无水滑的水下泥石流运动速度的实验研究

水下泥石流阻力与陆面中泥石流运动阻力的不同点在于上表面的掺混阻力和剪切阻力。由一系列的室内无水滑的水下泥石流和陆面泥石流实验研究得出:水下泥石流运动速度与相同条件下陆面泥石流运动速度之比随不同性质的泥石流,如粘性和稀性泥石流,由于其屈服应力的巨大差别,有很大的不同。由实验得到的由泥石流体的容重和量纲为一的泥石流屈服应力表达的水下无水滑泥石流运动速度和陆面泥石流运动速度用于无水滑水下泥石流运动速度计算较好。     

粘性泥石流体的应力应变特性和流速参数的确定

文章从粘性泥石流体的组成，应力应变特性和减阻作用的观测试验入手，揭示了粘性泥石流体运动的阻力特性，探讨了粘性泥石流流速公式中的曼宁糙率系数的表征。粘性泥石流体运动的阻力特性主要与沟槽特征以及泥深和粘附层流变特性有关。根据高、低不同阻力的粘性泥石流浆体的泥砂比，浆体介质的流变参数（ηp、τBf）和体积浓度（Cvf)，可获得不同阻力介质状态下统一的阻力糙率系数与它们的相关式，以此来确定曼宁糙率系数。     

基于流域形态完整系数的泥石流容重计算方法

通过对四川山区20条典型泥石流沟道的现场调查,建立了流域形态完整系数与泥石流浆体容重的统计关系,通过拟合分析形成了基于流域形态完整系数泥石流容重的指数式计算公式,获取了回归曲线,并采用误差分析、影响因素分析及趋势分析验证了该计算公式的合理性。研究表明,泥石流流域形态对泥石流浆体容重有很大影响,在区域地质背景条件相似时,浆体容重随流域形态完整系数的增大而减小。当流域形态完整系数大于0.3时,形成的泥石流多为稀性泥石流,且逐步向水石流、夹砂水流的状态发展,浆体容重可达到1.28t/m3的极值,这与目前观测到的泥石流容重最小值相符。基于统计关系所建立的拟合公式尤其适用于流域形态完整系数较大的桦叶形泥石流沟,可为无法观测（已暴发或难以到达）的泥石流沟容重的计算提供简便方法,亦可为容重参数的合理确定提供区域性参考。     

基于CFX的江口沟泥石流危险区范围预测模拟

拟建猴子岩水电站移民安置点位于江口沟泥石流堆积扇上,通过现场调查泥石流形成条件和运动特征,获得了1958年发生的50 a一遇泥石流危险区范围,根据雨洪法计算确定了泥石流的相关运动学参数。使用基于有限体积法的CFX软件,选择Bingham流变模型对江口沟泥石流流动过程的液面分布情况和速度场进行了三维数值模拟,得出了泥石流危险区范围和速度场分布情况。模拟结果显示,江口沟50 a一遇泥石流流过堆积区的平均速度为5.76 m/s,其中最大速度为13.59 m/s。数值模拟计算得出的危险范围较1958年扩大,是因为早期泥石流堆积物将原有地面特别是沟道附近地面抬高,使得现状条件下泥石流更容易向两侧漫流泛滥而扩大。上述结果为泥石流防治工程设计及危险区范围划定提供了一种新的方法,对工程实践具有重要的指导意义。     

不同岩性区泥石流堆积物颗粒组成特征——以新疆塔什库尔干河中上游为例

泥石流是南疆重要地质灾害之一。基于高分卫星影像对新疆塔什库尔干河中上游泥石流沟进行遥感解译分析,结合现场调查验证,取样分析不同岩性区泥石流堆积物颗粒组成特征。结果表明:(1)研究区泥石流堆积扇明显,呈多期性,半坚硬-软岩区泥石流比坚硬岩区堆积扇面积、扩散角大,堆积体粒径、堆积坡度较小;(2)随着泥石流堆积物岩性强度变弱,粗粒含量相对减少,泥石流堆积体整体级配较差,泥石流重度大;(3)坚硬岩石区(花岗岩、闪长岩),泥石流堆积物砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量较低,堆积体不均匀系数大,泥石流冲击力大;半坚硬岩-软岩区(砂岩、泥岩、砾岩、片麻岩),泥石流堆积物砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量较高。     

