黔南桂北晚二叠世火山碎屑来源、沉积水深及大地构造环境

本文研究的黔南桂北地区属南盘江盆地的一部分。该区晚二叠世具有浅水孤立碳酸盐台地和深水海槽相间的古地理格局。由海槽中沉积的火山碎屑岩系的沉积特征、碎屑组分模式及地球化学等方面的资料综合分析得知,该区晚二叠世是属于主要受古特提斯板块俯冲影响的弧后边缘海环境,火山碎屑物质直接来源于区内多源、频繁发生的海底火山喷发。 根据沉积的、生物的、化学的及物理的资料推断,该区晚二叠世海槽古水深可能为300—500m,不会超过1000m。     

冲绳海槽中部28ka以来陆源物质输入和古环境演化的生源组分记录

沉积物中有机碳、生物碳酸盐和生物硅等生源组分的埋藏速率在很大程度上受到海洋古生产力的控制,常常被用作古生产力的替代指标.本文利用TOC、生物硅及CaCO3等生源组分探讨冲绳海槽中部DGKS9604孔(28°16.64'N,127°01.43'E;水深766m;柱长10.76m)距今28ka以来陆源物质输入和古环境演化对海洋生产力的影响.研究结果表明,在冬季风较强的末次冰期晚期(28～22kaB.P.),长江直接输运大量的陆源营养物质进入冲绳海槽,古生产力较高;在末次盛冰期(LGM,22～18kaB.P.),虽然河口距离海槽区更近,但大陆流域降水匮乏,河流人海径流量偏低导致海槽陆源营养物质明显减少,生产力降低,表现在生物硅和有机碳堆积速率明显降低;冰消期早期生产力与末次盛冰期相比并未明显降低,此阶段气候回暖,大陆流域降雨增加,陆源物质输入相对较高.全新世早期,古生产力快速下降,既反映海平面降低,陆源物质输入减少.还可能与冰消期寡营养盐的黑潮在海槽加强有关.DGKS9604孔CaCO3含量及堆积速率变化的总体趋势与有机碳和生物硅相反,表现为末次冰期晚期低.冰消期以来逐渐升高,一方面反映陆源物质输入的稀释作用;另一方面与黑潮加强致使钙质生物生产力增强有关.此外,15～7kaB.P.期间CaCO3含量及其堆积速率有几次明显降低,可能对应黑潮减弱、陆源冲淡水较强的环境事件.     

沉积物物源组成的定量估计方法

混合源沉积物中,各种物源物质的成分及其百分含量是地质研究的重要基础信息.本文提出用成分数据统计分析算法,分析处理沉积物样品的地球化学数据,定量提取沉积物中各物源端元的平均化学成分及其百分含量;将该方法用于已知端元成分和端元含量的实验样品数据,计算结果与实际非常吻合;将该方法用于某海区实测沉积物地球化学数据,成功地分离出了陆源、火山源、生物源物质成分和含量.该方法也适合于岩石学、环境污染研究等领域.     

中太平洋(CP)区全新世沉积环境探讨

笔者利用在中太平洋（CP）区采取的CP9和CP25钻孔柱状样及19个站位的表层沉积物样品,通过对沉积物的成分、类型、古生物化石、常微量元素含量等鉴定测试,从地球化学特征对该区全新世以来沉积物中元素在垂向变化特点及相互之间的亲疏关系进行了详细分析和研究。通过R型因子分析与物源的研究,认为该区沉积物主要受陆源碎屑及生物碎屑沉积的影响较大,晚期火山物质供应比早期要充足,全新世的沉积环境趋于比较稳定。     

皖南晚震旦世硅质岩的成因研究

研究区位于华南下扬子区构造活动带,地层剖面中有火山英安岩,硅质岩中含火山碎屑,它们的存在表明本区在晚震旦世曾发生火山活动并影响沉积物成份。元素分析显示本区硅质岩化学组成与火山成因硅质岩相似,高的Ｂａ含量,具与壳型花岗岩相似的稀土元素分布模式,指示本区硅质岩的硅源可能来自海底火山喷发。文章同时还讨论了硅质的搬运和沉积作用。     

