丰县三坊地区成矿地质条件及金地球化学研究

对三坊地区进行了成矿地质条件及金地球化学找矿研究.经野外土壤地球化学系统采样及地表勘查,在该地区发现了土壤地球化学异常,通过土壤地球化学异常与区域地质特征综合分析,探讨了金异常与地层、构造与隐伏岩体之间的成因关系,圈定了异常区段(块)与土壤金异常,为下一步找矿工作提供了科学依据.     

穿透性地球化学勘查技术综述与展望

穿透性地球化学勘查技术通过获取覆盖层不同介质中的穿透性信息,以此达到指示隐伏矿体的目的。系统总结了活动态金属离子测量、酶提取测量、金属元素活动态测量、地电化学技术、植物地球化学技术、地气测量等几种穿透性地球化学勘查方法的理论基础和实际应用效果。指出今后应该加强元素迁移机理、元素卸载机制及元素卸载后在地表表现出的异常模式等异常形成机理研究,并进一步总结和研究穿透性地球化学勘查技术的矿种和景观适用性问题,从经济适用性角度出发,各种勘查技术要向着简化采样、分析流程和提高方法技术的稳定性努力,以便更加高效经济地开展覆盖区找矿工作。     

土壤地球化学测量发展历程与进展

土壤地球化学测量作为一种重要的勘查技术方法,历经近百年的发展历程,自从1932年苏联地质学家费尔斯曼、谢而盖耶夫等开展地球化学找矿尝试以来,其在矿产勘查、生态、环保等领域均取得了丰硕成果和长足发展。本文基于前人研究成果基础之上,通过对土壤地球化学测量发展历程回顾,通过其在多目标领域运用,在有色金属、贵金属、油气矿产、放射性铀矿、隐伏矿床勘查等领域的研究进展进行总结综述,以期阐明土壤地球化学测量成果对生态环境、现代农业、人类健康、食品安全等目标领域的运用和展望。     

干旱荒漠景观区金属微粒迁移机制浅析

干旱荒漠景观区面积辽阔,找矿潜力巨大,受限于常规地球化学勘查方法,被认为是勘查地球化学的难点重点区。本研究简要总结干旱荒漠景观区潜在的金属微粒向上迁移的机制,依据其作用范围分为:潜水面以下的机制,包括地下水作用、压力泵机制、地气流和电化学迁移机制;潜水面以上的机制,包括毛细管作用、植物吸收、气态物质迁移和生物扰动。研究中介绍各迁移机制的作用原理、有效性及其局限性,认为每种机制在特定的环境条件下均能以不同形式运移相关的金属微粒,但由于复杂的地形地貌、漫长的地质演化,任何机制不可能独立单一地存在,彼此间相互协同作用。另外,潜水面以上与包气带有关的机制主要发生在沉积地段的运移覆盖层中,在开展深穿透地球化学(地气类方法、选择性提取方法、植物地球化学方法和地球电化学方法)找矿之前,有必要了解研究区古气候、沉积物性质和地貌演化史,便于合理选择采样层位和采样介质,尽可能发现由金属运移机制引起的综合异常。     

陈家杖子金矿地球化学特征及其指示意义

陈家杖子金矿是通过1∶5万化探工作发现的斑岩型金多金属矿, 其地球化学异常特征可作为在该区寻找类似矿床标志。该矿东部还有形成多金属矿的潜力。在此类土壤覆盖区应采用土壤测量。该金矿的发现反映了在我国中西部地区利用常规方法来发现新矿床的巨大潜力。     

七里山金矿山的岩石地球化学异常评价与找矿

在七里山金矿区开展了面积性岩石地球化学测量,圈定了4个金异常,其中2个是已知矿的反映,另2个是新发现的金异常。同时研究了已知金矿体的岩石、矿石和异常的元素特征,确定了矿床的指示元素以及元素分带序列,由此建立了异常评价指标。并对4个金异常进行了评价,认为2个新发现的金异常均有良好的找矿前景,提交了验证孔位。经4号金异常进行钻孔验证,在深部见到了富的金矿体。此次化探工作证明该金矿还有隐伏矿体存在,也证明利用岩石裂隙地球化学方法在危机矿山寻找隐伏矿是非常有意义的。     

新疆金窝子矿区深穿透地球化学对比研究

在新疆金窝子金矿区,利用2种深穿透地球化学方法--金属活动态提取方法和电地球化学方法进行对比试验,结果表明这些方法可以在隐伏矿上方有效地发现异常.在干旱荒漠区由于氧化作用和蒸发作用强烈,地表形成氧化地球化学障和大量盐类的蒸发地球化学障,这些地球化学障可以捕获由深部迁移至地表的含矿信息,因此,用深穿透地球化学的铁锰氧化物膜提取和盐类蒸发障良好导电性能的电提取可以有效地指示矿体.     

