黔西北及邻区安尼阶底界锆石U- Pb定年及对生物复苏的启示

我国西南地区广泛分布着中-下三叠统海相(包括盆地相、斜坡相及台地相)沉积地层和多层凝灰岩。通过采用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年方法,对黔西地区沙窝剖面和彝良柳溪剖面中/下三叠统界线上凝灰岩首次进行了锆石微区同位素定年,分别获得界线年龄为247.2±2.4Ma (2σ, MSWD=0.85)和247.4±1.4Ma (2σ,MSWD=0.51),界定了"黔中隆起"及北部坳陷区中/下三叠统界线时限,此年龄结果与国际地层年代表(2018版)建议的奥伦尼克阶/安尼阶(Olenekian-Anisian)界线年龄247.2Ma以及贵州关刀剖面Olenekian-Anisian界线附近凝灰岩锆石TIMS年龄247.2±0.1Ma高度吻合。凝灰岩岩石地球化学特征显示出富集K_2O、MgO,具明显负铕异常的特征,其物源可能来自古特提斯洋俯冲作用形成的大陆岩浆弧。幕式的火山活动可能是导致早-中三叠世生态环境间歇性恶化和生物迟滞复苏的重要原因,而深化对三叠纪幕式岩浆活动的认识,为我国西南地区三叠纪地层划分对比、构造演化以及探索三叠纪生物复苏-辐射与生态系统协同演化等提供依据。     

贵州青岩地区早-中三叠世生物地层

贵州青岩地区下-中三叠统发育齐全,化石丰富,尤其是中三叠世“青岩动物群”,具有生物辐射性质.为了研究二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件后的生物复苏及辐射过程,对该区下、中三叠统剖面进行了实测,并从沉积学、古生物学上进行了系统研究.识别出5个牙形石带:Neospathodus dieneri带、Neospathodus waageni带、Neospathodus pingdingshanensis带、Neospathodus homeri带、Chiosella timorensis带,建立2个有孔虫组合和6个双壳类组合.并根据牙形石化石初步确定出印度阶与奥伦尼克阶及奥伦尼克阶与安尼阶的界线.多门类化石的分布和生态组合结构表明,大灭绝后的复苏-辐射第一幕发生于安尼期早期,安尼期中期雷打坡页岩段的化石组合具有典型辐射后期的生态繁荣景象.古环境研究表明,本区从三叠纪初到中三叠世安尼期沉积水体总体上震荡式变浅,表现为盆地-陆棚-台缘斜坡-台地-盆地-台缘斜坡-陆棚的演变过程.      

贵州南部地区安尼阶底界锆石SHRIMP年龄结果

中国西南地区中下三叠统广泛发育多层凝灰岩,贵州望谟甘河桥剖面安尼阶底界,即中/下三叠统界线位于火山凝灰岩之下0.5m处为国际上奥伦尼克阶/安尼阶(Olenekian-Anisian)界线层型牙形石划分标志Chiosella timorensis首现的位置。从火山凝灰岩分离出20颗岩浆成因锆石的SHRIMP年龄测定,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为247.6±1.7Ma(95% conf.)或±1.4(2σ)Ma,此结果与贵州关刀剖面Olenekian-Anisian界线附近凝灰岩用TIMS方法得出的247.2±0.1 Ma年龄有很好的一致性。望谟甘河桥剖面中下三叠统界线凝灰岩在华南地区大面积分布,本文的结果为区域地层对比和划分提供了新的年龄数据,同时为研究三叠纪初期生物复苏时限提供了新的年龄参考。     

四川宣汉七里峡T3x/T2l界线沉积环境演化分析

中-晚三叠世之交是四川盆地海陆转换的关键时期,区内中三叠统雷口坡组和上三叠统须家河组是研究该时期古生物多样性变化与古气候环境演化的重要地层单元。四川宣汉七里峡剖面出露完整连续且层序清晰的中三叠世与晚三叠世海陆过渡相地层,是进行四川盆地中-晚三叠世海陆转换研究的理想剖面。基于沉积学理论与研究方法,根据七里峡剖面的沉积岩类型、颜色、构造并结合包裹体、有机碳同位素以及古生物和聚煤特征,将宣汉七里峡地区中三叠统雷口坡组与上三叠统须家河组界线地层沉积相划分为蒸发台地-澙湖潮坪-滨岸沼泽-河口砂坝等类型,揭示了一个完整的海侵-海退旋回。结合古植物和孢粉等化石资料,对宣汉地区晚三叠世初期的古气候特征进行简要分析。     

黔西南下——中三叠统界线年龄

下—中三叠统界线年龄的精确测定是进行区域地层年表和国际地层委员会全球标准年表研究中重要的组成部分。中国贵州望谟甘河桥剖面下—中三叠统地层为奥仑尼克阶—安尼阶界线层型的理想候选剖面 ,其临界层位的玻屑凝灰岩为下—中三叠统界线的岩性标志。应用高精度高灵敏度的二次离子探针质谱对玻屑凝灰岩中的锆石进行 U- Pb年代学分析 ,结果为 2 39.0± 2 .9Ma(2σ)。这是首次直接从界线层位准确测定的下—中三叠统界线的锆石 U - Pb同位素年龄。中国贵州望谟甘河桥剖面下—中三叠统界线剖面地层连续 ,牙形石分带清楚 ,临界层位发育区域上分布较为稳定的玻屑凝灰岩 ,是极好的区域等时标志层。这一剖面有望成为国际下—中三叠统界线层型剖面。     

