西藏嘎拉勒铜金矿床金和银的赋存状态研究

班公湖-怒江成矿带是西藏重要的铜多金属成矿带。嘎拉勒铜金矿床是该成矿带中发现较晚、研究程度较低且具代表性的矽卡岩型铜金矿床,矿石有用组分中金、银的赋存状态研究相对开展的较少,限制了矿床进一步的综合开发利用。作者通过野外地质调查与采样,采用光学显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜观察和X射线能谱仪测试分析等手段和方法,对矿石成分组分做了详细的研究,重点研究了矿床中金、银的赋存状态及主要载金矿物的特征。嘎拉勒铜金矿床金矿物以自然金、银金矿为主,其次为金银矿,可见粒间金、裂隙金及相对较少的包裹金形式,主要的载金矿物为石英、白云石、方解石、金属氧化物、硫化物及自然铋等。银矿物主要以金银系列矿物形式存在,少量自然银与放射性元素共生,此外,还有少量辉银矿。研究成果填补了该矿区金、银赋存状态研究的空白,对矿床的开发、利用有着重要的指示意义。     

Discovery of Bismuth Mineral of the Garqiong Copper-Gold Ore Deposits in Tibet and Its Significance

班公湖-怒江成矿带是西藏自治区重要的铜金多金属成矿带,东西延伸约2000 km,南北两侧与拉萨地块和羌塘地块相接.随着研究程度的深入,近已发现成矿带中铋的矿化呈带状展布.尕尔穷是该成矿带中重要的矽卡岩型铜金矿床,笔者通过野外地质调查采样、显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜观察和能谱成分分析,在矿石中首次发现铋的独立矿物——辉铋矿,这也是班公湖-怒江成矿带中首次发现的重要铋工业矿物.此外还有含锇自然铋、硫铜铋矿、碲铋矿、含硫碲铋矿、未定名的BiTe2等铋的自然元素矿物、碲化物及硫盐矿物.研究成果丰富了成矿带铋矿物种类,对矿床研究和勘查方向的确定有着重要的指示意义.根据镜下鉴定和流体包裹体测温讨论了Cu-Au-Bi共生关系,铋在成矿热液中以硫络合物形式迁移,辉铋矿在高温热液下形成.尕尔穷铜金矿床的含矿岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄83.2～87.1 Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄86.87～87.29 Ma,矿床类型为岩浆热液接触交代成因的矽卡岩型铜金矿床.     

西藏尕尔穷铜金矿床矿铋矿物的发现及意义

班公湖-怒江成矿带是西藏自治区重要的铜金多金属成矿带,东西延伸约2000km,南北两侧与拉萨地块和羌塘地块相接。随着研究程度的深入,近已发现成矿带中铋的矿化呈带状展布。尕尔穷是该成矿带中重要的矽卡岩型铜金矿床,笔者通过野外地质调查采样、显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜观察和能谱成分分析,在矿石中首次发现铋的独立矿物——辉铋矿,这也是班公湖-怒江成矿带中首次发现的重要铋工业矿物。此外还有含锇自然铋、硫铜铋矿、碲铋矿、含硫碲铋矿、未定名的BiTe2等铋的自然元素矿物、碲化物及硫盐矿物。研究成果丰富了成矿带铋矿物种类,对矿床研究和勘查方向的确定有着重要的指示意义。根据镜下鉴定和流体包裹体测温讨论了Cu-Au-Bi共生关系,铋在成矿热液中以硫络合物形式迁移,辉铋矿在高温热液下形成。尕尔穷铜金矿床的含矿岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄83.2～87.1Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄86.87～87.29Ma,矿床类型为岩浆热液接触交代成因的矽卡岩型铜金矿床。     