基于结构两相阻力分析的泥石流堆积形态研究

针对泥石流的结构两相阻力特征,采用结构两相阻力对泥石流的堆积形态进行了静力学分析,推导出在一般条件下泥石流堆积形态的公式,并讨论了在不同条件下泥石流堆积形态的特点。分析表明采用结构两相阻力对泥石流堆积形态分析可以较合理的模化阻力项,能够表现泥石流体复杂的成分结构组成,较真实的反映实际泥石流的堆积形态特征。在特定材料条件下,结构两相阻力项转化为单一材料阻力项,所得到的相应结论与已有对单一材料的分析结论一致。     

根据泥石流沉积物计算泥石流容重的方法研究

泥石流的容重是泥石流的最重要的参数之一,用简单易行的方法获得泥石流的容重因泥石流灾害的评估和泥石流的防治的需要显得日益重要。分析了泥石流的组成颗粒中3个分别代表粗颗粒,细颗粒和粘粒颗粒的颗粒粒径,即2 mm、0.05 mm和0.005 mm,及它们的百分含量与泥石流容重的关系。在对泥石流的组成颗粒的研究中发现泥石流中的粗颗粒,细颗粒和粘粒颗粒的百分含量与泥石流容重都有一定的关系,但因地区的差异这种关系不是唯一的。粘性泥石流中的粘粒含量与物源区的粘粒含量相当,稀性泥石流的粘粒含量远大于物源区的粘粒含量。用粗颗粒和细颗粒百分含量计算的泥石流的容重与泥石流观测样和沉积样对比有较好的一致性。根据泥石流沉积物计算的泥石流容重应服从根据沉积物的特征判断的泥石流类型和框定的泥石流容重范围。     

黏性泥石流沟床冲刷深度研究

沟床冲刷深度是泥石流灾害防治工程设计最重要的参数之一,但到目前为止,关于黏性泥石流沟床冲刷的研究较少,沟床冲刷深度还没有权威可信的计算方法,是泥石流防治工程设计急需解决的技术问题。详细分析了黏性泥石流及可能冲刷沟床运动过程中受力情况,推导出黏性泥石流沟床最大冲刷深度计算公式。公式表明黏性泥石流沟床冲刷深度随泥石流泥深、泥石流重度和沟床纵比降及沟床堆积土体黏性的增大而增大,随沟床堆积土体内摩擦角的增大而减小。与现有计算方法相比,公式基于严格理论推导,计算结果更为精确,可用于计算已发生泥石流地区的不同频率的泥石流的冲刷深度,并举例说明了计算公式的实用价值,其结果为泥石流防治工程设计提供技术支撑。     

国内外泥石流活动关键指标估算方法之比较

泥石流流体容重、流速、冲击力是表征泥石流活动特征众多指标中的三个关键指标.本文在分析国内外对这些指标评估现状的基础上,总结了应用较普遍的估算公式,对比了不同公式的特点及其适用性.比较结果认为:由于泥石流组成和运动状态的复杂性以及影响因素的多样性,对于这三个指标,目前的估算公式都不具有普适性.在当前的认知水平下,建立基于各个地区泥石流特点的指标估算经验公式是最为实用的途径.在各个指标经验公式的建立方法上,考虑各个粒组的多变量容重统计分析方法相对较为合理;泥石流流速估算公式的建立途径在我国、前苏联和欧美国家之间有显著差异,前二者基于曼宁公式,后者基于强迫涡流公式、以弯道超高为主要参数;泥石流冲击力的估算方法国内外都以动量理论为基础,区别主要体现在经验系数取值上,巨石冲击力的计算则都考虑了拦挡建筑物的特点.     

滑坡碎屑堆积体形成泥石流的实验

地震或强降雨诱发滑坡,滑坡体碰撞解体形成碎屑物质堆积在沟道内,在后期降雨作用下形成泥石流,这是泥石流形成的一种方式,可称为滑坡碎屑堆积体泥石流。笔者分析了影响碎屑堆积体泥石流起动的特征参数,通过实验研究了碎屑堆积体泥石流形成的过程,分析了堆积体表面坡度、黏粒质量分数、中值粒径（d₅₀）以及不均匀系数（Cu）对泥石流形成的影响。结果表明：碎屑堆积体表面坡度对形成泥石流所需单宽流量无明显影响;黏粒质量分数在不大于5%时仅影响碎屑堆积体侵蚀,对碎屑堆积体揭底所需单宽流量无明显影响;影响碎屑堆积体形成泥石流所需单宽流量的因素主要为中值粒径和不均匀系数--随堆积体中值粒径、不均匀系数的增大而增大。通过实验数据拟合得出了中值粒径和不均匀系数与泥石流形成和揭底所需单宽流量的公式;由于公式中只考虑了影响碎屑堆积体形成泥石流的两个主要因素（d₅₀和Cu）,因此对比水文计算结果偏小,但整体趋势基本一致。在实际应用到这类泥石流沟时,可通过修正进行预测。     