太平洋富稀土深海沉积物及黏土组分(<2μm)的Nd同位素特征及物源意义

太平洋深海沉积物富含稀土元素(∑REY,REE+Y),稀土含量达到或超过中国南方离子吸附型稀土矿品位。富稀土沉积物类型主要为远洋黏土和(含)沸石黏土。为了解富稀土元素深海沉积物的物质来源及其对稀土富集机制的影响,本文对中、西太平洋远洋黏土和(含)沸石黏土分别进行了全岩和黏土组分(2μm)的元素地球化学、Nd同位素及黏土矿物研究。结果表明,沸石黏土的∑REY最高,远洋黏土次之;全岩及黏土组分的∑REY与P_2O_5显示较好的正相关关系,且P_2O_(5全岩)/P_2O_(5黏土)和∑REY_(全岩)/∑REY_(黏土)正相关,说明不同类型沉积物黏土组分及全岩的稀土元素均主要由磷酸盐贡献;沉积物全岩ε_(Nd)值为-5.20～-6.02,表明其中的Nd来自火山源、陆源和自生源物质的混合源区;西太平洋含高REY的沸石黏土较中太平洋同类型沉积物具有较低的ε_(Nd)值,表明火山物质并不是沉积物中稀土元素富集的重要物源,但沸石含量对沉积物中稀土元素含量的高低具有一定指示意义;沉积物ε_(Nd)值接近海水ε_(Nd)值,表明稀土元素更多的直接来自于海水,但是成岩过程中可能受到其他物源或过程的影响。通过对比全岩及黏土组分的稀土元素特征,认为黏土矿物一定程度上可能承担了沉积物中稀土元素过渡载体相的作用。     

中太平洋第四纪沉积物地球化学特征及沉积环境

本文采用多元统计分析的方法,研究了中太平洋地区第四纪沉积物中元素含量的地球化学特征,探讨了其物质来源及沉积环境。研究表明:元素含量在垂向上有3次比较明显的变化,Al2O3、Fe2O3、TiO2、MnO、P2O5的含量在早期沉积物中变化不明显,中期含量明显增加,晚期则减少。CaCO3、CaO、Sr在晚期沉积物中含量较高,并与前者常微量元素含量形成明显的互为消长关系。元素的相关性分析和R型因子分析揭示SiO2与Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O、MnO、TiO2、Cu、Ni、Zr等元素为正相关关系,说明元素组合共生关系好,在沉积物中所起的作用相近,地球化学行为比较相似,主要受陆源碎屑沉积及火山活动的影响;与CaCO3、CaO、Sr之间为负相关关系,说明后者与前者元素氧化物之间内在关系较为疏远,相关性差,沉积物源不同,主要与生物作用有关。中太平洋第四纪的沉积物主要为钙质硅质粘土和钙质软泥,早期沉积物受火山活动的影响较大,晚期与生物作用密切相关,表明该时期沉积物主要形成于陆源、生物源、火山源物资供应比较充足的沉积环境。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡表层沉积物中元素的地球化学相关性与影响因素初探

通过对南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡26个站位表层沉积物的地球化学组成的因子分析和相关分析,探讨了影响表层沉积物地球化学特征的主要因素。揭示了控制沉积物特征的地球化学作用。结果表明,岛（陆）架－－岛坡区表层沉积物地球化学特征较复杂,受到多种因素的影响,最主要的是受沉积区离岸远近和水深大小等因素控制的钙质生物、硅质生物和陆源碎屑的沉积作用,其次为中酸性火山碎屑沉积作用与基性火山碎屑的沉积作用;海槽－－陆坡区有层沉积物地球化学特征主要由硅质碎屑沉积和粘土质陆源、火山碎屑在时空旧的交替沉积所控制,宇宙源沉积、自生沉积、碱性火山碎屑沉积、热液作用等的影响较小。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡表层沉积物中微量元素的分布特征

本文通过对南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡沉积物中微量元素分布状况的研究，指出该海区沉积物的分布是受海峡两侧火山源及陆源物质迁移的影响。特别是北侧南设得兰群岛基性火山岩矿物对岛架和岛坡都有明显的影响，直至深海槽区才有所减弱，逐渐反映出海洋沉积物的一般地球化学特征；而南极半岛一侧由于地形相对平缓，陆源物质的影响比北侧弱。     

