金在碱性富硅热液中溶解和迁移的实验研究

实验测定了金在碱性富硅溶液中的溶解度，并标定了Ａｕ与ＳｉＯ２之间的配合关系Ａｕ＾＋Ｈ２ＳｉＯ＾－４＝ＡｕＨ３ＳｉＯ＾０４在８０￣２５０℃的温度范围内，其平衡常数为ｌｇＫ＝－１．９８８９＋１００８５。１８／Ｔ（Ｔ为绝对温度）各温度下的平衡常数值与Ａｕ－ＨＣｌ－ＳｉＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ体系中得到的结果一致。它表明溶液在酸性和碱性条件下，ＳｉＯ２均作为配位体，与Ａｕ形成ＡｕＨ３ＳｉＯ＾０４在热液中溶解、迁移。Ａ     

热液体系中Si的络合作用

在不同温度、ＰＨ和硅浓度条件下,实验标定了Ａｕ－ＳｉＯ以及Ｓｎ－ＳｉＯ２之间的络合反应：Ａｕ＾＋＋Ｈ３ＳｉＯ４＾－之间的络合反应：Ａｕ＾＋＋Ｈ４ＳｉＯ＝ＡｕＨ３ＳｉＯ４ ｌｇＫ＝－１．６５４３６＋９６１１．２１／Ｔ;Ｓｎ＾４＋＋４Ｈ３ＳｉＯ４＾－＝Ｓｎ（Ｈ３ＳｉＯ４）４;ｌｇＫ２００ｃ＝４２．７３。通过与Ａｕ－Ｃｌ、Ａｕ－ＨＳ以及Ｓｎ－ＯＨ络合物迁移能力的比较,表明在具地质意义的Ｐ睡ＥＨ条件下,Ａ     

小秦岭303号石英脉流体包裹体Rb—Sr,^40Ar—^39Ar成矿年龄测定

用石英流体包裹体Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ、＾４０Ａｒ－＾３９Ａｒ法测定了小秦岭３０３号石英脉的形成时代为石元古代。其流体包裹体属Ｈ２Ｏ＋ＣＯ２＋ＣａＣｌ型,盐度为６．５％－１２．９８％,ＣＯ２含量高,Ｎａ＾＋〉Ｋ＋。３０３号石英脉Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线年龄为（２３８２±３３６）Ｍａ－（２２３４±４７）Ｍａ,（＾８７ｓＲ／＾８６Ｓｒ）ｉ为（０．７３５１±０．００１９）－（０．７４１６±０．０００４）,＾４０Ａｒ＾＾３９     

安徽月山矿成矿流体中铜,金的迁移形式和沉淀的物理化学条件

文章基于矿床地质特征和地球化学热力学理论,计算和讨论了安微月山矽卡岩－热液型铜,金矿田成矿流体中成矿物质的迁移形式和沉淀的物理化学条件,两类矿床的主要成矿阶段,成矿流体中铜主要以氯络合物ＣｕＣｌ、ＣｕＣｌ２＾－、ＣｕＣｌ＾２－３,ＣｕＣｌＯＨ,金主要以硫的络合物Ａｕ２（ＨＳ）２Ｓ＾２－,Ａｕ（ＨＳ）２＾－,ＡｕＨＳ、ＡｕＨ３ＳｉＯ４等形式进行迁移,成矿流体中铜沉淀的主要物化条件是降温及氯离子浓度的     

25—200℃氯化钠溶液中金配合物的喇曼光谱研究

用高温喇曼光谱技术测定了０．０５ｍｏｌ／ｋｇ Ａｕ和１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＣｌ中性水溶液中的金所配合物及其结构。结果得出，２５－１５０℃溶液中闰面正方形结构的ＡｕＣｌ３（ＯＨ）＾－占优势，当在１５０℃以上时ＡｕＣｌ３（ＯＨ）＾－发生酸化脱水，生成ＡｕＣｏ＾－４，它在高温时有由平面正方形结构歧变为四面体结构趋势。     

导水系数和水井损失系数的测定：利用多落程抽水试验法

由单井的多落程抽水试验资料，所建立的方程Ｓｎ／Ｑｎ＝Ａｎ＋ＣＱｎ，可用线性回归法求得该方程中的常数值。公式Ｔ＝〔２．３ｌｇ（ｔｎ／ｔｎ－ｉ）〕〔４π（Ａｎ－Ａｎ－１）〕＾－１可利用不同时间的Ａｎ值，在允许水跃值的情况下，以求抽水井附近含水层的导水系数，进而还可求得给水度。     

