献县地热田碳酸盐岩热储示踪试验与模拟

地热回灌过程中开采井热突破预测等理论模型方面的研究尚不完善。本文在献县地热田开展了对井回灌示踪试验,并运用Comsol Multiphysics建模软件进行了参数反演,应用该理论框架进行了示踪试验数据的定量解释及开采井热突破预测。结果表明,示踪剂回收率偏低,为0.022 5%,采灌井存在1条优势通道,通道长度约为513.7m,总体表现为采灌井之间的水力联系较差。本文应用模型进行了参数反分析,计算得到拟合优度R²=0.790 7>0.6,说明此优化结果与测量值有较强的相关性,拟合程度好。连续开采100 a,不会发生热突破现象。     

雄县地热田示踪试验的解释及分析

雄县地热田在2009--2010年地热回灌期间开展了示踪试验。示踪试验过程中没有从生产井和观测井群所取水样中检测到示踪剂,但是基于生产井和回灌井之间流动通道的若干假设,对示踪剂回收的浓度及峰值的出现时间进行了模拟预测,对通道的流体流速进行了估计。并且运用水平裂隙介质模型对由于长期地热采暖尾水回灌可能引起的热储冷却进行了预测,为回灌井和生产井的合理井间距的选择,提供一定的依据。     

碳酸盐岩热储抽灌井光纤测温及地温变化研究

碳酸盐岩热储层具有地热资源丰富、开采条件好、单井涌水量大等特点,是中深层地热资源开发利用的主要热储层之一。在地热长期开采、尾水回灌过程中,既要保持抽灌井之间的水力联系,又要避免热突破的发生,对抽灌井热储层温度长期监测和热源分析计算,是地热资源可持续开发利用的重要课题。文章介绍了抽灌井分布式光纤测温技术,监测了碳酸盐岩热储抽水回灌对地温的影响,根据监测数据分析、计算了热储温度恢复的热源及热量。研究结果表明：受抽灌井间距较小和碳酸盐岩热储优势通道的影响,供暖后第6天,抽水井热储温度明显下降,平均降幅1.6℃,抽灌井产生了热突破;因长期大量低温尾水回灌,第二个供暖季之前回灌井热储温度未能恢复到初始温度,抽水井温度基本恢复;经分析计算,储层热量恢复的主要来源为地热水对流聚热,其次为高温储层、地热水传导聚热。基于该研究结果,在大规模回灌条件下,回灌井温度降低,抽灌井发生热突破是必然的发展趋势,深入开展抽灌井合理井距研究、防止短时间内发生热突破,对促进地热资源可持续开发利用是非常必要的。     

岩溶热储井间连通性的示踪研究

岩溶热储储层的不均匀性强,采灌井之间的连通性不易确定。示踪技术可以将运移参数量化,有效刻画储层流体的特征,研究回灌井和开采井之间的水力联系,包括导水通道,流体流速等信息,对长期回灌可能引起的开采井的冷却进行预测,是岩溶热储井间连通性研究十分有效的技术。本文以华北牛驼镇地热田雄县地区为例,针对蓟县系雾迷山组岩溶热储,采用荧光素钠示踪剂,进行了1口井注入,10口井观测的群井示踪试验。采用裂隙介质溶质运移模型,对示踪试验数据进行了解释,得到优势通道的长度、渗透流速、纵向弥散度、回收率等储层性质,获得了试验区内采灌井之间的连通特征。对调整采灌井布局提出了建议。     

西藏羊易地热田采灌井连通性示踪试验

为研究羊易地热田采灌井之间的水力联系和热储层渗流场特征,评价回灌后开采井热储流体温度的变化,在地热田首次运用萘二磺酸钠进行群井回灌示踪试验。示踪试验结果表明,ZK211与ZK203、ZK202与ZK208、ZK202与ZK403之间存在直接的水力联系,回灌水的流速为6. 44～42. 71m/d。地热田热储层渗流场方向与控制地热活动的断裂系统一致,以NNW和NEE为主。开采井温度监测结果显示,在回灌期间ZK203、ZK403井口温度未发生明显变化,而ZK208由于多通道的存在,回灌水快速到达造成热储流体降温。通过示踪试验能够指导地热田开发中回灌系统的布置,优化采、灌井的合理布局。     