冲绳海槽北部现代沉积物地球化学研究

本文对冲绳海槽北部现代海底表层沉积物的沉积物地球化学特征进行了系统的分析，探讨了分别代表陆源，火山源和生物源沉积物的地球化学指标。结果表明，ＳｉＯ２主要富集于东海外陆架与陆架坡折带，基本上反映了陆源碎屑沉积或东海陆架外缘的残留砂沉积；Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｎａ２Ｏ的含量分布与玻屑砂或火山玻璃的含量有关；ＣａＯ或ＣａＣＯ３代表了生物沉积组份的多寡。     

古代碳酸盐岩台地自生泥质组分成因及意义

台地泥质组分沉积记录了源—汇过程和环境演化等沉积学领域信息,可作为古气候和古环境重建的重要载体。然而,利用沉积物中的泥质组分进行古气候和古环境恢复时仍存在相当大的复杂性和局限性。鉴于此,笔者以上寺剖面中二叠统茅口组为例,通过研究该层位富泥质组分灰岩—泥灰岩韵律的宏微观形貌学和矿物学特征,发现其泥质组分主要由成岩黏土矿物海泡石构成,其次为少量滑石和蒙脱石。基于前人认识,进一步运用电子探针和激光原位元素地球化学分析手段,综合认为海泡石中镁元素来源于继承海水的孔隙水以及亚稳定矿物的转化释放,硅元素可能来源于上扬子台地的同沉积期断裂热液。此外,滑石主要形成于海泡石埋藏过程中的成岩转化,蒙脱石可能也具有类似成因,但不排除有少量蒙脱石来源于火山物质的海底改造。结合区域资料,华南中二叠统浅水碳酸盐台地上广泛发育自生成因（早期成岩作用和埋藏成岩作用）泥质组分。因此,在利用泥质组分来恢复古环境的时候,需要谨慎识别其成因,这将有利于提高沉积旋回识别和环境解释的准确性;另一方面,对自生成因泥质组分进行专门研究,在成岩过程以及成岩地球化学信号识别上也具有参考价值。     

Microfacies analysis of larger benthic foraminifera-dominated Middle Eocene carbonates: a palaeoenvironmental case study from Meghalaya,N-E India (Eastern Tethys)

Larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) show significant abundance and diversity in the Palaeogene carbonate sediments of Meghalaya, N-E India, but have previously received less attention from the palaeoenvironmental perspective. LBF are important contributors to recent as well as fossil shallow marine, tropical carbonate settings. They find wide application in biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The larger foraminiferal turnover (LFT) during the Palaeocene-Eocene transition is very important with respect to their evolution in several parts of the world including the Eastern Tethys. The present microfacies analysis documents the status of LBF in the Middle Eocene sediments from the Prang Formation of the Sylhet Limestone Group in Meghalaya, N-E India. Five major facies types (MFTs)—miliolid grainstone-packstones, alveolinid-rotaliid grainstone-packstones, nummulitid-alveolinid grainstone-packstones, coralline algal-nummulitid packstone-wackestones and coralline algal wackestones have been recorded in the current study. Evaluation of the palaeoenvironmental parameters aids in understanding the seascape of this Eastern Tethyan domain. It is suggested that an oligotrophic nutrient regime supported the rapid evolution and dominance of the LBF. Most notable is the prolific augmentation in Alveolina and Nummulites populations. High surface water temperatures during the Late Palaeocene-Early Eocene global warming episode possibly persisted to a certain level during the Middle Eocene and continued to favour the larger foraminifera as the major carbonate producers instead of the vulnerable corals.     

滇西南景洪南光附近泥盆系沉积建造特征 及形成环境

1976年的1∶20万勐腊幅、尚勇幅区调报告报导了景洪澜沧江边南光附近泥盆系的发现并将其时代确定为中—晚泥盆世.中泥盆统为海相沉积(未建组),上泥盆统为陆相沉积,并建“南光组”,对其地层层序及沉积环境和空间关系缺少深入研究.该剖面清楚地记录了复理石沉积建造与磨拉石沉积建造(由海到陆)的连续变化关系,沉积物以含陆源碎屑和火山碎屑物为特点,代表了该区中—晚泥盆世经历了与火山喷发活动有关的造山运动.这一发现将为研究澜沧江河谷地带的地质构造演化增加新的内涵.     

