二氧化碳羽流地热系统水-岩-气相互作用:以松辽盆地泉头组为例

二氧化碳羽流地热系统(CPGS)是利用CO2地质储存场地进行地热能开发的一种工程技术,也是整合CO2减排与开发深部地热资源的理想方式。但伴随着对深部地热的提取,注入储层的超临界CO2使深部咸水的pH值降低,导致周围岩体产生溶解和沉淀,从而引起孔隙度、渗透率等地层物性的变化,最终改变系统的生产能力和净热提取效率。以松辽盆地泉头组为目标储层,采用室内实验、数值模拟等技术手段,通过实验和数值计算结果的对比,揭示系统水-岩-气相互作用对热储矿物组分的改变。研究结果显示:实验过程中矿物溶解对温度和盐度变化较为敏感,而受压力影响较小;在实验和模拟时间内发生溶解的矿物主要是长石类矿物,方解石在反应后全部溶解;石英、伊利石和高岭石的矿物组分体积分数有所增加,并有少量菱铁矿生成。     

基于数值模拟探讨提高咸水层CO2 封存注入率的途径

咸水层CO2地质封存是减少大气中CO2排放量的有效途径。CO2注入率是衡量咸水层中CO2注入能力的有效因素,因此,研究注入速率的变化规律及提高的措施是很有工程价值的。在很多区域,地层的低渗透性限制了CO2的注入率。针对鄂尔多斯盆地的水文地质条件,通过数值模拟,探讨在低渗透性咸水层中提高CO2注入率的途径,包括改变储层中的盐度、采用水平井注入、增加注入井段的长度以及采取水力压裂等工程措施。其中改变储层中的盐度可通过在注入CO2前向储层中注入一定量的水来实现。模拟结果表明,这些方式可以有效地提高CO2注入率,其中水平井改造方式和水力压裂工程措施效果显著,盐度改造措施在地层初始含盐度较高时,会有更好的效果。研究结果可为鄂尔多斯盆地和类似地区的咸水层CO2地质封存项目提供参考。     

岩盐沉淀对咸水层二氧化碳地质封存注入过程的影响:以江汉盆地为例

依托江汉盆地基础地质和水文地质数据,通过建立新沟嘴组一维、二维径向数值模型,对该储层进行CO2封存注入数值模拟研究,分析二氧化碳注入储层后,咸水层中发生的地球物理化学作用.以CO2的溶解作用和岩盐的沉淀作用为主,分析它们对储层压力和注入性的影响.模拟结果表明,二氧化碳注入储层后,近井周围会形成3个分区,即纯液相区、两相混相区、盐沉淀区;盐沉淀会导致压力积累严重,影响CO2可注入性;对盐度的敏感性分析表明,咸水含水层盐度越大,压力积累会越严重.因此,江汉盆地CO2地质封存应考虑盐度的影响,采取相关缓解压力积累的措施.     

深部咸水层CO2地质封存数值模拟参数的全局敏感性分析:以苏北盆地盐城组为例

基于对苏北盆地盐城组下段砂岩储层概化建立二维径向剖面模型,运用TOUGH2/ECO2N程序模拟深部咸水层中CO₂迁移分布过程。采用定性(Morris法)和定量(Sobol和EFAST法)全局敏感性分析方法,以储层中注入井处的压力、气相CO₂总量及CO₂气相羽扩散距离作为模型响应变量,对储层的水平渗透率、孔隙度、残余液体饱和度、孔隙分布指数、压缩系数、进气压力的倒数和盐度7个参数进行全局敏感性分析,讨论了咸水层的水文地质参数、盐度及其他模型参数对CO₂封存运移泄漏过程的影响。Morris和Sobol法的敏感性分析结果都表明,对于不同的响应变量,参数的敏感性排序不同：以注入井处的压力为响应变量时,孔隙度的敏感性最高;以气相CO₂总量和CO₂羽扩散距离为响应变量时,水平渗透率的敏感性最高。EFAST 1阶及总敏感度分析结果与Sobol分析结果基本一致,但EFAST法相对Sobol法计算更高效稳健,需要的样本数较少。     