Last-glacial alluvial fan sedimentation in the Lower Derwent Valley, Tasmania

Alluvial fans of the last glacial age in the lower Derwent Valley in southeastern Tasmania were built by debris flows and stream flows. The deposits were derived from periglacial and nivational slope mantles at the highest altitudes in the fan catchments, and from regolith of uncertain affinities at the lowest elevations. The apical and middle parts of the fans commonly consist of coarse-grained debris flow and water-laid deposits, while the distal deposits are predominantly water-laid sheetflood silts and clays. Channels are important in the proximal parts of the fans and are mostly filled with water-laid sediments, less commonly by debris flow deposits. A first approximation to the mean velocity of the last stage of debris flow in a channel is between 4 m/sec and 6 m/sec. A group of ‘water-laid’ sediments shows very poor separation of particle sizes, and two explanations have been offered for these sediments. Firstly, the large quantities of unsorted debris available from the catchments produced moderately well-sorted slurries, or, secondly, openwork stream gravels were infiltrated by later water flows charged with fines. The streams crossing the fans also produced water flows with relatively low suspended sediment concentrations resulting in reasonably good sorting. The debris flows and ‘water-laid’ muddy sediments cannot be distinguished using CM plots. The debris flows display considerable variation in thickness and grain-size characteristics, which is attributable to properties inherent in debris flow behaviour.     

泥石流对桥墩冲击力的试验研究

泥石流冲毁桥墩是桥梁在遭受泥石流冲击时的常见破坏形式。为了研究泥石流对桥墩的冲击力大小,通过调整黏土、沙、石子、水的不同含量,配置不同流变特性、不同密度的泥石流,使用所配置的原料在泥石流槽内对两种形状（圆形、方形）的桥墩缩尺模型进行冲击,综合考察了流变特性、流速、桥墩形状以及冲击力的关系。试验表明：试验配置的泥石流原料流变特性差异明显,且可以用简单的选择流变仪测得,用牛顿流体或宾汉体描述。泥石流的流速可用曼宁公式求得,而公式中的糙率系数与泥石流黏度满足幂函数关系。相同工况下,不同形状桥墩所受的冲击力差异明显,方形桥墩阻力系数普遍大于圆形桥墩。使用非牛顿流体雷诺数（Re）可以综合反映流变特性和流速,因此,圆墩的阻力系数可表达为Re的函数,而方墩则没有明显关系。为方便工程应用,可根据黏性泥石流、稀性泥石流对圆墩的阻力系数分别为2.3、0.9,对方墩分别为2.6、1.9进行选用。     

Autogenic avulsion,channelization and backfilling dynamics of debris‐flow fans

Alluvial fans develop their semi‐conical shape by quasi‐cyclic avulsions of their geomorphologically active sector from a fixed fan apex. On debris‐flow fans, these quasi‐cyclic avulsions are poorly understood, partly because physical scale experiments on the formation of fans have been limited largely to turbidite and fluvial fans and deltas. In this study, debris‐flow fans were experimentally created under constant extrinsic forcing, and autogenic sequences of backfilling, avulsion and channelization were observed. Backfilling, avulsion and channelization were gradual processes that required multiple successive debris‐flow events. Debris flows avulsed along preferential flow paths given by the balance between steepest descent and flow inertia. In the channelization phase, debris flows became progressively longer and narrower because momentum increasingly focused on the flow front as flow narrowed, resulting in longer run‐out and deeper channels. Backfilling commenced when debris flows reached their maximum possible length and channel depth, as defined by channel slope and debris‐flow volume and composition, after which they progressively shortened and widened until the entire channel was filled and avulsion was initiated. The terminus of deposition moved upstream because the frontal lobe deposits of previous debris flows created a low‐gradient zone forcing deposition. Consequently, the next debris flow was shorter which led to more in‐channel sedimentation, causing more overbank flow in the next debris flow and resulting in reduced momentum to the flow front and shorter runout. This topographic feedback is similar to the interaction between flow and mouth bars forcing backfilling and transitions from channelized to sheet flow in turbidite and fluvial fans and deltas. Debris‐flow avulsion cycles are governed by the same large‐scale topographic compensation that drives avulsion cycles on fluvial and turbidite fans, although the detailed processes are unique to debris‐flow fans. This novel result provides a basis for modelling of debris‐flow fans with applications in hazards and stratigraphy.     