西藏新嘎果铅锌矿床矽卡岩矿物及金属矿物特征

新嘎果矿床是西藏冈底斯成矿带北缘矽卡岩多金属成矿带的一个典型矽卡岩型铅锌矿床。矽卡岩矿体主要呈层状、似层状产于下白垩统塔克那组地层中。电子探针测试结果表明，矽卡岩矿物主要为钙铝榴石、钙铁辉石和绿帘石，少量的硅灰石、密绿泥石等，构成典型的钙质矽卡岩。金属矿物主要为闪锌矿、方铅矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿，少量的白铁矿、毒砂、自然铋、斜方辉铅铋矿、辉砷镍矿等。该矿床中石榴子石成分特征指示成矿环境是变化的，在早期进变质阶段由氧化环境向还原环境转变，而晚期退变质阶段由氧化环境向还原环境转变。金属矿物中闪锌矿主要为铁闪锌矿，表明其形成于中高温环境。而含铋的矿物主要为自然铋、斜方辉铅铋矿和方铅矿，并且在这些矿物中Ag和Bi的含量呈正相关性，指示铋对银的富集可能起着重要的作用；此外，铋也是新嘎果矿床重要的伴生有用元素，具有较高的综合利用价值。     

西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带及邻区铋矿化带的发现与意义

铋是一种稀有金属, 在世界分布很不均匀, 全世界铋资源绝大部分赋存在中国, 我国的铋资源主要集中在湖南的柿竹园。本文通过系统的野外调查与样品采集、室内ICP-MS与扫描电镜及电镜能谱方法分析, 确定班公湖-怒江成矿带12个矿床(点)单件样品铋含量达到边界品位的要求, 9个矿床(点)单件样品达到工业品位的要求, 最高达到9575×10?6。铋含量高的地质体东西向呈带状展布, 为一铋的成矿带。确定材玛矽卡岩型铁矿、尕尔穷矽卡岩型铜矿、舍索矽卡岩型铜铅锌多金属矿-社样多金属矿-更乃矽卡岩型铜铁矿、拉屋矽卡岩型铜矿-尤卡浪脉状铅矿共4个铋矿找矿远景区。铋矿物种类为硫铜铋矿、自然铋、硫铋铜铅矿、硫铋银矿共4种。铋含量较高的样品主要分布于矽卡岩型矿床中, 斑岩型矿床的铋含量较低。班公湖-怒江成矿带铋的矿化时代应为燕山期,为班公湖-怒江向南(即冈底斯地块)俯冲使之闭合后碰撞阶段所形成的。拉屋多金属矿床正在开采, 其矿石含有较高的铋含量, 由于铋的单位价值远远大于正在开采的铜与铅锌等资源, 因此, 该矿床开采时需加强铋资源的评价, 以提高其资源的综合利用价值。     

西藏嘎拉勒金铜矿床40Ar/39Ar同位素年龄及地质意义

西藏嘎拉勒矽卡岩型金(铜)矿床为近几年由西藏自治区第二地质大队发现的具有一定规模和潜力的矿床。本文以嘎拉勒金铜矿床中矽卡岩中金云母为研究对象,通过40Ar/39Ar同位素定年的方法,精确厘定了嘎拉勒矽卡岩型金铜矿床的成矿时代。金云母结晶在石榴子石和透辉石、黄铁矿和黄铜矿形成之间,并与石榴子石、针状透闪石和放射状阳起石密切共生。测试结果表明,嘎拉勒矿区金云母的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为85.41±0.64 Ma,与相应的等时线年龄85.9±2.4 Ma一致,推测其成矿作用可能与拉萨地块和羌塘地块碰撞后在拉萨地块北侧发生岩石圈拆沉引起地幔物质上涌而诱发的岩浆活动有关。     