鄂尔多斯深部咸水层CO_2地质封存效果评价

中国首个陆上咸水层CO_2地质封存全流程示范项目于2010年正式实施。为更加清晰、准确地了解注入场地储层的注入性能和注入封存过程中可能遇到的潜在问题,基于场地储层结构和注入监测数据,采用储层多相流模拟软件TOUGH2-MP/ECO_2N对鄂尔多斯105 t/a CO_2注入1 620 m以深的特低渗砂岩咸水含水层进行数值模拟,对储层的压力积聚和CO_2羽体扩散的动态演化以及储层封存量进行评估。结果表明,所建立的模型比较准确地反映了实际注入过程和注入效果。3a注入引起的最大压力抬升小于15 MPa,CO_2在含水层中总体呈均匀扩散,CO_2注入地下3a和53a后,羽体在刘家沟储层中的横向迁移距离分别为550 m和700 m左右。在目前的统注方案下,CO_2主要封存层位在储层上部的刘家沟组(埋深为1 690~1 699 m),其吸气量占整个储层封存量的80%以上,储层吸气能力具有由浅到深变差的特征。53a模拟期内,进入泥岩盖层的CO_2总量不及注入总量的0.05%。     

注入速率对CO_2地质储存封存潜力的影响分析

国内某著名煤炭企业计划实施每年10万吨的CO2地质储存（CCS）项目,拟选了5组地层做为目标储层。但所选封存层平均渗透率在0.15~0.6mD,平均孔隙度在2~6%,属于低渗低孔地层,如不进行人工压裂提高注入层渗透率,要实现预定存储目标尚有一些困难。笔者在研究中发现,除对目标层进行一定的水裂酸化处理提高地层渗透特性可以显著提高注入性和存储能力外,CO2注入速率的变化对地层的封存能力和注入性也有明显影响。运用TOUGH2-ECO2N软件分别模拟了无水裂及水裂情况下8种不同注入速率下这些目标存储层的压力变化及CO2封存状态比例及理论最大封存能力。模拟结果表明使用水裂酸化方法对储层进行处理后,不仅可以使注入总量达到项目要求,还可使系统理论最大储存能力提高55%;并且在灌注过程中采用变速灌注方式,可以有效控制系统压力积聚,对将来实际灌注压力控制具有重要意义。     

伊通盆地岔路河断陷粘土矿物特征及其对储层物性的影响

粘土矿物的类型和含量对储层的物性有着较大的影响。伊通盆地岔路河断陷储层属于中低孔、低渗储层。据粘土矿物X射线衍射分析,结合电镜扫描等资料分析研究,得出了储层的孔隙度、渗透率随粘土矿物的含量、成分、产状的变化关系。研究表明,粘土矿物的绝对含量与孔隙度和渗透率呈现负相关性,且其对渗透率的影响明显要比对孔隙度的影响大。随着伊利石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率有减小的趋势;而随着高岭石含量的增加,砂岩的渗透率有增大的趋势,孔隙度随粘土矿物相对含量的变化不显著。     

增强型地热系统采热性能影响因素分析

为了综合分析增强型地热系统各参数对系统采热性能的影响，以及参数相互之间的影响规律，以云南腾冲热海热田为地质背景，利用正交设计思想通过数值模拟方法对井间距、注入流量、注入温度、储层渗透率等因素的变化进行了分析。结果表明：注入流量是影响系统采热性能的关键因素，并对注入温度、井间距的确定有显著影响；注入流量越大，系统稳定采热时间和运行寿命越短，且注入流量较小的变化（提高0.06 m³/s）会对系统采热温度产生较大的影响（降低47℃）；增加注入温度可以提高系统的采热温度和运行寿命，但注入温度升高30℃、运行50 a后采热温度只提高10℃，效果有限；井间距、渗透率、开采压力对系统采热性能的影响相近，且远小于注入流量。     