Spatial and temporal geochemical variability in lacustrine sedimentation in the East African Rift System: Evidence from the Kenya Rift and regional analyses

Many previous studies on lacustrine basins in the East African Rift System have directed their attention to climatic controls on contemporary sedimentation or climate change as part of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. In contrast, this research focuses on the impact of tectonism and volcanism on rift deposition and develops models that help to explain their roles and relative importance. The study focuses on the spatial and temporal variability in bulk sediment geochemistry from a diverse range of modern and ancient rift sediments through an analysis of 519 samples and 50 major and trace elements. The basins examined variously include, or have contained, wetlands and/or shallow to deep, fresh to hypersaline lakes. Substantial spatial variability is documented for Holocene to modern deposits in lakes Turkana, Baringo, Bogoria, Magadi and Malawi. Mio‐Pleistocene sediments in the Central Kenya Rift and Quaternary deposits of the southern Kenya Rift illustrate temporal variability. Tectonic and volcanic controls on geochemical variability are explained in terms of: (i) primary controlling factors (faulting, subsidence, uplift, volcanism, magma evolution and antecedent lithologies and landscapes); (ii) secondary controls (bedrock types, rift shoulder and axis elevations, accommodation space, meteoric and hydrothermal fluids and mantle CO ₂); and (iii) response factors (catchment area size, orographic rains, rain shadows, vegetation densities, erosion and weathering rates, and spring/runoff ratios). The models developed have, in turn, important implications for palaeoenvironmental interpretation in other depositional basins.     

福建九龙江河口第四纪沉积物特征及沉积环境演变

根据福建九龙江河口ZK1孔及ZK7孔沉积物AMS(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry,加速器质谱测年技术) ¹⁴C测年、古地磁和剖面特征分析,进行该地区的第四纪地层划分,依据粒度特征,结合磁化率、微体古生物和Sr/Ba等环境代用指标进行沉积相分析,重建了该区晚第四纪的古环境演变历史。结果表明:(1)九龙江河口第四纪沉积时代为晚更新世中期至全新世晚期。(2)上更新统沉积可划分为下部龙海组洪冲积相和上部东山组河漫滩相沉积,中间有10 ka的沉积间断,末次冰期又再遭受风化剥蚀作用,推测有5～6 ka的风化剥蚀期。(3)全新统最早沉积年代约为14 ka BP,依次出现河口湾相、河口砂坝—分汊河道相、潮滩相沉积。(4)根据年代学数据和沉积相变化,重塑了该区晚第四纪沉积环境变化过程,为该区的第四纪研究和工程地质工作提供了参考依据。     

马里亚纳海槽和西菲律宾海盆更新世以来沉积物中的粘土矿物

根据三个沉积岩芯的研究,马里亚纳海槽和西菲律宾海盆更新世以来的沉积物中粘土矿物明显不同:前者以海槽内基性火山物质蚀变形成的蒙皂石为主,伴随少量铁镁绿泥石和伊利石;后者以来自海盆以西陆上岩石风化形成的伊利石为主,其次为蒙皂石、普通绿泥石和高岭石。这种差别除与物源有关外,主要与两个海盆中的火山活动有关。海槽内粘土矿物也有差异,迷可能与海底热液活动的影响有关。古气候对粘土矿物也有影响,但在海槽则被频繁的火山活动所掩盖。     

The occurrence and significance of biogenic opal in the regolith

Biogenic opal produced by vascular plants, diatoms, and siliceous sponges have been found in soils and terrestrial sediments of all continents except Antarctica since the middle of the 19th century. The opal particles range in size from fine silt to fine sand. Almost all soils contain detectable opal up to levels of 2–3%, and a significant number contain values in excess of 5%. Even higher values have been found from soils and sediments of all continents in a wide range of soil types. The most important factor is poor soil drainage and seasonal to permanent water logging. This encourages the proliferation of silica producing organisms. Such conditions have been found in the soils and aquatic sediments of the monsoonal tropics, tropical rain forests, temperate forests, tropical savanna, tropical islands, semi-arid grasslands and savanna, and temperate woodland and grassland. The presence of a volcanic substrate also appears favourable in some cases, but is not necessary. Biogenic opal preferentially collects in the A horizon of soils and, to a lesser extent, in the B horizon. This preferential distribution facilitates identification of palaeosols in stacked soil sequences. Biogenic opal is also a component of windblown dust, even in arid environments. Biogenic opal is significant to regolith processes in a number of ways. Firstly, as in the case in marine environments, it is likely to be important in silica cycling and storage because of its greater lability compared to quartz. Secondly, dissolution and reprecipitation of opal A as opal CT or micro-quartz may play a role in cementation and silicification of regolith to form silica hardpans and silcrete. Thirdly, the organisms that form biogenic opal can have considerable palaeoenvironmental significance and be valuable in reconstructing regolith evolution. Finally, some forms of biogenic silica, in particular sponge spicules, can present a health hazard. Their high abundance in some soils and sediments needs to be considered when assessing the health implications of airborne dust.     