集中采灌条件下碳酸盐岩热储群井示踪试验

地热回灌是实现地热资源可持续开发的有力措施,在世界各国已获得广泛应用,在地热资源的保护、减少资源浪费、延长地热井寿命以及减少环境污染等方面具有重要意义.天津是我国开展地热回灌比较成熟的地区之一,截至2019年底,天津市基岩裂隙型热储回灌率已达79.61％.大规模集中采灌条件下热储层渗流场的变化以及是否会影响热储温度已成为热储系统研究的前沿课题.本文以天津市东丽湖地区为例,选取1,5-萘磺酸钠作为示踪剂,在2018～2019年供暖期集中采灌期间开展了群井示踪试验,结果显示,供暖期内地热井开采量(或回灌量)、水温没有明显变化,水位除受正常采灌影响外没有明显变化,热储系统基本处于稳定状态;试验中示踪剂回收率极低,开采井和回灌井之间水力联系较差,有限的优势通道中的最大流速为448.42 m/d,优势通道的方向主要集中于北东向,与区内主要控热断裂沧东断裂及其次生断裂的发育方向一致;在现状开发利用模式下,不会造成该热储层温度的显著变化.这些认识对于指导北方古潜山碳酸盐岩热储的科学开发利用具有一定的现实意义.     

层状热储地热井权益保护半径计算探讨

为保证地热资源的可持续开采,防止地热尾水回灌时发生热突破现象,文章系统整理了地热井权益保护半径的计算方法。通过理论推导,发现开采井权益保护半径的计算方法有3个不足之处: (1)公式中参数f定义为水比热与热储岩石比热的比值,存在缺陷; (2)热储回收率取值0.15,较为片面,不能代表不同岩性热储回收率的取值; (3)计算时间固定为36 500 d,较为片面,不适用于地热井间歇开采期。针对上述问题,该文重新给定了参数f的定义,并将热储回收率和开采时间以变量符号替代,可根据不同热储层和具体开采时间加以确定。通过研究不同回灌井权益保护半径计算方法的适用条件,提出应根据(β^-1-α)与3λ的大小关系选择不同的计算公式。对开采井和回灌井权益保护半径计算公式进行对比,发现开采井权益保护半径恒大于回灌井权益保护半径,并以德城区水文家园开采系统和回灌系统为例进行计算,验证了理论推导的结果。     

鲁北地区砂岩热储地热尾水回灌地温场变化特征分析

本文通过对德州水文家园砂岩热储地热回灌井全井段温度监测,在深度上分为5个区段论述了地温场的变化特征,重点对热储温度恢复的热量来源进行了分析。研究结果表明,在规模化生产性回灌时,低温地热尾水回灌会使得回灌井周边热储温度明显降低,并且恢复速率特别缓慢;通过定性分析和定量计算,认为大地传导热流和顶部地层传导热流在热储温度恢复中的作用极其微弱,而外围同层相对高温地层传导的热量和地热水流动带来的热量是其温度恢复的主要热量来源。基于该研究结果,在规模化回灌条件下,发生热突破是必然的,因此深入开展回灌工程采灌井合理井距研究、防止短时间内发生热突破是非常有必要的。     

近三十年天津市地热大规模开发热储动态特征研究

天津是我国较早大规模开发深层地热的地区之一,经过30多年的持续开采回灌,对深部热储特征有无影响,是否引起了资源枯竭、水质恶化以及热储温度下降等环境问题,一直是社会关注的焦点。本文系统收集了1992年以来天津市地热开发过程中的不同热储层热水开发利用量、回灌量、水位、水质、水温等近30年的时间序列监测资料,通过垂向及横向对比,对地热持续开发30年来天津市不同地区不同热储层的热水动态特征进行了分析。结果表明,天津市各热储层地热流体的主要化学组分基本稳定,多年来无明显变化,地热采灌系统尾水回灌不会从根本上改变地热流体的原始化学特征,但深大断裂作为热流通道引起的顶托补给,会对上层热储水质造成一定的影响;随着近年来天津市回灌工作力度不断加大,大部分热储水位下降幅度减缓或出现回升,热储的温度没有明显的升高或降低的趋势,但回灌井热储段经过非供暖期的恢复无法达到最初的温度,呈逐年下降趋势。未来持续采灌条件下,回灌井筒的“冷堆积”及采灌井的优化调配应是重点关注的问题。     