CO_2地质封存泄漏研究进展

CO_2地质封存(GCS)是一项将CO_2注入并且永久封存于地下含水层或废弃油气储层等地质体内的CO_2减排技术。由于场地地质条件和人类开发活动导致的不确定性,注入储层的CO_2可通过泄漏废弃井、断层或裂缝以及盖层的"薄弱带"等途径发生泄漏。基于对国内外文献的广泛调研,综述了GCS泄漏及封存安全的研究进展。CO_2沿钻井泄漏一般是因为化学或力学作用导致CO_2沿钻井环空水泥、井筒桥塞或围岩破碎带发生泄漏。CO_2注入储层可能导致盖层破裂,激活原本闭合的断层或断层面滑动。CO_2沿断层/裂缝泄漏主要受有效渗透率、裂缝开度等因素影响。盖层泄漏的方式可归纳为渗透泄漏、扩散泄漏和沿裂隙泄漏3种。CO_2透过盖层的扩散泄漏对于大时空尺度CO_2地质封存泄漏评估不应忽视。CO_2泄漏通常会导致受影响的含水层内地下水的p H值减小、盐度升高、离子增多等地球化学响应,甚至存在自由态CO_2。含水层内流体压力和地球化学特征可用于有效监测封存CO_2、咸水与其他流体的泄漏。GCS泄漏研究目前还十分有限,我国尤其缺乏泄漏的定量研究。     

马岭油田南二区延9油藏注水开发储集层特征变化研究

为了解马岭油田南二区延9油藏长期注水后储层特征的变化及产生机理,通过室内物理模拟实验方法,结合矿场2口检查井取心分析结果,研究了注水前后储层物性、孔喉特征和渗流特征的变化。结果表明:长期注水后,由于注入水对储层的作用主要集中在孔隙的喉道部分,储层渗透率明显增大,孔隙度增加较小;储层物性的增加主要与水洗后粘土矿物含量的降低、水洗程度、储层初始渗透率大小和裂缝的开启有关,其中裂缝开启对储层物性的影响最显著;水洗后储层岩石表面油膜脱落,岩石润湿性由亲油性变为亲水性。以上综合作用的结果使油水两相流动能力增强、两相区范围变宽,水驱油效率增大。可见马岭油田南二区延9油藏注水开发中储层的变化有利于油田开发。     

Motion in a Central Field in the Presence of a Constant Perturbing Acceleration in a Coordinate System Comoving with the Velocity Vector

The motion of a zero-mass point under the action of gravitation toward a central body and a perturbing acceleration P is considered. The magnitude of P is taken to be small compared to the main acceleration due to the gravitation of the central body, and the components of the vector P are taken to be constant in a reference frame with its origin at the central body and its axes directed along the velocity vector, normal to the velocity vector in the plane of the osculating orbit, and along the binormal. The equations in the mean elements were obtained in an earlier study. The algorithm used to solve these equations is given in this study. This algorithm is analogous to one constructed earlier for the case when P is constant in a reference frame tied to the radius vector. The properties of the solutions are similar. The main difference is that, in the most important cases, the quadratures to which the solution reduces lead to non-elementary functions. However, they can be expressed as series in powers of the eccentricity e that converge for e < 1, and often also for e = 1.     

Avoiding Singularities in the Numerical Solution of the Motion of a Deformable Ellipse Immersed in a Viscous Fluid

Geological materials are largely heterogeneous and are typically comprised of approximately ellipsoidal objects immersed in a matrix with different physical properties. Methodologies for the identification of ancient regional tectonic patterns may be developed based on an understanding of the behaviour of heterogeneous materials. In this contribution, the differential equation governing the rotation of a deformable ellipse immersed in a viscous fluid is considered and is found to contain a singularity when the ellipse becomes circular in shape. This problem is avoided by reformulating the equations using the standard algebraic representation of an ellipse. Thus, the equations can be numerically solved without difficulty.     