琼西抱板群变质沉积岩地球化学研究

琼西中元古代抱板群变质沉积岩可分为白云母石英片岩组和石英二云母片岩组，其原岩为砂岩质泥质沉积岩夹火山物质。白云母石英片岩组和石英二云母片岩组在地球化学成分上的差异是原始沉积化学分异作用的结果。对主元素、微量元素（含稀土元素）及Sm-Nd同位素的综合研究表明，海南岛存在古元古代或更早的古老基底，抱板群变质沉积岩一部分来源于成熟度较低的古老地壳物质，另一部分来源于含地幔火山物质较多的初生地壳，或与研究区大规模造山运动、构造－岩浆活动所伴生的地幔物质加入有关。初步研究显示，琼西抱板群变质沉积岩可能是造山带岛弧和活动大陆边缘区（扩张弧后或弧间盆地）大地构造环境下的沉积产物。     

The Chemical Composition of Global Subducting Sediments and Its Geological Significance

Subducted sediments play an important role in crust-mantle interaction and deep mantle processes, especially for subduction zone magmatism and mantle geochemistry. The current rate of Global Subducting Sediments (GLOSS) is 0.5~0.7 km³/a. The GLOSS are composed of terrigenous material(76 wt.%), calcium carbonate(7 wt.%), opal(10 wt.%) and mineral-bound H₂O⁺(7 wt.%). The chemical compositions of GLOSS are similar to those of upper continental crust which is mainly controlled by the terrigenous materials, and yet the materials formed by marine processes will dilute the terrigenous materials. The components of subducted sediments are different among trenches. In the accretionary margin, the components of subducted sediments are similar to those of the upper crust, while in the non-accretionary margin the components are terrigenous materials plus those produced by marine processes. During subduction, subducted sediments will released fluids, melt or supercritical fluid to affect island arc/back-arc basin magmatism by means of aqueous fluid or sediment melt. In addition, a part of subducted sediments, together with underlying altered oceanic crust/lithosphere, recycle into the mantle and contribute to the mantle heterogeneity. Geochemical tracers indicate that subducted sediments play variable contributions to the magmatic processes in different tectonic setting. Thus, subducted sediments play an important role in two relatively independent dynamics systems (plate tectonics and mantle plume), as well as related mantle evolution models. As a result, by accurately calculating the compositions of subduction sediments and using various geochemical indicators, we can further limit the input and output fluxes of various elements or isotopes, and then obtain more accurately residual subducted components, which can provide us some important clues for geodynamic process.     

The continental record of Ediacaran volcano‐sedimentary successions in southern Brazil and their global implications

The Ediacaran is one of the most important periods on Earth evolution, including the first appearance of soft‐bodied macrofossils, major climatic changes and a supposed rise in free oxygen. In southernmost Brazil, this period is represented by Camaquã Supergroup, including the Bom Jardim Group and the Acampamento Velho Formation, both of which record continental palaeoenvironmental changes in a more than 5000 m thick stratigraphic succession. Age constraints are given by seven Ar‐Ar and U‐Pb determinations on volcanic rocks, which bracket these units between c. 605 and 574 Ma, revealing the best dated and most continuous documented Ediacaran continental succession to date. Depositional systems evolution supports a Phanerozoic‐type glacial context during the last Neoproterozoic glacial event and presents the Picada das Graças Formation (580 ± 3.6 Ma) as the first dated non‐glacial unit coeval to the Gaskiers Formation.