采暖尾水回灌对砂岩热储温度的影响——以鲁北地区为例

为保证地热资源可持续开发利用,深入开展回灌工程采灌井合理井距研究、防止短时间内发生热突破是地热领域的重大关切。本文根据全井段测温结果,对砂岩热储不同采灌工程地温场变化特征进行了分析。研究表明：随着回灌年度的增加,冷水范围越来越大,热量对回灌井有效补给路径变长,回灌井热储段温度曲线波动幅度越小;当采灌井距较小、底部温度相对较低时,回灌冷水会对开采井造成影响,致使开采井热储温度降低;在回灌初期热对流在热量恢复中占主导作用,随着回灌年数的增加,冷水范围越来越大,热对流对温度场恢复的作用逐渐减弱,周边和相邻隔水层热传导在温度恢复中的作用越来越显著,温度恢复越来越慢,因此,在规模化回灌条件下,热突破是必然的。     

Seepage-heat transfer coupling process of low temperature return water injected into geothermal reservoir in carbonate rocks in Xian County,China

Fracture seepage and heat transfer in the geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks after the reinjection of low temperature geothermal return water is a complex coupling process,which is also the frontier of geothermal production and reinjection research. Based on the research of cascade comprehensive development of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Xian County),the carbonate geothermal reservoir of Wumishan formation in the geothermal field in Xian County is investigated. With the development of the discrete fracture network model and the coupling model of seepage and heat transfer,the numerical solution of seepage field and temperature field with known fracture network is reached using the finite element software COMSOL,and the coupling process of seepage flow and heat in carbonate rocks is revealed. The results show that the distribution of temperature field of fractured rocks in geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks has strong non-uniformity and anisotropy. The fracture network is interpenetrated,which constitutes the dominant channel of water conduction,and along which the fissure water moves rapidly. Under the influence of convective heat transfer and conductive heat transfer,one of the main factors to be considered in the study of thermal breakthrough is to make the cold front move forward rapidly. When the reinjection and production process continues for a long time and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir on the pumping side drops to a low level,the temperature of bedrocks is still relatively high and continues to supply heat to the fissure water,so that the temperature of the thermal reservoir on the pumping side will not decrease rapidly to the water temperature at the inlet of reinjection,but will gradually decrease after a long period of time,showing an obvious long tail effect. The distribution of fractures will affect the process of seepage and heat transfer in carbonate reservoirs,which should be considered in the study of fluid thermal coupling in carbonate reservoirs.     

关中盆地沣西地区地热对井采灌开发模式的数值模拟

热储回灌是地热资源可持续利用、避免环境污染的有效措施。在进行地热开发之前科学合理的规划采灌井井位布局,有利于延长地热井的使用年限。关中盆地是新生代拉张性断陷盆地,地热资源开采利用历史悠久。沣西地区位于关中盆地腹地,地下5000m深度范围内有5个含水热储层,自上而下分别为第四系下更新统三门组(600~960m)、新近系上新统张家坡组(960~1920m)、新近系上新统蓝田-灞河组(1920~2900m)、新近系中新统高陵群(2900~3800m)和古近系渐新统白鹿塬组(3800~5000m)。本文依据水文地质、地球物理等资料,建立了研究区三维地质模型,采用有限元模拟软件FEFLOW对目前开采最多的蓝田-灞河组热储层在不同对井采灌开发模式下同层采灌时渗流场及温度场的变化进行了模拟计算。结果表明:1)以30年为系统设计寿命,为确保抽水井和回灌井有水力联系又不发生明显的热突破,抽、灌井井间距以500~600m为宜;2)采灌对井的布置以抽水井位于天然径流流场的上游方向、回灌井位于天然径流流场的下游方向为佳;3)如果设计合理,采灌过程中回灌尾水温度对抽水井出水温度的影响可以得到有效控制;4)恰当实施地热尾水回灌,同时按照实际需求调节抽水井与回灌井的采灌量,可实现地热资源的可持续开采利用。上述结果为合理开发利用研究区地热资源提供了依据。     

Artificial tracers for geothermal reservoir studies

Safe disposal of thermally spent geothermal brines that contain environmentally hazardous constituents is commonly obtained by reinjection. The reinjection process also serves to maintain reservoir pressure, enhance thermal recovery, and eliminate possible compactional subsidence. To avoid premature thermal breakthrough of reinjected fluids, tracer tests are employed for detection and evaluation of preferential path networks. In this paper some promising tracers that have not received much attention in geothermal reservoir studies are discussed, and a comprehensive tabulation of field sites of artificial tracer utilization is presented. Chemical and transport processes responsible for tracer retention by the formation of reservoir solids, as well as available tracer detection techniques, are emphasized.     