Mathematical modeling of a jet in the vicinity of a compact object

An MHD model for the formation of a jet in the vicinity of a compact object with a supersonic accretion regime is constructed, assuming that the plasma is perfectly electrically conducting. A stable, collimated jet of plasma along the z axis symmetric about the plane of the accretion disk is obtained. The parameters of the jet are in good agreement-with available observational data on the structure and properties of jets.     

长江三角洲千年冬温序列与古里雅冰芯比较

利用长江三角洲史料优势,重建公元820年代以来,年代级冬温序列.为测试古里雅冰芯记录的影响力,与之作比较研究.结果显示:其年代级变化背景有很好的对应关系,年代级变化有大同小异的复杂情况.舍弃量级,就年代级温度,降水升降,约有一半是同步的,且有大致对应的温湿组合.说明两地虽远隔数千公里,环境生态条件悬殊,年代级气候变化仍有响应.最后就形成响应的成因机制作初步分析。     

Resonance scattering in a line in the presence of a weak external magnetic field

The theory required to calculate the phase matrix for resonance scattering in the presence of a magnetic field is set out. Interference effects between radiation from individual magnetic sublevels of the atom are taken into account. Errors in the algorithms used to calculate the phase matrix published earlier by other authors are identified.     

Optimizing a piezometric network in the estimation of the groundwater budget: a case study from a crystalline-rock watershed in southern India

An estimate of the groundwater budget at the catchment scale is extremely important for the sustainable management of available water resources. Water resources are generally subjected to over-exploitation for agricultural and domestic purposes in agrarian economies like India. The double water-table fluctuation method is a reliable method for calculating the water budget in semi-arid crystalline rock areas. Extensive measurements of water levels from a dense network before and after the monsoon rainfall were made in a 53 km² watershed in southern India and various components of the water balance were then calculated. Later, water level data underwent geostatistical analyses to determine the priority and/or redundancy of each measurement point using a cross-validation method. An optimal network evolved from these analyses. The network was then used in re-calculation of the water-balance components. It was established that such an optimized network provides far fewer measurement points without considerably changing the conclusions regarding groundwater budget. This exercise is helpful in reducing the time and expenditure involved in exhaustive piezometric surveys and also in determining the water budget for large watersheds (watersheds greater than 50 km²).     

管内投砾新工艺在水文水井围填滤料中的应用

水文水井滤料围填的质量对供水水质及使用寿命具有重要影响,常规填料工艺经常出现"架桥"现象和投砾不到位的问题。为此,提出了一种管内投砾新工艺,可以克服上述缺陷。首先阐述了其核心设备—专用转换接头的基本原理,介绍了其施工工艺流程;最后基于两个工程实例,分析了设计与施工方面的难点并给出了相应的解决方案。结果表明:(1)与常规工艺相比较,管内投砾法既能够实现止水、注浆和固井的一体化操作,又能够减少成井环节,缩短成井周期,经济效益显著,可靠度100%;(2)采用专用转换接头围填滤料,能够保证水文水井滤料的充填质量,工艺简单易行、安全高效;(3)在深井投砾时,应安装井口自动投砾器;在井管内宜设置投砾导向管,并采用动水投砾。     

Petrography and decay of a marly limestone in the cloister of a medieval cathedral in Sicily

This paper deals with a significant process of decohesion of a marly limestone, taking place in the cloister of the medieval Cathedral of Cefalù, a pleasant town on the northern coast of Sicily. After desalination with deionised water and consolidation with ethyl silicate, the decay of the stone became faster. The aim of our study is to characterise the stony material and investigate the observed decay phenomena. The stone, that is a poor building material indeed, is characterised by means of petrographical, chemical and physical analyses on samples taken from the monument. Furthermore, experimental tests are performed in the laboratory in order to highlight the causes of incompatibility between the stone and the applied treatments.