滇西镇康芦子园铅锌矿床矽卡岩矿物特征及矿化期次初步研究

保山―镇康地块位于澜沧江断裂带和怒江断裂带之间,是重要的铜、铅、锌、铁、金、银等多金属成矿带,芦子园铅锌矿床是近年来经勘查发现的发育于此成矿带内的超大型铅-锌-铁-铜多金属矿床。目前对于芦子园铅锌矿床主要矽卡岩矿物类型的厘定以及矽卡岩矿物特征的研究环节较为薄弱。本文在详细的光、薄片鉴定分析的基础上,据矿床地质特征、矿物共生组合及相互穿插关系,表明该矿床的形成具有多期多阶段性,对矽卡岩矿物进行系统研究,详细把握该矿床主要矽卡岩矿物类型和矽卡岩矿物特征及矿化期次,对完善矿床成因及指导矿石选冶都有十分重要的意义。     

西藏尕尔穷铜金矿床矿石特征及成因意义

通过野外地质调查、镜下鉴定、扫描电镜、电子探针、流体包裹体测温等方法和手段,对尕尔穷铜金矿的矿石组构、矿物成分、成矿温度、成矿期及成矿阶段进行了研究。结果表明,矿石成分以氧化物、硫化物及硫盐矿物为主,自然元素矿物、金-银系列互化物次之,发现了自然元素矿物自然铁、自然铋和铜锌合金矿物,工业铋矿物-辉铋矿。矿石具块状、浸染状、细脉浸染状构造,以结晶结构、交代结构为主。成矿温度以高—中温为主。含矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄为83.2-87.1 Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为86.87-87.29 Ma。与成矿有关的围岩蚀变主要为夕卡岩化、硅化。成矿过程具多期多阶段的特点,其中岩浆期后热液交代作用是主要的成矿作用。矿床成因类型为岩浆期后热液接触交代作用形成的夕卡岩型铜金矿床。     

西藏尕尔穷铜金矿床发现罕见金属(Ni-Cr-Fe，Cu-Zn)互化物

班公湖—怒江成矿带是西藏自治区重要的铜金多金属成矿带,尕尔穷矿床是该成矿带中重要的矽卡岩型铜金矿床,笔者通过野外地质调查采样、显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜观察和X射线能谱仪测试分析,对矿石物质组分做了系统的研究.首次在矿石中发现了罕见的Ni-Cr-Fe,Cu-Zn互化物,这也是矽卡岩型矿床中首次发现此类矿物,在国内外尚无报道.这些金属互化物均属自然界罕见的矿物种类,其生成条件独特,是在缺氧、低硫的强还原环境中形成.首次在矽卡岩型矿床中发现与幔源岩浆有着成矿专属性的成矿元素,在成矿理论、成矿物质来源、成矿条件、成矿环境、矿床成因等方面具有重要的科学意义.     

鄂东南鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床金、银、碲、铋的赋存状态及其对成矿条件的制约

鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床是长江中下游成矿带典型的矽卡岩矿床,矿体主要赋存于下三叠统大冶组碳酸盐岩与花岗闪长斑岩接触带内。根据野外观察和镜下鉴定,将成矿过程划分为进矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-硫化物阶段为金和铜的主要成矿阶段。鸡笼山金铜矿床中不同类型矿石的矿相学观察和电子探针微区成分分析(EPMA)表明,金、银主要以自然金、银金矿、碲银矿、硫银铋矿等形式产出,主要载金矿物为黄铜矿和黄铁矿;同时发现鸡笼山金铜矿床中发育大量碲-铋矿物(如辉碲铋矿、针硫铋铅矿等)。成矿流体物理化学性质研究表明,鸡笼山金铜矿床中金银元素在高温热液中主要以氯络合物的形式运移,随着温度降低和流体进一步的演化,金银元素转变为以硫络合物、碲铋化物熔体等形式运移。在石英-硫化物阶段,由于硫化作用与流体的沸腾作用,流体中硫逸度降低,碲逸度升高;当流体处于黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿氧逸度范围、酸碱性呈中性-弱碱性、碲逸度(logf_(Te2))为-10.7~-8.4、硫逸度(logf_(S_2))为-11.4~-10.6时,金、银、铜元素近于同时沉淀,碲、铋和砷元素对金和银元素运移和富集起到了重要作用,最终形成了鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.