Distribution and speciation of gold in biogenic and abiogenic calcium carbonates - Implications for the formation of gold anomalous calcrete

Calcrete (pedogenic Ca carbonate) is an important sampling medium for geochemical gold (Au) exploration in semi-arid and arid regions of Australia, because it is widespread, easy to sample and calcium (Ca) shows a strong positive correlation with Au, but not with base metals, in calcrete overlying buried Au mineralization. In this study we show that the formation of Au-anomalous calcrete can be biomediated through the activity of resident microorganisms, and may not simply be the result of passive nucleation on inactive cells or evapotransporative processes. Calcified microfossils are highly abundant in calcrete from the Barns Au-prospect in South Australia. These microfossils are morphological analogues of calcified cells and biofilms formed in laboratory experiments conducted with active bacterial cultures enriched from Au-anomalous calcareous sand from the Barns prospect. Calcium carbonates precipitated by these cultures consisted mostly of calcite, which is the main carbonate mineral in calcrete. Synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence (S-μXRF) mapping was used to assess the distribution of Au, Zn, Ca and other metals in Ca carbonates precipitated by active bacterial cultures. On a μm-scale the distribution of Au was heterogeneous in these Ca carbonates and differed from base metal distribution, thus mimicking the spatial separation of these metals observed in calcrete. The speciation of Au in Ca carbonates precipitated by active bacteria was measured using micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (μ-XANES) and resembled that observed in Au-anomalous calcrete closely. While metallic Au was observed in Au ‘hotpots’, ionic Au was detected in the halo surrounding the ‘hotspot’. In contrast, the precipitates produced in the presence of dead bacterial cells or by raising solution pH or pCO₂, i.e., hydroxylapatite, portlandite and vaterite, respectively, did not reflect the mineralogy of calcrete. Gold distribution and speciation in vaterite, formed by raising pCO₂, were homogenous and did not reproduce the variation observed in calcrete and Ca carbonates precipitated by active cells. Increasing the supersaturation with respect to Ca in solution by incremental drying of the medium produced only X-ray amorphous precipitates, or hydroxylapatite in the presence heat-killed cells. In conclusion, this study shows that active microbial processes that combine biogenic Ca carbonatogenesis with Au precipitation are likely to drive the formation of Au-anomalous calcrete.     

高精度重磁测量在河南崤山金矿区调查评价中的应用

通过对河南崤山金矿区重磁资料数据的处理,分离了深源与浅源场,并结合物性特征解释重磁异常。研究区高精度重力异常主要反映断裂构造、隐伏岩体和崤山古地块分布特征,高精度磁力异常反映中酸性隐伏岩体分布特征。结合地质资料,综合分析和研究重磁异常特征,推测了与金矿有关的断裂及隐伏岩体的平面和三维空间分布位置。依据重磁异常特征和已知金矿床赋存规律,对成矿远景区段进行预测与评价,预测金矿远景区2处。对今后在研究区中深部和外围同类矿床的勘查中缩小目标靶区、合理选择勘探方法等具有一定的实际意义。     

Geochemical challenges of diverse regolith-covered terrains for mineral exploration in China

In recent years mineral exploration has concentrated on concealed deposits in regolith-covered terrains. In China, the regolith-covered landscapes mainly include desert windblown sand basins, desert peneplains, semi-arid grassland, loess plateaus, forestry land, alluvial plains and laterite terrains. These diverse regolith-covered areas represent geochemical challenges for mineral exploration in China. This paper provides an overview of recent progress on mechanisms of metal dispersion from the buried ore deposits through the transported cover to the surface and penetrating geochemical methods to detect the anomalies. Case studies show that, in arid and semi-arid desert sand-covered terrains, sampling of fine-fraction (− 120 mesh, < 0.125 mm) clay-rich horizon soil is cost-effective for regional geochemical surveys for sandstone-type uranium, gold, and base metal deposits. Fine-fraction sampling, selective-leaching and overburden drilling geochemical methods can effectively indicate the 210 gold ore body at Jinwozi goldfield. In alluvium-covered terrains, fine-grained soil sampling (− 200 mesh, < 0.074 mm) combined with selective leaching geochemistry shows clear ring-shaped anomalies of Cu and Ni over the Zhouan concealed Cu–Ni deposit. In laterite-covered terrains, the anomalies determined by the fine-fraction soils and selective leaching of absorbed metals on coatings of Fe–Mn oxides coincide well with the concealed deposit over the Yueyang ore deposits at the Zijin Au–Cu–Ag field. Nanoparticles of hexagonal crystals mainly native copper, gold and alloys of Cu–Fe, Cu–Fe–Mn, Cu–Ti, and Cu–Au were observed in gases, soils and ores using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The findings imply that nanoparticles of gold and copper may migrate through the transported cover to the surface. Uranium is converted to uranyl ions [UO₂^2 +] under oxidizing conditions when migrating from ore bodies to the surface. The uranyl ions are absorbed on clay minerals, because clay layers have a net negative charge, which needs to be balanced by interlayer cations. Nanoparticles of Au and Cu and ion complexes of U are more readily absorbed onto fine fractions of soils containing clays, colloids, oxides and organic matters. Thus, fine-grained soils enriched with clays, oxides and colloids are useful media for regional geochemical surveys in regolith-covered terrains and in sedimentary basins. Fine-fraction soil sampling combined with selective leaching geochemistry is effective for finding concealed ore bodies in detailed surveys. Penetrating geochemistry at surface sampling provides cost-effective mineral exploration methods for delineation of regional and local targets in transported cover terrains.     

