高速远程滑坡的地貌学与沉积学研究进展

本文总结了当前有关高速远程滑坡远程机制的研究现状,探讨了滑坡地貌学和沉积学对于揭示高速远程滑坡运动学机理的重要意义。通过梳理前人关于高速远程滑坡堆积形态的分类,分析了高速远程滑坡主要的形态学特征、蕴含的运动学信息以及高速远程滑坡的脱落块体、丘体、脊结构、断层等的地貌结构特征,并进一步指出这些地貌结构的形成主要是滑坡体物质不均匀运动的结果,其受地形和内聚力的影响。高速远程滑坡的沉积学特征明显受到岩性、地形和基底等因素的影响,本文对高速远程滑坡的沉积相模式及其运动学意义进行了分析,并对地层不变性与反序结构两个重要堆积特征进行了讨论。最后,指出高速远程滑坡地貌学与沉积学研究当前主要存在的一些问题,建议将大型物理模拟与数值模拟方法相结合,加强对高速远程滑坡地貌微形态和堆积结构的形成机制研究。     

高速远程滑坡-碎屑流运动机理研究发展现状与展望

高速远程滑坡-碎屑流具有极高的运动速度和超远距离的位移,往往能够引发灾难性事故,造成严重的生命财产损失,因此,它的运动机理,即高速远程效应机理一直是国内外学者研究的热点。目前国外主要存在四种观点:空气润滑模型、颗粒流模型、能量传递模型和底部超孔隙水压力模型。但是,由于高速远程滑坡-碎屑流自身的复杂性,到目前为止,研究还没有取得公认的成果。中国是高速远程滑坡-碎屑流的频发区,因其研究才刚刚起步,研究成果还处于定性阶段。本文在查阅大量文献的基础上,从理论和技术两方面分别阐述了国内外高速远程滑坡-碎屑流运动机理研究的发展现状,对目前纵多的理论和模型进行了归纳与总结,点评了目前研究的难点,并在此基础上提出了今后的研究重点。本文是国内外首次对该领域的研究进行系统的归纳和总结,对今后类似的研究具较高的参考价值。     

基于物理模型试验的碎屑流流态化运动特征分析

流态化运动是高速远程滑坡的主要运动形式,是揭示高速远程滑坡运动机理的重要基础。基于粒子图像测速（PIV）分析方法,采用物理模型试验对不同粒径组成条件下的颗粒流内部的速度分布、剪切变形及流态特征进行了研究,并对高速远程滑坡流态化运动特征进行了讨论分析。结果表明:碎屑流流态化运动特征与颗粒粒径呈显著的相关性,随着粒径的减小或细颗粒含量的增加,颗粒流底部相对于边界的滑动速度以及整体的运动速度均呈逐渐减小的趋势,颗粒流内部剪切变形程度增加,颗粒的运动形式由“滑动”向“流动”转变;当颗粒粒径较小或细颗粒含量较高时,颗粒流内部剪切速率增大的趋势在颗粒流底部更加显著,反映了粒径减小有助于促进颗粒流内部剪切向底部的集中;在同一颗粒流的不同运动阶段及不同纵向深度,其流态特征具有显著差别,颗粒流前缘及尾部主要呈惯性态,颗粒间以碰撞作用为主,而主体部分则主要呈密集态,颗粒间以摩擦接触作用为主;在颗粒流表面及底部,颗粒间相互作用方式主要是碰撞作用,中间部分则以摩擦作用为主;对于不同粒径的颗粒流,随着粒径的增大或粗颗粒含量的增加,颗粒流内部颗粒的碰撞作用加强,颗粒流整体趋于向惯性态转变。     

高速远程滑坡滑震研究述评

高速运动的滑坡体与下伏不平顺运动路径间的强烈动力相互作用将产生地震波,即滑震。滑震作为一种独特的研究视角,可为高速远程滑坡运动特征的研究提供前所未有的细节化体现和无与伦比的定量化数据支撑。通过对国内外已有研究成果的归纳梳理,对高速远程滑坡滑震研究的发展过程和研究现状进行了概略性述评:首先,对滑震相关研究近百年来的历史进程和发展趋势进行了归纳;其次,通过对比不同运动行为产生滑震信号的过程,阐述了滑震波的典型信号特征;进一步地,基于不同频段的滑震信号特征,从高速远程滑坡基本特征识别、高速远程滑坡运动学过程和运动特征推演等方面,对现有研究成果进行了述评,探讨了滑震手段推进高速远程滑坡动力学研究的重要贡献和巨大潜力;在此基础上,从滑震数据库的建立和完善、滑震波动机理理论模型的优化与发展、滑震波与滑坡接触力的耦合分析以及多学科交叉融合4个方面对下一步的研究工作进行了讨论和展望。     