四川省都江堰市龙池地区泥石流危险性评价研究

汶川地震灾区震后泥石流灾害较震前活跃,对灾区泥石流危险性进行评价是灾后重建过程中合理防灾减灾的基础工作。通过研究泥石流灾害事件中的泥石流规模、泥石流沟堆积扇面积及相应的灾害损失等基础资料,提出以泥石流在泥石流沟堆积扇上的平均堆积厚度替代泥石流规模作为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法。用该方法对汶川震区都江堰市龙池镇龙溪河流域2010年"8.13"泥石流事件中的29条沟谷型泥石流进行危险性评价,评价结果中9条为高度危险,12条为中度危险,8条为低度危险。用以泥石流规模为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法进行对比评价,2种评价方法中有65.5%的泥石流的危险性评价结果一致。以泥石流沟堆积扇平均堆积厚度为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法更能突出规模对泥石流综合危险度的贡献,能更好地反映小泥石流流域和小泥石流堆积扇的泥石流在中小规模的泥石流总量下的危险程度。     

西南某水电站旦波北沟泥石流形成条件及运动特征研究

旦波北沟为雅砻江中游右岸河段的一级支流,历史上曾发生多次泥石流.在查明泥石流形成条件的基础上,分析了旦波北沟泥石流的运动特征,包括泥石流的流速、流量、冲击力.这一结论为评价该泥石流对水电站的建设和安全运行的影响具有现实意义.建议左岸前期施工场地和左岸上游备料场沿江设置挡墙,且场地要注意少占行洪断面,防止泥石流沉积淤塞河...     

沟岸侧蚀对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响

泥石流作为非牛顿体,屈服应力大,运动过程通常不稳定。前人建立了许多模型来研究沟床揭底和堰塞体溃决对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响,沟岸侧蚀对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响研究较少。通过侧蚀为主的模型和完全底蚀的模型两种水槽实验的对比,针对泥石流的动力过程展开研究。实验发现两种工况条件下泥石流正应力和孔隙水压力随着龙头高度沿程波动性的增长而相应地波动性增大,但侧蚀作用使得这种波动特征更加明显。通过力学分析,证明侧蚀作用导致泥石流龙头的阻力更大,但是龙身颗粒和龙头颗粒的速度差更大,使得龙头附加坡降更大,因此,侧蚀作用使得泥石流龙头的平均速度更快。泥石流龙头浓度和容重的不断增大,使得阻力不断增大,阻力和动力的动态平衡关系是泥石流不稳定运动的原因之一。     

Cause of dominance by sheetflood vs. debris-flow processes on two adjoining alluvial fans, Death Valley, California

Two large, adjoining alluvial fans of the Panamint Range piedmont, Death Valley, California, are composed of different facies assemblages deposited by contrasting sedimentary processes. The Anvil Spring fan was built solely by water-flow processes (incised-channel floods and sheetfloods), whereas the neighbouring Warm Spring fan has been constructed principally by debris flows. The boundary between these fans delineates a sharp provincial piedmont contact between sheetflood-dominated fans to the south and debris-flow-dominated fans to the north. Factors such as climate, catchment area, fan area, catchment relief, aspect, vegetation types and density, and neotectonic setting are essentially identical for these two fans. The key difference between them is that their catchments are underlain by dissimilar bedrock types, which weather to yield distinctive sediment suites. Weathering of the granite and andesite of the Anvil fan catchment produces significant volumes of medium to very coarse sand, granules, pebbles, cobbles and boulders, but minimal silt and clay. In contrast, the shale, quartzite and dolomite that dominate bedrock in the Warm Spring catchment weather to yield a wide suite of sedimentary particles spanning from clay to boulders. The abundance of mud, and the unsorted character of the yielded sediment, cause precipitation-induced slope failures in the Warm Spring catchment to transform readily into debris flows. This propensity is due to the low permeability of the colluvial sediment, which causes added water to become trapped quickly and pore pressure to rise rapidly, promoting transformations to debris flows. In contrast, the limited volume of sediment finer than medium sand yielded from the Anvil fan catchment causes the colluvium to have high permeability. This factor prevents the transformation of wet colluvium to a debris flow during hydrologically triggered slope failures, instead maintaining sediment transport as entrained bed load or suspended load in a water flow.     

高浓度黏性泥石流堆积层理结构中筛积层和粗化层形成机理的研究

根据高浓度黏性泥石流的观测资料,应用不同类型黏性泥石流的流变特性和流体结构的分类指标-流核比,对高浓度黏性泥石流堆积中的混杂层、筛积层和粗化层理结构进行了成因差异分析。侧重分析了砾石质点在高浓度黏性泥石流蠕动流场中作向上垂直运动的魏森伯效应,并在表面富集形成了筛积层的成因,及其它与粗化层结构的区别。