热液流体中的离子扩散作用：：Ⅰ.踪扩散系数的理论计算

本文在对已有示踪扩散系数和极限当量电导实验测定数据进行分析的基础上，运用热力学理论建立了离子示踪扩散系数（Ｄ＾０ｉ，Ｔ）与标准偏摩尔熵（Ｓ＾０ｉ，２５）和温度的函数关系：Ｄｉ＾０ｉ，ｒ＝（ａ＾１ｊ＋ｂ＾１ｊＳ＾０ｉ，２５）ｅｘｐ｛（Ｔ－２９８）（Ｃｊ＋ｄｊＳ＾０ｉ，２５）＋ａｉ，ｊ〔（２９８－２２）＾－１．５Ｔ－２９８（Ｔ－２２８）＾－１．５〕／２９８ＲＴ｝应用该方程可计算溶液中离子在任意温度下的     

新试剂——QAI与钴（Ⅱ）显色反应的研究和应用

本合成了新显色剂２－（８－喹啉偶氮）－咪唑（ＱＡＩ）测定了试剂的离解常数。研究了ＱＡＩ与ＣＯ（Ⅱ）的显色反应，在ｐＨ３．０～７．０的缓冲介质中，ＱＡＩ与ＣＯ（Ⅱ）形成１：３的红色配合物，λｍａｘ＝５３０ｎｍ表面摩尔吸光系数ε＝３．６７×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１，钴量在０～２５μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律，该法的优点是选择性高和操作简便，做了较大量的Ｃｕ（Ⅱ），Ｎｉ（Ⅱ），Ｆｅ（Ⅱ     

一个古元古代A型流纹岩

山西吕梁群流纹岩是一个古元古代的弱碱性火山岩,它具有高ＳｉＯ２,Ｎａ２Ｏ＋Ｋ２Ｏ和Ｚｒ,Ｇａ等高场强元素和高ＦｅＯ＾＊／ＭｇＯ,Ｒｂ／Ｓｒ和Ｇａ／Ａｌ比值,以及低ＣａＯ,Ｓｒ和Ｅｕ／Ｅｕ＾＊的地球化学特征,相似于Ａ型花岗质岩石。它形成于大陆边缘裂谷环境,化学成分及同位素特征为高εＮｄ（ｔ）值,低（＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ）ｉ值,表明流纹岩的原始岩浆由下地壳晚太古代变质岩受裂谷岩浆和热流作用的影响部分     

钴—对乙酰基偶氮羧极谱催化波的研究

在ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ，ＮａＮＯ２，ＣＴＭＡＢ介质中，Ｃｏ与对乙酰基偶氮羧络合物产生一灵敏的极谱催化波，峰电位在－０．９０Ｖ，Ｃｏ浓度在（０．０１－０．１２）μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内与峰电流呈线性关系，检测下限为２×１０＾－４μｇ／ｍｌ，常见共存离子不干扰测定。     

Calculating phase diagrams involving solid solutions via non-linear equations, with examples using THERMOCALC

Phase diagrams involving solid solutions are calculated by solving sets of non-linear equations. In calculating P–T  projections and compatibility diagrams, the equations used for each equilibrium are the equilibrium relationships for an independent set of reactions between the end-members of the phases in the equilibrium. Invariant points and univariant lines in P–T  projections can be calculated directly, as can coordinates in compatibility diagrams. In calculating P–T  and T–x / P–x pseudosections – diagrams drawn for particular bulk compositions – the equilibrium relationship equations are augmented by mass balance equations. Lines in pseudosections, where the mode of one phase in the lower variance equilibrium is zero, and points, where the modes of two phases are zero, can then be calculated directly. The software, THERMOCALC, allows the calculation of these and a range of other types of phase diagram. Examples of phase diagrams and phase diagram movies, with instructions for their production, along with the THERMOCALC input and output files, and the Mathematica^TM functions for assembling them, are presented in this paper, partly in hard copy and partly on the JMG web sites (http://www.gly.bris.ac.uk/www/jmg/jmg.html, or equivalent Australian or USA sites).
     