高速远程滑坡运动堆积过程中的能量传递机制

高速远程滑坡往往引发灾难性事故,开展运动堆积过程定量研究,对于探究滑坡发生机理及预测致灾范围具有重要意义.基于室内物理模型试验,通过PIV技术分析高速摄像机在试验过程中拍摄的照片,获取了运动过程中滑体颗粒的水平速度、竖直速度与位移等运动参数.从滑体颗粒群和不同位置处单体颗粒角度,分析高速远程滑坡的运动演化规律.结果显示:（1）滑体颗粒前端出现高速区,该高速区随着滑坡停止具有一定的保持性.颗粒间存在明显的碰撞现象;（2）从不同位置单体颗粒来看,前部颗粒位移量最大,速度波动频繁,碰撞频次最高,能量多次补充;中部颗粒位移量其次,速度有波动过程,但不及前部频繁;后部颗粒位移量最小,速度基本呈递降趋势,能量逐渐减小.结合重庆鸡尾山滑坡以及Black Rapids Glacier滑坡实例分析,揭示了高速远程滑坡运动堆积过程中滑体颗粒间存在碰撞及能量传递现象,从而进一步探究高速远程滑坡形成机制,在监测预防、灾害治理等方面具有现实指导意义.      

新疆伊宁县喀拉亚尕奇滑坡动力学特征研究

通过对高速远程黄土滑坡动力学特征的研究,提出黄土高速远程滑坡空间预测的模拟方法。以新疆伊宁县喀拉亚尕奇黄土滑坡为例,基于野外地质调查和无人机航拍影像图,结合滑坡研究区的工程地质条件,分析了该滑坡的基本特征和形成条件。研究发现,该滑坡的主要诱发因素是冰雪融水入渗,其孕灾模式主要为四个阶段:后缘拉裂阶段,黄土节理冻胀扩展阶段,融雪入渗失稳阶段,高速下滑阶段。同时利用Rapid模型对滑坡运动全过程进行模拟,计算得到滑坡运动持续时间为26 s,最大运动速度达到22 m/s,堆积体的平均厚度达到5 m等运动特征要素,结果表明Rapid模型可以较好的模拟分析黄土高速远程滑坡动力学效应,为黄土地区类似滑坡的成灾机理和动力学效应分析提供参考。      

山地冰川流动模型探讨

近30 a来冰川动力学模型有了快速发展, 在南极、 格林兰冰盖预测中取得一系列重要成果, 对山地冰川的研究也初见端倪. 从冰川流动的力学过程出发, 利用本构方程、 理想冰川假设、 浅冰层近似(Shallow ice approximation)假设完整地推导了理想冰川流动的物理过程, 揭示了冰川流动的机理, 建立了气候变化和冰川自身重力引起的理想冰川物质和能量再分配的温度耦合三维流动模型. 结合山地冰川的冰床形态, 将理想冰川与实际冰川相结合, 使理想冰川流动模型更好地近似山地冰川的流动.     

论崩塌滑坡—碎屑流高速远程问题

高速远程崩塌滑坡—碎屑流具有规模大、速度快、滑程远、多态化、常转向、冲程多、冲击性和摧毁性等特征。崩塌或滑坡高速远程实质上是其解体后的碎屑流运动形式。碎屑流高速远程与崩塌滑坡规模、物质成分结构、地形高差、沟道形态和引发因素及运动路经的环境等因素密切相关。崩塌滑坡变形破坏形式一般显示为蠕动—拉裂—剪断—滑移—冲出—解体—碎屑流化的过程。崩塌滑坡形成机理主要基于残余强度、蠕变作用和孔隙水压力等理论认识进行解释。碎屑流运动机理主要立足于势能动能转化传递、气体浮托和颗粒流运动理论予以解释。动势能转化、气体浮托作用和颗粒流运动三种解释是层次不同、相互补充的关系,不是彼此独立的。基于成年人在复杂地形下能够奔跑逃生,崩塌滑坡—碎屑流前锋的运动速度5m/s作为高速运动的下限值是比较合理的。崩塌滑坡—碎屑流区域的前后缘高差(H)与前后缘水平距离(L)的比值小于0.4或L/H值大于2.5可作为其远程运动的判据。崩塌滑坡—碎屑流成灾模式包括直接压覆、解体推挤、碰撞冲击、气浪吹袭、激流涌浪、堰塞湖淹没与滑坡坝溃决—洪水泥石流等多种形式。     