岩屑测量方法在干旱荒漠区的找矿效果——以贺兰山北段嘎拉斯台白钨矿的发现为例

贺兰山北段地区构造活运强裂,中酸性侵入岩发育,化探异常普遍存在,找矿标志信息丰富,是金、钨等矿产的富集区。该区属干旱低山丘陵荒漠地球化学景观区,前人在该区完成的1∶20万水系沉积物测量工作受采样介质、样品粒级、测试设备、分析方法等条件限制,获得的有用找矿信息不强。本次化探工作采用不规则网1∶5万岩屑测量、-4～+20目采样粒级及采样层位为C层的工作技术方法,共圈定30个综合异常,呈NE向带状分布。通过异常查证,新发现各类矿点、矿化点14处,圈定出3个找矿远景区,优选出9个找矿靶区,取得了较好的找矿成果。此外,本次工作首次在太古宇贺兰山岩群第二岩组硅化浅粒岩中发现了层控型白钨矿,其形成环境与国内已知的白钨矿矿床的形成环境完全不同,矿体产于太古宙中深变质岩系中,呈层状、似层状。此类矿床鲜有报道,因此,该钨矿的发现,对在前寒武纪中深变质岩中寻找层控型白钨矿具深远意义,也为该区在白钨矿找矿上提供了参考。     

Application of Optically Stimulated Luminescence Technique in Exploring a Concealed Sandstone-type Uranium Deposit

Identifying ore-induced geochemical anomalies at the surface that indicate concealed deposits in buried areas remains a significant challenge in geochemical exploration. In this study, in order to trace the source of the geochemical anomalies, systematic luminescence intensity analyses were conducted on quartz grains from the Quaternary regolith at the Hadatu sandstone-type uranium deposit in the Erenhot Basin. The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages were much older than the depositional ages of the Quaternary regolith. Moreover, quartz OSL ages were closely related to both borehole grades and sampling depths. Thus, the abnormal mineral OSL ages from near-surface sediments were ultimately controlled by the sandstone-type uranium deposits. This is identical to the rapid changes of quartz OSL ages (0.063 ka/cm) and equivalent doses (0.19 Gy/cm) with depths in a given sampling site. The instantaneous soil radon concentration was positively correlated with the quartz OSL apparent age, indicating their ore-induced origin and, as a result, their effectiveness in the exploration of concealed uranium deposits. Other parameters, including mobile-state uranium and 210Po contents, were poorly correlated with quartz OSL ages and therefore should only be used with caution for geochemical exploration. This is the first time an attempt has been made to discriminate the ore-induced sources for different surface anomaly parameters, including instantaneous soil radon, mobile-state uranium and 210Po contents for concealed sandstone-type uranium deposits.     

A microbial pathway for the formation of gold-anomalous calcrete

The formation of pedogenic carbonate (calcrete) in terrestrial environments is commonly mediated by microorganisms. In Australia, Au-anomalous calcrete is an important sampling medium for geochemical exploration, but current models describing its formation do not include a confirmed microbial component. This study demonstrates that bacterial communities in calcareous sands from dunes overlying the Barns Gold Deposit in semi-arid South Australia, are capable of mediating the biomineralisation of Au-anomalous carbonates. Bacterial enrichment cultures obtained from calcareous sands at three depths (0.1, 0.64 and 2.1 m, plus abiotic control) were incubated in urea and Ca²⁺-containing growth media (pH 8), unamended and amended with Au (100 parts-per-billion, ppb) as Au–aspartic-acid complex. During the incubation of the enrichment cultures urea was turned over to NH₄⁺ within 96 h to 220 h. The solution pH increased concurrently by approximately 1.2 units, and Au-anomalous Ca-carbonate crystallites were precipitated on cells, which functioned as nucleation sites; no carbonate precipitation was observed in abiotic controls. Compared to the medium, Au was strongly enriched in these carbonates and appeared to be uniformly dispersed in the individual crystallites, as shown using LA-ICP-MS; a similar distribution is present in naturally occurring Au-anomalous calcrete. Phylogenetic 16S rRNA PCR DGGE analyses, shotgun cloning and functional microbial analyses (BioLog, ureC quantitative PCR) demonstrated that naturally occurring and culture-enriched bacterial communities were dominated by alkaliphylic, halotolerant Bacillus spp. The indigenous bacterial communities were capable of utilising amino acids (including l-aspartic acid) and urea, which appears to lead to the destabilisation of the Au–amino acid complexes and concomitant co-precipitation of Au in the Ca-carbonates. In conclusion, a model combining geomicrobial– with evapotranspiration– and plant-based components is likely to best describe the formation of (Au-anomalous) calcrete in semi-arid and arid zones.