土工加筋抗冻胀工作机制的研究

在分凝势理论的基础上，建立了一套考虑温度、水分及冻土－未冻土－筋材体系应力变形诸因素耦合预测加筋土冻胀和筋材拉力的计算方法，并对一维冻结室内模拟试验进行了理论分析和数值计算。通过对加筋消减冻胀及其抗冻胀工作机制的分析，提出了加筋材料对土体施加的约束，不仅减小了土体的冻胀速率，而且还使冻胀位移向未冻土区发展，从而可有效地消减土体冻胀的结论。     

冻土的蠕变及蠕变强度

基于试验，本本讨论分析了冻土三轴蠕变规律及温度和围压对冻土蠕变强度的影响，给出了土蠕变及蠕变强度随时间降低的方程式，进而提出了冻土蠕变强度的物型屈服准则。通过改变参数可将冻土的瞬时强度准则与冻土的瞬时强度准则与冻土的蠕变强度准则统一为同一个方程描述。     

基于多元线性回归模型的冻土强度影响因素 显著性分析

为定量分析土质、含水率、温度和应变速率等因素对冻土强度的影响,本文根据公开发表的试验数据,应用多元线性回归模型对冻土强度影响因素进行了显著性分析。分析结果表明,在仅考虑线性影响条件下,温度和土性是影响冻土强度的主要因素,影响强度分别为0.632和0.193,含水率对冻土强度也有显著性影响,影响强度为-0.577。为探明各影响因素对冻土强度的非线性作用,在保留强度Taylor展开二次项的条件下,通过变量代换,将非线性项进行线性化,并利用多元线性回归模型进行了进一步分析。分析结果表明含水率与温度对冻土强度的影响包含线性、非线性和交叉影响项三项,应变率对冻土强度的影响仅包含非线性和交叉影响项。各因素对冻土强度的影响程度可用偏回归系数定量描述。     

基于弹性地基梁理论的冻胀作用下管道应力分析

穿越冻土区的埋地管线在遭遇冻土差异性冻胀时,管道会发生翘曲变形,管线将面临很大的安全隐患。为此,基于弹性地基梁理论建立冻胀条件下的管-土相互作用模型,分析了管道在冻胀及其影响因素作用下的应力分布规律,探讨了冻土地基特性（弹性模量、泊松比及地基系数）与温度的关系,对比了不同地基系数、冻胀量、管径、壁厚、温差以及上覆土厚度等特定条件下的管道应力峰值状况。计算结果表明：管道在过渡段与冻胀段及非冻胀段交界处有最大应力值,各类影响因素对管道交界处的应力影响最显著;地基系数的值越大,差异性冻胀量越大,管径越大,温差越大,管道交界处应力峰值也越大;管壁越厚,在管道交界处的应力峰值越小;管道上覆土层越厚,管道受冻胀作用弯曲应力越小,即加深上覆土层可降低管道由于冻胀抬升所产生的应力,可减缓管道变形。     

基于广义Winkler弹性地基梁理论的梯形渠道冻胀力学模型

寒区渠道衬砌冻胀破坏现象普遍,而渠道的防冻工程设计大多依赖工程实践经验和定性认识,具有一定的随意性和盲目性,对衬砌结构所受的冻胀力计算缺乏简明、合理的方法。考虑冻土与衬砌的相互作用和冻土地基的连续性,基于广义Winkler地基梁理论并结合有限差分法,推导了渠道衬砌板冻胀挠曲线微分方程,建立了梯形渠道冻胀力学模型,给出了衬砌渠道法向冻胀力及切向冻结力的计算方法。同时,考虑渠道衬砌冻胀破坏的极限承载力以及冻胀过程中坡脚上抬位移对实际冻胀力的削减和释放效应,避免了冻胀力及衬砌结构内力计算值过大。为验证模型的合理性,以甘肃省靖会总干渠梯形渠道为研究对象,对其进行冻胀破坏计算。结果表明：模型由于考虑了衬砌结构与冻土间的相互作用,渠道衬砌板法向冻胀力呈非线性分布,修正了工程力学模型线性分布假设;与工程力学模型相比,冻胀力数值在坡脚处增大、跨中减小、底板上增大,计算结果更符合工程实际。研究提出的冻胀力学模型科学合理,简便快捷,具有更好的通用性,可为寒区渠道的抗冻胀设计提供参考。     