青藏高原古高速远程滑坡沉积学特征研究

高速远程滑坡运动学机理是国际工程地质领域亟待解决的重大前沿性关键科学问题。为探索高速远程滑坡的运动学机理,以青藏高原不同构造背景下的三大高速远程滑坡为研究对象,通过现场工程地质调查与分析,详细探讨了滑坡运动路径上所揭露出的各种表面与剖面沉积学特征,结果显示:(1)沿滑坡运动路径上依次可见大型堆积平台、纵向脊、横向脊、堆积丘等表面沉积学地貌的规律性分布,根据各类地貌的空间分布特征,可将滑坡区自后向前划分为源区、流通区和堆积区;(2)剖面上则可见反粒序堆积结构的展布,自上而下依次可划分为硬壳层、主体层和基底层,在硬壳层和主体层中可见层序保留、拼贴构造等低扰动性沉积学特征分布,在基底层中则可见其与下伏原沟谷堆积层强相互作用形成的底辟构造、小型褶皱等剖面沉积学特征分布。基于高速远程滑坡运动路径上各类表面和剖面沉积学地貌的空间展布特征,初步提出青藏高原关键地带高速远程滑坡的运动与停积就位机制,即滑体自源区失稳后主体表现为一种快速的低扰动性的整体性剪切运动过程,其流通区以快速拉张运动为主,堆积区则以快速推挤运动为主;当滑体下伏层中含水量较高时,伴随着滑体底部摩阻力的迅速降低,滑体表现出明显的侧限扩离运动。     

遥感技术在地质遗迹调查评价中的应用——以陕西华县莲花寺滑坡为例

针对地质遗迹资源调查依靠野外考察效率低、成本高及容易造成资源遗漏问题,将高空间分辨率卫星遥感技术引入地质灾害遗迹调查评价。基于IKONOS多光谱数据进行自然彩色变换,采用乘积法变换与全色数据进行融合,将遥感数据与DEM数据叠加生成三维遥感影像图,在遥感解译和野外调查的基础上,对莲花寺高速远程滑坡的形态特征、堆积体结构、成灾范围、成因机理及动力学过程进行研究,为陕西华县莲花寺滑坡地质遗迹评价提供直接的依据。研究结果表明:高空间分辨率卫星遥感技术应用于地质灾害遗迹调查评价,相对于传统野外考察等手段具有无比的优势。陕西华县莲花寺高速远程滑坡类型、特征、规模具有国际性对比意义,属国际罕见的滑坡灾害遗迹点,其稀有性对于研究高速远程滑坡这类特殊地质景观具有重要的现实意义,具有极高的科考研究和科普教育价值。     

冰屑对冰-岩碎屑流运动特性影响作用的初步分析

冰-岩碎屑流是一种发育在高寒山区、含固态水的特殊碎屑流,具有超强的运动性。冰屑对提高冰-岩碎屑流运动性至关重要,但对其认识仍较为不足。通过对2000年易贡滑坡的灾史资料分析和野外调查,指出易贡滑坡启动时携带冰川冰体、运动时铲刮含冰碎屑物,而且具有规模大、冲出距离远的运动特性,是典型的冰-岩碎屑流。进而引入斜槽实验模拟岩土体上覆冰川冰体失稳下滑的过程,验证调查发现的堆积体前端坑洞群问题,探讨冰-岩碎屑材料冲出距离与含冰量、冰屑岩屑粒径比的关系。研究发现,冰屑可能包裹在碎屑流前端并全程参与碎屑流运动,在停积后由于融化而在堆积体上形成坑洞。被包裹的冰屑能够提高冰-岩碎屑材料的冲出距离,但含冰量较大时冰屑可能由于黏结成团、不易进入碎屑流内部而导致冲出距离变小。由此归结得到,冰屑提高碎屑流冲出距离的一个重要前提为冰屑进入碎屑流内部,当冰屑与岩屑的粒径比越小时冰屑越容易进入。这项研究工作为认识冰屑影响提供了坑洞调查法和斜槽实验法,研究成果有助于更为深入地认识冰-岩碎屑流运动特性的冰屑影响机理,为预防冰-岩碎屑流的远程致灾提供科学依据。     