贵州兴义三叠纪兴义动物群化石层锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄及其意义

本文选取了产自贵州兴义富含海生爬行动物及鱼类化石的法郎组竹杆坡段上部凝灰岩夹层中的锆石,进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学测定。测得兴义动物群化石赋存层位年龄为240.8±1.8 Ma,化石赋存层位之上21 m处年龄为239.8±1.7 Ma。该年龄数据进一步验证了兴义动物群的时代为中三叠世拉丁期,而非晚三叠世卡尼期,这一结论可与此前菊石生物地层研究、碳同位素分析的结果相印证。结合兴义动物群中生物组合面貌的变化,推测三叠纪生态系统可能在拉丁期就已开始由辐射发展阶段转变为完全复苏阶段。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组时代划分及长73对印支Ⅰ幕的响应

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组地层时代划分存在较大分歧,即延长组地层时代是否包含中三叠世以及中、上三叠统界线的确定,而长73地层的归属是其关键.针对争议采集了盆地南部何2井长73底部凝灰岩（H2-2）和长73中上部凝灰岩（H2-1）样品,对H2-2进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和岩相学研究,对H2-1进行了岩相学和地球化学特征分析.结果表明:岩浆锆石的206Pb/238U加权年龄为239.8±2.0 Ma,属于中三叠世拉丁期,构造活动对应印支Ⅰ幕;凝灰岩来源于大陆花岗岩环境,与西秦岭地区的构造环境一致.结合前人研究成果,认为延长组地层跨中、晚三叠世,长73地层属于延长组第2段并划归到中三叠统,其顶部（即"张家滩页岩"顶部）为中、上三叠统的分界.印支Ⅰ幕构造岩浆活动在盆地发育了延长组长7油层组及凝灰岩等事件沉积,西秦岭地区的花岗质岩浆活动与长73凝灰岩在年龄、分布厚度、岩石组成和构造环境上均具耦合性,长73凝灰岩有可能来自西秦岭的岩浆活动.      

右江盆地上二叠统-中三叠统凝灰岩年龄及其地质意义

右江盆地上二叠统-中三叠统地层中常含有多层凝灰岩, 对采自广西河池九圩及田林利周罗楼组和百逢组底部的4件凝灰岩样品进行锆石原位LA-ICPMS方法U-Pb同位素定年, 结果显示凝灰岩的形成年龄分别为252.8±1.8 Ma、253.0±2.4 Ma、247.2±1.5 Ma和239.3±2.7 Ma, 指示晚二叠世末期到中三叠世Bithynian期华南地块西南缘存在多期火山活动, 其可能与华南西南缘陆块的裂解与汇聚有关.凝灰岩中继承或捕虏锆石年龄(260~270 Ma)记录了中晚二叠世峨眉山大火成岩省岩浆活动或华南西南缘岛弧火山活动事件.凝灰岩的岩相学研究表明, 中三叠世特别是Bithynian期之后右江盆地由伸展型向挤压型转换, 盆地进入快速坳陷期.      

中扬子区巴东组凝灰岩层的锆石U- Pb年龄约束

印支运动深刻地改变了华南大陆和东亚的古地理格局,导致了大规模的海陆变迁。在扬子北缘发育有以紫红色碎屑岩为主的巴东组及相关地层,代表了从碳酸盐岩为主的海相沉积到碎屑岩为主的陆相沉积的转变。巴东组可划分为三段,即一、三段的紫红色粉砂岩、泥岩夹二段灰岩泥灰岩。由于巴东组三段的化石稀少,其年代归属一直存有争议。本文运用LA-ICP-MS定年方法,对新发现于鄂西秭归地区巴东组二段的凝灰岩夹层进行了锆石U-Pb定年。结果表明,来自于巴东组二段中部和顶部的两件凝灰岩样品分别形成于241.7±1.7Ma和237.5±2Ma。结合凝灰岩层的就位年龄和生物化石记录,巴东组地层时代被限定为中三叠世安尼期至晚三叠世卡尼期。凝灰岩中锆石颗粒多呈长柱状,无磨圆,发育明显的振荡环带,且具有与造山型岩浆锆石一致的微量元素化学特征。以巴东组灰岩为代表的"最高海相层"穿时地分布于鄂东南至川西一线,反映了上、中扬子区由中三叠世安尼期晚期至晚三叠世卡尼期海水大规模向西退去的海陆变迁特征。     

苏南地区三叠纪地层格架

根据关键界面识别,苏南地区三叠纪地层可划分为3个层序。时限分别为早三叠世印度期、早三叠世奥伦期—中三叠世安尼期、中三叠世拉丁期—晚三叠世卡尼期。岩相和地层结构分析表明,本区存在碳酸盐缓坡沉积、镶边碳酸盐台地沉积、碳酸盐潮坪—泻湖沉积、陆缘近海湖泊沉积、湖泊—沼泽沉积等5个沉积体系。经历了3次海平面升降     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。