Discussion on the calculation of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well for stratified thermal reservoir

In order to ensure the sustainable exploitation of geothermal resources and prevent the occurrence of thermal breakthrough during the process of geothermal water reinjection, the authors systematically summarized the calculation formulas of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well in this paper. Three shortcomings in the calculation method of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well were identified through theoretical derivation. (1) The parameter f, which is defined as the ratio of the specific heat of water to that of thermal reservoir rocks, is defective. (2) The value of the thermal reservoir recovery rate defined as 0.15 is relatively unilateral, which is not applicable for geothermal wells with different lithology. (3) The calculation time is fixed as 36 500 d, which is not appropriate for geothermal wells with interval development. Based on the problems above, the authors redefined the parameter f and used variables to replace the previous thermal reservoir recovery rate and exploitation time, which can be identified according to different thermal reservoirs and specific exploitation time. By comparison of the applicable conditions of different calculation formulas of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well, the authors proposed that different calaulation formuas should be chosen based on the relationship of the size between β^-1-α and 3λ. And by comparison of the rights protection radius calculation formulas for the mining well and the recharge well, it is found that the rights protection radius of the mining well is always bigger than that of the recharge well. Finally, Shuiwen residential area of Decheng district was taken as an example to verfity the theoretical results.     

Clogging mechanism in the process of reinjection of used geothermal water: A simulation research on Xianyang No.2 reinjection well in a super-deep and porous geothermal reservoir

In the process of geothermal exploitation and utilization, the reinjection amount of used geothermal water in super-deep and porous reservoir is small and significantly decreases over time. This has been a worldwide problem, which greatly restricts the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. Based on a large amount of experiments and researches, the reinjection research on the tail water of Xianyang No. 2 well, which is carried out by combining the application of hydrogeochemical simulation, clogging mechanism research and the reinjection experiment, has achieved breakthrough results. The clogging mechanism and indoor simulation experiment results show: Factors affecting the tail water reinjection of Xianyang No. 2 well mainly include chemical clogging, suspended solids clogging, gas clogging, microbial clogging and composite clogging, yet the effect of particle migration on clogging has not been found; in the process of reinjection, chemical clogging was mainly caused by carbonates (mainly calcite), silicates (mainly chalcedony), and a small amount of iron minerals, and the clogging aggravated when the temperature rose; suspended solids clogging also aggravated when the temperature rose, which showed that particles formed by chemical reaction had a certain proportion in suspended solids.     

沉积盆地砂岩热储回灌试验研究——以山东禹城市为例

禹城市为东营组热储地热资源开采利用集中区,因地热资源集中开采及地热尾水的直接外排,造成了水化学污染、热污染及热储层压力下降等一系列地质环境问题。本次在禹城市地热资源开发利用现状调查的基础上,在禹城市栖庭水岸开展地热回灌试验研究,回灌模式为自然同层对井回灌。根据本次回灌试验取得的数据,对回灌量与回灌压力关系、回灌对热储层水质影响、回灌对热储层温度影响规律进行了分析研究并根据拟合回灌量与水位升幅关系曲线计算了最大回灌量。分析结果表明:回灌量随压力的增大而增大,单位回灌量随回灌压力的增大呈减小趋势;回灌井因灌入了矿化度比其自身地热水矿化度高的水源,所以回灌后采集的回灌井地热水矿化度比回灌试验之前高,但因采灌井开采热储层属于同层热储,故回灌对热储层水质影响小;本次试验采灌井间距较大,故回灌对热储层温度无影响;计算确定该回灌井最大回灌量为70 m~3/h。本次回灌试验研究为禹城市地热资源可持续开发利用提供了依据。