A model for decoding the life cycle of granular avalanches in a rotating drum

Granular materials can behave as harmless sand dunes or as devastating landslides. A granular avalanche marks the transition between these distinct solid-like and fluid-like states. The solid-like state is typically described using plasticity models from critical state theory. In the fluid regime, granular flow is commonly captured using a visco-plastic model. However, due to our limited understanding of the mechanism governing the solid–fluid-like transition, characterizing the material behavior throughout the life cycle of an avalanche remains an open challenge. Here, we employ laboratory experiments of transient avalanches spontaneously generated by a rotating drum. We report measurements of dilatancy and grain kinematics before, during, and after each avalanche. Those measurements are directly incorporated into a rate-dependent plasticity model that quantitatively predicts the granular flow measured in experiments. Furthermore, we find that dilatancy in the solid-like state controls the triggering of granular avalanches and therefore plays a key role in the solid–fluid-like transition. With the proposed approach, we demonstrate that the life cycle of a laboratory avalanche, from triggering to run out, can be fully explained. Our results represent an important step toward a unified understanding of the physical phenomena associated with transitional behavior in granular media.     

高速远程冰-岩碎屑流研究进展

冰-岩碎屑流是高寒山区陡峭山体斜坡区冰崩、岩崩或滑坡解体后形成的冰屑、岩块和土颗粒混合体高速流动现象.由于裹挟了冰屑,冰-岩碎屑流具有超强的运动性,屡屡引发震惊世人的灾难性事件,是全球气候变暖大背景下地质灾害研究的热点与前沿问题.通过对近40余年来的研究进展进行梳理和评述,指出了冰-岩碎屑流的概念由来和主流定义方法,阐述了其成因机制的气候敏感性,结合典型实例论述了区域发育特征,重点分析了运动特征、减阻机理和冰屑影响机制.冰-岩碎屑流的超强运动性被认为与低摩擦冰减阻机理、摩擦热融减阻机理、侧限约束减阻机理密切相关.冰屑作为材料组分和融水来源,能够降低界面摩擦、改变冰-水-岩相互作用,进而形成复杂的热-水-力耦合作用.今后应加强研究冰-岩碎屑流事件的成因机制和时空分布规律、运动特性和冰屑影响机制、过程演化观测与预警评估技术,以期揭示冰-岩碎屑流运动机理,为冰-岩碎屑流及链生灾害的科学减灾提供有力支撑.      

Avalanche hazards and mitigation in Austria: a review

At all times natural hazards like torrents or avalanches pose a threat to settlements and infrastructures in the Austrian Alps. Since 1950 more than 1,600 persons have been killed by avalanches in Austria, which is on average approximately 30 fatalities per year. In particular, the winter periods 1950/1951 and 1953/1954 stand out with more than 100 fatalities. Those events led to an increase of avalanche control programmes in the following decades. While from the 1950s to the 1970s emphasis was placed on permanent measures (technical structures, afforestations, hazard zoning ...) additional programmes such as avalanche warning and forecasting have supplemented avalanche control measures in the last decades. Current research is focused on avalanche simulation, risk management and the influence of the forest on avalanche formation. An important area of future research is to develop improved methods for avalanche forecasting and to intensify the investigation of the dynamics of avalanches.     

Experimental study of the dynamic behavior and segregation of density-bidisperse granular sliding masses at the laboratory scale

From the understanding of dynamics and processes of rapid granular flows and the granular-segregation mechanism in gravity-driven flow, we can clarify the particle-composition structure in the downstream areas of avalanches in geophysical contexts, such as landslides, rock falls, and snow-slab avalanches. Such dynamics also provide a basis for geophysical studies. This study experimentally investigates the dynamic behavior and segregation phenomena of a density-bidisperse, rapid, granular flow down a quasi-2D, rough, inclined rectangular chute. Particles with two density ratios are used to investigate the mechanism of density-induced segregation, and four chute-inclination angles are tested to examine the influence of driving forces. The dynamics of the mixture flow—which includes the flow-depth evolution, stream-wise and depth-wise velocity profiles, shear rate, and granular temperature in the upper high-shear band of the flow—are obtained from particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The two-dimensional concentration distributions of the particles in the stream-wise direction are also obtained using 2D image processing to determine the segregation state. In the upstream region, the variation in the concentration of heavier particles is defined as the strength of the density-induced segregation state, S_d. Our results indicate that the mixture-flow parameter—particularly the shear rate and the granular temperature in the upper high-shear band—crucially influence the strength of particle segregation in granular avalanches. In the upstream region, a higher shear rate and a higher granular temperature in the upper high-velocity band result in a smaller drag force in the mixture flow, causing stronger density-induced particle segregation. These results well describe the entire processes of dense granular flows, from upstream initiation to the downstream steady state. Therefore, they reveal the structure of the mixed flow in the depth direction and are expected to explain various gravity-driven mixture granular flows.

