农田大尺度土壤水空间变异试验研究

为了解半干旱地区农田大尺度土壤水空间变异性特征,文章利用传统统计学和地统计学方法对清水河平原105个土壤剖面的6个水平层面的土壤水分进行了分析。发现旱作农田土壤水垂向分布与灌溉农田有较大区别。同一置信水平和精度要求下,同一深度上旱作农田土壤含水量观测试验的合理取样数目明显高于灌溉农田;深层的合理取样数目明显高于浅层。区域土壤水具中等偏弱空间相关性,土壤水高值区与灌溉区具有一致性。结果表明:在半干旱地区,农田类型(灌溉与旱作)是影响农田大尺度土壤水空间变异的重要因素,多年灌溉农田土壤水空间变异性弱于旱作农田;区域土壤水空间变异性浅层弱于深层;土壤水空间分布与农田类型具有一致性。     

黄土高原关键带全剖面土壤水分空间变异性

土壤水分是黄土高原关键带水循环、地下水补给和植被恢复的关键因素。为揭示黄土高原关键带黄土整个剖面的土壤水分空间变化特征,通过土芯钻探的方式获取了黄土高原关键带5个典型样点（杨凌、长武、富县、安塞和神木）从地表到基岩的土壤水分样品,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法分析了剖面土壤水分的分布规律、变异特征及空间结构。结果表明:黄土高原关键带剖面土壤水分从南往北,土壤平均含水量由高变低;5个样点的土壤水分均为中等变异,随着深度由40 m增加到200 m,土壤水分变异性变弱,且样点之间的土壤含水量差异降低;地统计学分析表明样点的半方差函数能被理论模型较好地拟合（杨凌除外）,指数模型能够描述大部分样点深剖面的空间变异结构。相关结果有助于了解黄土高原深层土壤水分状况及分布规律,对于黄土高原土壤水资源估算和区域植被恢复具有重要价值。     

野外非饱和土壤水流运动速度的空间变异性及其对溶质运移的影响

根据野外非饱和溶质运移试验资料,分析了港质运移速度的空间变异性,求得了呈对数正态分布的流速分布函数,并依此推导出有效弥散系数α=0.068t.根据流速的随机分布特征,分别用带有随机参数的对流模型、对流一弥散模型和传统的对流-弥散模型,求得了区域平均浓度分布及其方差.计算结果与实测结果拟合良好.通过分析得到,浓度方差与浓度梯度成正比,与孔隙弥散系数成反比,方差最大值分布在浓度锋面附近.     

冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理

为研究冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理,在天山北麓平原通过人为控制潜水不同埋深条件下的模拟试验和田间土壤水分运移观测试验,分析了土壤水势分布和土壤含水量分布特征,发现冻结过程不同潜水埋深条件下的土壤水分运移机理、土壤水与潜水之间的相互转化关系有明显差异.在冻结过程中,潜水浅埋条件下,冻结层下界面与潜水面之间土壤水分运移状态呈上渗型,土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时引起潜水蒸发损耗使潜水位下降,表现出地下水向土壤水转化的基本特征.潜水深埋区,土壤水分运移状态呈上渗-入渗型,同样土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时潜水得到一定的入渗补给并使潜水位上升,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融过程中对于不同潜水埋深,由原来各自的土壤水分运移状态均逐渐转变为入渗型,形成潜水入渗补给,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融期是土壤水资源、地下水资源形成的重要时期,对于干旱少雨的西北地区而言,冻融水的形成、运移和入渗补给地下水具有重要的生态环境意义.     