A phenomenon in the configurational change of phase diagrams under constraints: Stability interchange of Mirror Symmetrical Configuration and its thermodynamic explanationSCIEI北大核心CSCD

实验或计算相图及野外观察表明,同一体系在不同但却相近的物理化学条件下常常会呈现出许多截然不同的相组合或经历截然不同的反应途径。为了分析这一现象的原因,本文作者计算了不同温度、压力条件下CaO-FeO-SiO_(2)-O_(2)体系(铁橄榄石、钙铁橄榄石、钙铁辉石、磁铁矿、钙铁榴石、赤铁矿、硅灰石)的氧逸度-硅活度[log f(O_(2))-log a(SiO_(2))]相图。结果表明,随着约束条件的变化,该体系所包含的两个不同一级多体系(由一个无变度组合加上一相所形成的子体系)的相图先后经历了构型转变;在每次转变中,同一个一级多体系中每条单变度线上的两个无变度点都会同时经历彼此靠近、重合于一点、再沿原来方向彼此远离的过程。因此,原来相对稳定的无变度点在新的条件下全部同时变为介稳,而原来介稳的无变度点在新的条件下全部同时变为相对稳定的点,其中每一构型中稳定部分与介稳部分的关系是互补的。因此,整个一级多体系的拓扑构型(包含稳定和介稳部分)呈现镜像对称。对于受约束条件下的多相、多组分体系,这种构型转变现象比较常见。它伴随着一系列相组合和反应的突变,因而可以影响相关地质过程的演化途径;而构型转变的条件可用来确定相组合突变所需要的条件变量的范围,其计算只涉及一级多体系(而不是整个体系)中的相。需要注意的是,在一级多体系中,某个“相对”稳定的无变度点在其它一级多体系中可能会变为介稳点。因此,一级多体系中“相对”稳定的无变度点在高级多体系中可能只有一部分依旧能够保持稳定。另外,受约束条件的变化常会导致新相的产生或已有相的消失,从而使得原有的一级多体系可能还未来得及发生相图构型转变就已经转变为一个新的体系。这种情况会大幅度地减少原有的一级多体系相图构型发生转变的机会。本文利用相图的拓扑分析理论对上述现象做了很好的热力学分析和解释。     

The Gibbs method and Duhem's theorem: The quantitative relationships among P,T, chemical potential,phase composition and reaction progress in igneous and metamorphic systems

The Gibbs method permits simultaneous evaluation of the relationships among all intensive thermodynamic variables of a heterogeneous system in equilibrium. Addition of mass balance constraints permits simultaneous evaluation of both intensive and extensive variables so that changes in phase chemistry and modes may be monitored. Assumption of closed system behavior results in a system of equations with two degrees of freedom, regardless of the thermodynamic variance, as specified by Duhem's theorem. Open system behavior increases the number of degrees of freedom by the number of components to which the system is open. The methodology presented is therefore a formal statement of the constraints among the differential of all of the intensive and extensive variables of a heterogeneous system.Examples of the application of this formalism include contouring pressure-temperature space for mineral composition, modal changes and reaction progress; contouring reaction space with pressure, temperature and mineral composition; and calculation of compositional and modal changes of phases for prescribed changes in pressure and temperature, as, for example, in the calculation of synthetic garnet zoning profiles or liquid lines of descent in crystallizing magmas.     

三种类型烃-烃不混溶包裹体组合的特征和热力学条件的计算

在自然界广泛分布着烃-烃不混溶体系中捕获的流体包裹体,由于这些包裹体具有复杂的组成和相态,因此不混溶包裹体组合的判别和热力学参数的计算常常难以进行。根据烃-烃不混溶体系中两个端员组分流体包裹体室温下的相态特征和在温度-压力平面图上等容线交点显示的位置,划分成三种类型流体包裹体组合,本介绍了三种类型流体包裹体组合特征,叙述了不混溶烃-烃包裹体组合的测定和判别方法,并且阐述均一化包裹体相态方程和气-液平衡常数原理和方法与此同时列举了自然界简单的三种类型不混溶烃-烃包裹体组合的测定、判别和计算的几个实例,利用相态方程和气-液平衡常数,不但精确地计算出包裹体均一压力,并且精确地计算出流体密度和体积等热力学参数。最后,利用均一成气相和液相的两种包裹体在 p-T 平面图上等容线交点同样计算出流体包裹体组合的捕获温度和压力。     