     

Process dependence of grain size distributions in rock avalanche deposits

Rock avalanches are a form of hazardous long-runout landslide and leave fragmented deposits of complex sedimentology that, if studied in detail, can provide insight into their emplacement processes. Complexity arises due to the myriad overlapping factors known to contribute to the final deposit fabric, such as source structures, lithology (i.e. material properties), topographic feedback, substrate interaction and emplacement processes (i.e. internal factors), as well as our reliance on (un)suitable exposures. Herein, we present sedimentological data from two carbonate rock avalanche deposits (Tschirgant in Austria and Flims in Switzerland), where changes in lithology can be eliminated from the causal equation due to their largely mono-mineralic composition. We further eliminated the effects of external influences such as topography or substrate interactions by detailed facies mapping of the deposit interior. Since sedimentary properties locally vary within less than 1-m² outcrop area, emplacement processes are the only causes that remain to explain the different fabrics. Characteristic (fractal) grain size distributions of three distinctive sub-facies in the interior of these, and other, rock avalanche deposits—jigsaw-fractured, fragmented, and shear zone facies—can be linked to specific processes acting during emplacement. We suggest that a heterogeneously distributed and progressively increasing particle breakage in the moving granular mass best explains the ranges of fractal dimensions and associated features for the respective sub-facies, from simple breakage along pre-existing planes, through dynamic fragmentation which locally minimises coordination number, to zones of shear concentration. No exotic emplacement mechanisms (such as air-layer lubrication or fluidised substrates) are required to produce these features; continued, heterogeneous degrees of fragmentation of an initially intact source rock best explains the sedimentary record of rock avalanches.     

滑坡-碎屑流物理模型试验及运动机制探讨

滑坡-碎屑流由于高速、远程的特点常常引发灾难性事故,其复杂的运动机制导致预测致灾范围非常困难。通过开展室内模型试验,研究了碎屑粒径、滑床糙率和挑坎对运动特性的影响。试验结果发现,滑坡碎屑运动距离受控于前端碎屑,且随着碎屑的粒径增大而增加,增加滑床糙率、挑坎均可使碎屑的运动距离减小。在前人研究成果的基础上结合碎屑材料的力学特性探讨了滑坡-碎屑流出现流态化的原因和高速远程机制,即高速运动中颗粒间的作用力远小于完整岩体,因此颗粒间的“黏聚力”不能维持滑坡体的整体性,同时致使滑坡体与滑床接触的过程中传递至滑坡体内部的摩阻力减少,从而导致碎屑滑坡的远程结果。     

Transport process and mechanism of the Hongshiyan rock avalanche triggered by the 2014 Ludian earthquake,China

The Hongshiyan rock avalanche is a remarkable landslide disaster with approximately volume of 12?×?10⁶ m³, triggered by the 2014 Ms. 6.5 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan Province, China. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis by the model based on discrete element (DEM-based) numerical simulation to understand the transport process and mechanism for this rock avalanche. The simulation results showed that the transport process of the rock avalanche depends on the input seismic duration and motion. The average velocity of the rock avalanche sharply increases to peak value of 27 m/s and then gradually decreases to zero, and 64% and 36% of the total energy are dissipated by collision and friction, respectively. In this process, the progressions from simple disintegration along pre-existing discontinuities to fragmentation that creates new fracture surface are documented, and gradual increase of the fragmentation degree over time results in the decrease of fragment size and the formation of well-graded and narrower-interval gradation. This fragmentation evolution creates a conductive condition to the development of internal shear, and is closely associated with the dense flow regime that dominates the main body of the rock avalanche but presents discontinuous distribution along the flow thickness direction. In addition, further analyzing the simulated results indicates that more likely effects of fragmentation on mobility of rock avalanches depend on fragmentation-induced special flow structure, which makes a rock avalanche in a flow state with lower friction and lower energy consumption.