冻土区管土相互作用研究综述

管道是长距离输送天然气或石油的最经济有效的工具之一,当管道穿越冻土区时,将面临土体冻胀融沉作用引起的管道弯曲变形和破坏,管土之间的相互作用为冻土区管道设计和运营的重要考虑因素。简述目前世界上主要的穿越冻土区管道工程（罗曼井管道、俄罗斯远东地区管道、美国阿拉斯加管道及中国寒区管道网）的设计理论发展,归纳总结了管土相互作用室内外相关试验、数值模拟分析理论和方法等方面的研究成果和发展现状,并针对冻土区管土相互作用的研究提出进一步的研究展望。     

考虑不均匀冻胀土体-衬砌隧道在寒区的振动响应

在频域内研究简谐均布荷载作用在寒区不均匀冻胀土体-衬砌隧道中的动力响应问题。将衬砌与冻土间视为紧密接触,冻土及非冻土间由于组构、性质间的差异可发生相对移动,在考虑覆盖于隧道周围冻结土体发生不均匀冻胀的前提下得到简谐荷载作用在衬砌内径所引发的系统振动解析解。根据非冻土、冻土以及衬砌间的连续条件和边界条件得到待定系数,并得到寒区隧道系统中不同介质的位移以及应力的解析解。对具体参数模型进行算例分析,发现：隧道系统的介质（衬砌,冻土及非冻土）参数变化会对冻土环向应力幅值、不同冻结状态土体径向位移幅值及其基频产生影响;不均匀冻胀会改变外荷载作用下隧道周围冻土中的动力响应;寒区隧道系统径向位移幅值随距离隧道圆心的增加呈现衰减的趋势,非冻土径向位移幅值较冻土减小明显。     

冻土工程分类

《多年冻土工程分类》经几年来的应用与试验资料验证,它的分类原则和依据是可行的。本文将进一步讨论分类的理论依据,各类土主要的物理意义以及决定冻土工程性质的主要指标——融沉、冻胀与强度指标的内在联系,阐述各种冻土分类的统一性,提出综合冻土工程分类表。     

用脉冲核磁共振法及物理解吸试验测定的冻土中冰和未冻水之间的关系

水向冻结锋面迁移将产生冻胀,而冻胀常常会导致各种建筑物、道路和飞机跑道的严重破坏。这给寒区工程建筑带来了种种困难。在部分冻结的冻土—水体系中,水将通过冻土体从温度高处向温度低处迁移,这种水分迁移也会引起冻胀。这就是所谓的次冻胀。这种次冻胀作用已引起了许多建筑工程师的关注。     

冻土力学性质影响因素的显著性和交互作用研究

冻土的力学性质不仅依赖于含水率、温度、应变率、含盐量、围压等因素,也可能依赖于这些因素之间的交互作用。为进一步明确冻土强度、模量等力学指标与以上各因素的依存关系,根据既有试验资料和统计学原理,对冻土力学性质影响因素的显著性和因素间的交互作用进行了研究。结果表明,温度对冻土力学性质的影响最为显著,是影响冻土力学性质的主要因素,含水率、含盐量、应变速率等对冻土力学性质也有显著影响;同时,温度、含水率和应变速率对强度的影响存在明显的交互作用。因此,在研究冻土强度等力学行为时,片面针对某一因素开展研究是不合适的,而应综合考虑各主要因素及因素之间的交互作用影响。     

非饱和冻土的强度分析

冻土的强度是由土颗粒与冰的结合强度所决定,冰含量(或初始含水量)和干容重是非饱和冻土强度的主要影响因素.干容重越大,土骨架能够承受荷载的有效面积越大,冻土的强度也越大.同样干容重下的非饱和冻土,冰含量越多,冰与土颗粒的结合面积越大,承受的荷载能力增强,冻土的强度越大.为此,提出冰饱和度的概念,建立了非饱和冻土强度与饱和冻土强度关系,它涵盖了干容重和冰含量的影响作用,揭示了非饱和冻土强度的机理.通过试验验证,该关系式与试验结果具良好吻合.     

Long-term strength attenuation characteristics and yield criterion of frozen soil北大核心CSCD