区域地下水溶质运移随机理论的研究与进展

在总结近年来国内外区域地下水溶质运动研究的基本理论、方法和部分成果的基础上,论述了溶质在大区域运动的主要影响因素为区域介质的空间变异性。首先总结了野外条件下饱和介质和非饱和介质土壤渗透性能的空间变异性结果,由于野外渗透介质严重的空间变异性,研究溶质在野外条件下的运动采用了随机理论方法。基于Lagrange方法和Euler方法,研究结果表明,在渗透系数为对数正态二阶平稳及一阶扰动近似条件下,平均浓度满足对流－弥散方程,方程中宏观弥散度决定于介质渗透性能的统计特征,总结了一系列宏观弥散系数的表达形式,在此基础上,指出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

土壤水分与溶质运移机制的分形理论研究进展

土壤中水分和溶质运移一直是土壤-水环境系统中的研究热点,也是目前仍未得到很好解决的问题.将分形理论应用于土壤水分溶质运移机制的研究,探讨其领域中的众多复杂问题,是一种全新的思路和方法.在对土壤结构定量化的分形表征进行简要阐述的基础上,重点介绍了分形理论在水分特征曲线和水力传导度等土壤水分运动基本参数的分形模型、土壤水分运移过程模拟、土壤溶质运移的非费克现象、弥散度的尺度效应以及溶质运移机制研究方面所取得的一系列成果,并就分形理论今后在土壤水分、溶质运移研究中的应用作了展望.     

夏玉米田土壤水分-养分-盐分剖面二维数值模拟

以衡水试验场夏玉米田为例，建立了田间沟垄地形条件下土壤剖面的二维饱和－非饱和水流及溶质运移数学模型，对夏玉米生长条件下土壤剖面水分、养分和盐分（以下简称水养盐）的动态进行了模拟，揭示了典型时刻土壤水流动系统特征及其与土壤水分、养分和盐分的关系。结果表明：①所建立的数学模型以及模型中的参数可较好地描述和模拟土壤剖面水养盐的运移过程和变化规律；②土壤剖面水养盐的分布明显受土壤沟垄地形的影响；③在夏玉米生长期，土壤处于“耗养”和“脱盐”状态。     

非均匀土壤中溶质运移的两区模型及其解析解

给出了非均匀土壤中考虑水动力弥散尺度效应的一维溶质运移两区模型。然后在初始浓度为零,半无限一维空间内常数通量边界条件下,推导出了可动区和不动区溶质浓度分布的解析表达式。并用Mathematica软件包作了数值计算。计算结果表明,该模型的模拟结果符合溶质运移的一般规律,因而该模型在土壤溶质运移的研究和应用中有一定的价值。     

含水层和土壤的随机特征对水分运动的影响

将土壤或含水层的介质参数视为随机分布,建立了饱和非饱和水流运动的随机微分方程,利用随机数值求解方法,得到各种随机参数对水头分布和含水量空间变异性的影响。分析结果表明,随着渗透系数空间变异性和相关尺度的增大,含水层水头分布的变异性增大;对于区域内有抽水井分布的问题,在井点附近区域,z向水流速度空间变异性大,而在井点处变异性较小。当采用Gardner-Russo模型描述非饱和水分特征时,其非饱和土壤介质参数α的变异性对土壤负压和含水量变异性的影响大于饱和渗透系数,土壤含水量越小,含水量的空间变异性越大。初步讨论了根据随机数值方法研究地下水运动问题的可靠性分析方法。     

浅层含水层导水系数空间变异分析——以河套平原呼和浩特市为例

水文地质参数空间变异性是影响地下水水流及溶质运移不确定性的主要因素。呼和浩特市浅层地下水导水系数空间变异研究对导水系数等值线的绘制与校正有实际意义。剔除异常值后,利用地质统计方法研究区域、N-S向、E-W向剖面的空间分布,利用GS+对其空间变异结构进行分析,得出以下结论:导水系数在区域上属于强变异程度,N-S向剖面属于强变异程度,E-W向剖面上属于中等变异程度;导水系数在区域上、N-S向剖面、E-W向剖面均近似服从对数正态分布;区域上变程为2910m,E-W向剖面变程为3729.92m,N-S向剖面变程为2478.74m。     