The adaptation of Pearce element ratio diagrams to complex high silica systems

Pearce element ratios (PERs, of Pearce 1968) express geochemical data in a form where variations in absolute compositions of an igneous suite can be evaluated. Generally the denominator value in the ratio is taken as a major element abundance, but it is argued here that Zr provides a more suitable choice. Zr remains incompatible in magmatic systems up to 68 wt.% SiO₂ because zircon fractionation can be suppressed by high melt temperatures and increased volatile contents. The use of Zr thus permits PER modelling to be extended to much higher levels of silica than previously investigated. However, such systems are more complex than those just involving simple basaltic magmas. Besides fractionation, the processes of magma mixing, combined assimilation and fractional crystallization, and the initial degree of partial melting in the mantle source must also be considered. To distinguish and evaluate these processes a set of example suites are investigated from a complex synextensional calc-alkaline province in the western USA. Samples within most individual suites can be modelled by fractionation, however a significant trend orthogonal to the main fractionation vector is also apparent, and open system processes are inferred. Successful modelling is achieved on an inter-suite basis using diagrams with axis functions of ([4(Ca+Na)+0.5(Fe+Mg)]/Zr versus (Si+Al)/Zr). Potential open system evolution paths between mafic end members and crustal contaminants are also displayed and evaluated on these same diagrams. The encouraging results suggest that such PER diagrams may be employed as a versatile tool for investigating the systematics of related igneous suites over a wide area.     

The engineering-physical basis of temperature regime regulation of ground massifs in northern construction

Artificial ground freezing at low temperatures provides a solution to such complicated problems as strengthening foundations, improvement of their reliability and the provision of the watertightness of the ground.

Ground cooling and freezing directly changes the stress—deformation state of foundations and underground constructions.

Basic diagrams on ways and means of forming low temperature frozen zones of a definite shape in the ground are given in the paper. Peculiarities of the work of the seasonally functioning heat-exchange devices and systems are discussed.

The development and refinements of methods of calculation and long-term forecast of temperature fields in artificially cooled ground massifs is of great importance.

Experimental data on migration phenomena in freezing soils and the methods of the numerical modeling of cooled massifs are discussed.

The paper is illustrated by diagrams, test results and calculation data.     

开放地质体系中物质迁移质量平衡计算方法介绍

地质体系的开放过程,如交代、蚀变、熔融、风化、渗透、变形等,往往伴随着显著的物质组分(元素)的活动和迁移.研究这些地质过程需要我们深入地了解发生迁移组分的种类和程度.质量平衡计算作为定量限定地质体系开放过程中物质迁入或迁出情况的重要手段,已经被广泛应用到诸多的地质问题研究中.目前,已有许多的学者建立了各种各样的质量平衡计算公式和相应的图解方法,但是这些方法的核心思想和基本原理都是一致的.因此,本文选取了目前国际上几个常用的质量平衡计算方法进行了详细地介绍.这些方法包括成分-体积图解法(Gresens,1967)、Isocon图解法(Grant,1986)、标准化Isocon图解法(Guo et al.,2009)和定量计算法.同时,作者也结合自身的研究经验和实例,对这些方法的应用范围、优缺点和注意事项做了相应地评述.通过这些介绍,希望可以帮助初学者对质量平衡计算方法的基本原理、主要思想及应用过程有一个相对全面的了解.     

Kinematic Groups in the Corona of the Ursa Majoris Flow Indicated by Gaia Data

The internal kinematics of the Ursa Majoris stellar flow is considered. The details of the flow structure are considered, and new candidate members are searched for using high-precision Gaia DR1 TGAS data. The flow structure is studied using apex diagrams, which have been shown to be effective in studies of open clusters. To select member-stars of the flow, a chain of filters was applied to the spatial coordinates and velocities, photometric data, and elemental abundances of potential members. The nonuniform kinematic structure of the flow, manifest through its separation into different velocity directions for the core and three groups in the corona, is confirmed. Several filters were used to identify three candidate members. These included apex diagrams, M_V?(B?V)₀ diagrams, and the abundances of Fe, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, and Ni.     

PROBLEMS OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL THEORY OF PETROLOGIC PROCESSES

The processes of petrology are essentially physico-chemical and are best understood by: 1) analysis of natural formations and processes; 2) experimental investigations; 3) thermodynamic calculations and constructions. Petrological systems historically have been considered as essentially closed. However, recent work has stressed the significance of open magmatic and metamorphic systems and the mobility of certain components in the form of "transmagmatic solutions. " Of particular importance is the alkalinity (concentration of potassium and sodium oxides) of such solutions and the acid-base interactions. Similarly, the regimes of water and carbon dioxide during metamorphism have a direct bearing on mineral paragenesis and should be investigated further. The concepts of infiltrational and diffusional solutions in metasomatic processes explain features of chemical and mineralogical zonality which cannot be satisfactorily explained by the conventional "pulsational" theory of post-magmatic solutions. Also, the new hypothesis of "waves of acidic components," together with the "acid filtration effect," provides insight into specific processes such as leaching, hydrothermal differentiation, replacement, and mineralization.-- Rudy C. Epis.