Frozen soil is generally regarded as a strongly rheological geomaterial. The strength attenuation of frozen soil is an important inducement for disease and instability in subgrade engineering, pile engineering and artificial freezing construction. Few efforts have been made to investigate the attenuation characteristics of strength envelope surface for frozen soil under complex stress states experimentally and theoretically. Considering this, at a temperature of -6 ℃, a series of triaxial stress relaxation tests under various confining pressures were carried out on the frozen subgrade soil specimens at strength points. The degeneration of strength parameters and stress attenuation process of frozen soil under complex stress states were systematically studied. The degradation law and mechanism of cohesion and internal friction angle are synchronously revealed in the stress relaxation process. Testing results indicate that the stress relaxation process of compacted frozen soil is significantly influenced by confining pressure. The stress relaxation ratio is increasing linearly with the rise of confining pressure if the confining pressure is beyond 1. 5 MPa. The anti-relaxation ability of frozen soil is greatly reduced during high confining pressure conditions:the stress relaxation ratio of frozen soil is only 41. 94% under 1. 5 MPa, but exceeds 90. 30% under 16 MPa. The strength of frozen soil attenuates linearly with time in the semi-logarithmic coordinate system. When the confining pressure is higher than 1. 5 MPa, the strength attenuation rate of frozen soil increases with the rise of confining pressure. As the development of stress relaxation of frozen soil, cohesion decreases linearly but internal friction angle increases linearly with time in the semi-logarithmic coordinate system. It manifested that the cementation in frozen soil shows evident rheological features and it is a key inducement for strength attenuation. Moreover, the attenuation law and value of cohesion in frozen soil which is measured by triaxial stress relaxation test are similar to the spherical template indenter test results. This may provide a new test method for obtaining the long-term strength and cohesion of frozen soil. On the basis of test results, the stress states of frozen soil in all stress relaxation curves at 12 relaxation durations were captured, and the rate-dependent variation characteristics of strength envelope in p-q stress space were analyzed in detail. Under high confining pressures, the strength envelope of frozen soil shows different geometric features as time goes on. In addition to the decline of level, the strength surface exhibits clockwise rotation with time, and the third stage sharply decreases at first and then becomes flat. Based on the analysis of characteristics of experimental strength surface and evolution law of strength parameters during the stress relaxation process, a rate-dependent strength theory for frozen soil considering the stress relaxation effect is established in this paper. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

Research status and prospect of tensile strength of frozen soil北大核心CSCD

A comprehensive grasp of the research status of tensile strength of frozen soil is the basis for further research. Firstly,the typical methods that can be used to test the tensile strength of frozen soil are introduced,and the test conditions,sample forms and stress mechanism of different test methods are described in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of typical tensile strength test methods are compared and listed. Secondly,the research work and shortcomings based on different test methods are summarized. Then,the latest research progress of the influence of temperature,water content,loading（deformation）rate,soil quality and sample size on the change law of frozen soil tensile strength is comprehensively analyzed. Finally,it is proposed to develop and improve the research method and system of frozen soil tensile strength,and increase the testing research of warm frozen soil tensile strength,so as to obtain the prospect of more accurately simulating the tensile failure behavior of frozen soil. It is pointed out that the internal cause of the formation of the tensile strength and the tensile failure mechanism of frozen soil should be thoroughly revealed by combining the research methods of microstructure and digital image technology of frozen soil. Based on the multi-factor test,a more perfect prediction method of frozen soil tensile strength is explored. Meanwhile,expand the in-situ test research on the tensile strength of frozen soil,and strengthen the parallel research ideas of indoor and outdoor double tracks. Through the analysis of the research status and development trend at home and abroad,it provides reference and guidance for the experimental study of frozen soil tensile strength,the improvement of theoretical model of frost heave,geotechnical engineering design in cold regions and artificial freezing reinforcement engineering. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

横观各向同性冻土弹性常数及强度预测

在分析冻土形成过程及其组构前提下,从冻土细观结构特征出发,将冻土视为由冰层与干硬土层黏结组成的横观各向同性固体介质。根据复合材料力学理论,求出冻土各向同性面内及面外的弹性模量和泊松比;基于Tsai-Wu 准则,预测了横观各向同性冻土的强度。根据实验数据,分析了不同组分对冻土弹性常数及强度的影响。在工程应用中可根据环境温度及土质、系统有无水分补给、温降速度与冻结速率是否同步、冻土受力方向与冻结封面方向的具体情况选用即可,从而大幅降低室内外试验次数。为冻土工程数值计算奠定了基础,为进一步了解冻土力学特性提供了理论依据     

深厚冲积层人工冻土蠕变参数的模糊遗传反演

冻土的蠕变特性对深井冻结法施工至关重要。针对某矿区人工冻土在-5℃、-10℃、-15℃和-20℃下进行单轴抗压强度试验,发现冻土的抗压强度受冻结温度变化影响,两者间为线性反比例关系。通过小生境原理对传统的遗传算法作模糊随机改进,给出模糊遗传算法的步骤思路,进而运用该算法反演冻土蠕变模型中的参数值,获得各温度下的蠕变模型。试验结果表明：蠕变模型计算值在蠕变各阶段与试验值吻合较好,准确反映了冻土蠕变的整体规律。可见,模糊遗传算法能有效反演蠕变参数,较传统方法更符合工程实际。     