黄土高原南北样带不同土层土壤水分变异与模拟

为掌握黄土高原区域尺度土壤水分的时空分异特征及其影响因素,在黄土高原布设一条南北方向样带（N=86）,动态监测0~5 m剖面土壤含水率。采用经典统计学方法分析了土壤蓄水量的分布规律、变异特征及影响因素。结果表明:不同土层土壤水分均呈中等程度变异,并由南向北递减,样带0~5 m剖面平均土壤蓄水量为735 mm;随着土层深度的增加,土壤水分在空间上的变异增强,而在时间上的变异减弱,表明深层土壤水分具有较强的时间稳定性特征。干燥度、黏粒、归一化植被指数和坡度是影响区域土壤水分空间分布的主要因素,可作为一定置信水平上预测区域土壤水分空间分布状况的预测变量。     

Back calculation of soil hydraulic parameters based on HYDRUS-1D

Soil hydraulic parameters are the basis for simulating and calculating the progress of soil water movement and salt transport, and the parameters back-calculation method is simple and effective to determine those parameters. HYDRUS-1D software can simulate the movement of water, salt and heat of soil, as well as realize the inverse calculation of the soil hydraulic parameters through utilizing measured data. Based on the soil moisture content and negative-pressure data monitored in the Erdaoqiao test field of HangjinRear Banner ofInner MongoliaAutonomous Region, soil hydraulic parameters were inversely calculated, and the parameters were verified by utilizing the monitored data of soil with the same lithology under different conditions. The results show that soil moisture content and negative-pressure profile calculated by the soil hydraulic parameters through this method coincide comparably well with the measured results. This indicated that the soil hydraulic parameters obtained through this method were suitable for the moisture movement calculation of soil with the same lithology in field scale     

不同类型下边界条件对模拟灌溉农田水分渗漏的影响

以田间试验为基础,采用土壤水动力学模型,分别以自由排水、负压水头和地下水埋深三种情况作为下边界,模拟计算了灌溉农田1998年10月-2001年9月期间2 m土体的水分渗漏情况。采用地下水埋深下边界时所得到的剖面分层土壤含水量的模拟值与实测值都比较吻合,而采用自由排水和负压水头下边界时均存在不同程度的偏差。通过与定位通量法估算的水分渗漏动态及累积渗漏量做进一步比较,发现采用地下水埋深下边界时其水分渗漏的动态变化趋势与定位通量法基本一致,因此模型采用地下水埋深作为下边界比较符合当地的实际情况。     

Ground-penetrating radar for monitoring the distribution of near-surface soil water content in the Gurbantünggüt Desert

In the Gurbantünggüt Desert, snowmelt-induced high soil water contents briefly create favorable conditions for the germination and growth of plants every spring. Monitoring the rapidly changing conditions in this time period demands fast and efficient methods for measuring soil water contents at the field scale. For this study, a series of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements were carried out on sites characterized by semi-vegetated dunes both in April 2010 and 2011. We compare water contents calculated from the GPR direct ground wave signal to both point scale validation measurements by time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and gravimetric sampling. Our results show that GPR is an effective method to rapidly obtain a detailed image of the field scale soil water content distribution in the Gurbantünggüt Desert with an accuracy similar to TDR. Observed large scale soil water content variations are dominated by dune topography: During snow melting, melt water was found to trickle slowly from the dune ridges to interdune valleys, increasing the soil water content there while the dune ridges quickly started to dry down. In dune valleys, smaller scale near-surface soil water content changes were dominated by variations in the vegetation coverage, leading to snowmelt funnels at distinct locations: The snowmelt initially occurred around the stems and branches of plants, forming funnel-shaped melt water induced holes through the snow cover and leading to an increasing amount of melt water collected around these plant roots. Our comparison of data from 2010 to 2011 furthermore suggests a temporally stable distribution of near-surface soil water content. This has important ecological significance for controlling desertification and for restoring and reconstructing vegetation in the Gurbantünggüt Desert.     