现浇混凝土-冻土接触面冻结强度直剪试验研究

关于混凝土-冻土接触面的力学强度研究多集中于预制成型混凝土样（块）与冻土接触面的力学试验研究,而与工程实际更为接近的冻土中现浇混凝土、冻结稳定后混凝土-冻土接触面的力学强度研究则少有涉及。基于冻土中现浇混凝土的试验方式,开展了不同水灰比、含冰量及冻土温度条件下,混凝土-冻土复杂接触面冻结强度的直剪试验研究。结果表明：试验条件下,由于混凝土中粗、细骨料导热系数及水化热侵蚀强度不同,冻土中现浇混凝土会导致混凝土-冻土接触面发生起伏变化。受该因素影响,粗糙接触面较光滑接触面的冻结强度增大71.9%。粗糙接触面引起的应力集中,使得剪应力在剪切破坏过程中出现间歇性增大、跳跃。在冻结强度构成中,随接触面粗糙程度的增大, φ值对冻结强度增长的贡献要大于c值。水灰比由0.4增至0.6,混凝土导热系数降低,生成接触面趋于光滑,冻结强度减小;土体含水量由15%增大至30%时,冻结强度增大,含水量继续增大至40%时,冻结强度减小;在不同温度条件下,整体呈现冻土温度降低冻结强度相应增大的趋势。基于上述结果,多年冻土区灌注桩设计时,建议混凝土采用0.4~0.5水灰比。     

A new criterion for strength of frozen sand under quick triaxial compression considering effect of confining pressure

The strength of frozen soils has been one of the most extensively studied aspects in frozen soil mechanics. When carrying out deep excavations using freezing methods, high stress states are often encountered. Therefore, the strength of frozen soils under high confining pressures is of major concern. This paper first reviews the present failure criteria for frozen soils, especially with regard to the effect of confining pressure on the strength. It is suggested that the strength consists of two components, cohesion and friction, and can be expressed by the Mohr–Coulomb criterion and in the framework of the Drucker–Prager criterion. However, these two components are both dependent on the stress state. Duncan’s equation for the friction angle is extended to frozen soils. A frozen Lanzhou fine sand is taken as study subject. The frozen sand is compressed at a high strain rate under three different temperatures and under a wide range of confining pressure. Experimental results have confirmed the generally recognized principle that the strength increases with the confining pressure up to certain value. Thereafter, it decreases with continued increase in confining pressure. Experimental data from our own tests and literature are fitted to the new criterion, which shows its validity.     

冻结粉土强度准则探讨

冻土的强度随围压的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,通过修正子午面内q-p曲线的斜率M*来探讨冻土强度变化规律。基于摩尔圆和包络线定理,推导了冻土内摩擦角随平均正应力的变化规律。假定偏应力的大小采用Mohr-Coulomb和Von-Mises强度准则的组合形式表示,将内摩擦角引入到偏平面中获得了偏平面内的强度准则。在不同温度（-6、-10、-15 ℃）和0.3～15.0 MPa围压下对冻结粉土进行了一系列低温三轴压缩试验,根据试验结果确定了子午面和偏平面的相关强度参数。结果表明：（1）子午面内的强度准则能较好模拟冻土在低围压下的强化效应和高围压下的弱化效应;（2）内摩擦角随平均正应力增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;（3）随控制参数s的增加,在偏平面内偏应力由Mohr-Coulomb包络线逐渐向Von-Mises包络线转化,其形状大小与极限强度值呈一一对应关系。最后通过试验结果与已有的强度准则对比表明：修正的强度准则具有一定的适用性。     

冻结饱水砂卵石三轴压缩强度试验研究

为研究北京富水砂卵石地层冻结后的强度特性,以北京某地铁暗挖车站砂卵石为研究对象,进行不同温度（?5、?10、?15、?20℃）,不同围压（0.0、0.3、0.8、1.3、2.0、3.0、4.0、8.0 MPa）条件下三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：冻结砂卵石的应力-应变曲线以应变软化形态为主,高负温、高围压条件下,呈现理想塑性破坏形态;砂卵石强度、黏聚力和摩擦角均随温度降低而增大,其中强度呈指数分布,黏聚力和摩擦角呈线性分布;强度和弹性模量随围压增加而增大,但增大趋势逐渐减小,低围压压缩区强度满足线性Morh-Coulomb（简称M-C）准则;冻结砂卵石的破坏形态以破裂面始/终于试样侧面的剪切破坏为代表,张拉型破坏受冰影响显著,仅存在于低围压条件下,高围压、高负温时易出现体胀型破坏。