应用时域反射仪测定农田土壤水分

介绍了时域反射仪(TDR)测定农田土壤水分的方法及其应用,包括测定农田根系层土壤含水量和一定深度范围内土体贮水量,TDR自动、连续监测土壤水分,用TDR实测土壤水分来估算作物不同生长发育期内农田实际蒸散量以及用于探讨农田水分空间变异性。还对TDR、中子仪和土钻法测定的土壤含水量进行了比较,结果表明,应用TDR测定农田土壤水分要优于中子仪和土钻法。     

浅层包气带地温与含水量昼夜动态的实验研究

西北荒漠化地区,包气带中的水分除来自大气降水外,还来自凝结水。凝结水对维持荒漠地区的植被生态环境起到至关重要的作用,而凝结水的形成机制又反映在包气带地温与含水量的昼夜动态过程中。文中报告了室外沙坑浅层包气带地温与含水量观测的实验结果。土壤含水量变化采用原位测试的方法观测,避免了传统称重法产生的干扰和不确定性。实验中对深度0~30cm范围的土壤温度进行了高密度观测。结果表明,温度梯度对水汽的运移起到主控作用,温度梯度方向向下,土壤含水量增加,反之,含水量减少。通过热传导方程对土壤中的传热过程进行分析,得到傅立叶级数表示的温度波方程,用于预测不同深度土壤响应地表条件而产生的温度变化。实验中还对近地表微气象以及土壤负压等因素进行了观测。     

喀斯特溶槽岩-土界面优势流及其对土壤水分动态的影响

通过对两个典型溶槽剖面的野外入渗实验,结合对入渗锋面的红外成像和染色示踪,分析溶槽中土壤湿润锋运移受岩—土界面优势流、初始水分状态（干湿程度和不均匀分布）及植被根系的影响程度。其结果表明:岩—土界面优势流增加入渗锋面到达处的土壤含水率是溶槽中部的1.1～14.5倍,但岩—土界面优势流形成的侧向水势梯度可降低优势流锋面下移;初始入渗中表土湿润锋运移主要受植被根系大孔隙优势流的影响,岩—土界面优势流作用不显著,但随着入渗深度的加大,岩—土界面优势流侧向弥散对湿润锋运移和土壤水分的影响加强。      

Experimental study of water and salt redistribution of clay soil in an opening system with constant temperature

Temperature changing in soil has an influence on the redistribution of water and salt. With constant temperature in an open system we performed two unidirectional freezing tests with different temperature settings of clay collected at Beiluhe test site along Qinghai–Tibet Railway. The groundwater supply of the soil was simulated during the experiments by attaching a liquid replenishment system to the bottom of the sample container. Water content and ions content of the soil were measured after the experiments. By analyzing the two main ions in the soil we obtained the laws and the properties of water and salt redistribution during freezing of clay soil. The results show that the water content increases in freezing section while it decreases in unfrozen section compared with initial water content. To the salt, under this circumstance the diffusion due to the concentration gradient dominated the transfer way in clay soil, so the ions content in the unfreezing section decreased with the decreasing of the distance to freezing front. At the ice segregation layer the ions content is less due to the ice self-purification, and almost nothing changed in frozen section.     

Simulation modelling of pollutant transport from leachate in Shiraz landfill

A one-dimensional mathematical model based on convection–dispersion equation in unsaturated porous media is presented to compute inorganic total solid concentration in the soil column under the Shiraz landfill. In addition, a dynamic mathematical model is formulated to simulate concentrations of ions such as Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻ and HCO₃ ⁻ as well as PH and EC in soil profile under the Shiraz landfill. Leachw model was applied to simulate water flow, water content and hydraulic conductivity in soil depth. The model was calibrated and verified by using different sets of data collected from several segments of soil depth in the study area. The numerical solution obtained using finite element method. The simulated values for the parameters were compared with measured values as well as analytical solution. The simulated results are in good agreement with measured values. This model could be applied to field scale problems for the landfill management.