南大别高压-超高压过渡类型榴辉岩的确定及其构造意义

通过对大别山太湖地区榴辉岩的岩石学、矿物成分和峰期变质P-T条件的研究表明,南大别榴辉岩可分为:①高压榴辉岩;②高压/超高压过渡榴辉岩;③超高压榴辉岩。它们的峰期变质P-T条件分别为:T=570℃～680℃,P=2.00 GPa～2.40 GPa;T=650℃～810℃,P=2.70 GPa～3.20 GPa;T=760℃～980℃,P=3.50 GPa～4.00 GPa,表明三类榴辉岩形成于不同的变质环境中。其中高压/超高压过渡榴辉岩是本次研究新近确定的,该类榴辉岩无论是在变质环境,还是在岩石结构、成分特征方面,均显示了高压-超高压过渡变质的特征。这种榴辉岩的存在解释了南大别变质块体俯冲时的连续性和折返后的断块特征。     

桐城-源潭铺地区榴辉岩的峰期变质P-T条件及其构造归属

通过对南大别桐城-源潭铺一带榴辉岩的岩石学,矿物化学和 P-T 条件的研究表明,该地区的榴辉岩为典型的高压榴辉岩,其不含任何超高压矿物,石榴石具有良好的自形结构,包含大量的早期矿物包体,成分变化显示了进变质特征。精确的峰期 P-T 计算显示,榴辉岩的形成温压条件分别为:1.62～2.35GPa,421℃～604℃。研究结果表明,桐城-源潭铺一带大约250km~2的区域属于高压变质块体,周遍为断层所限,以构造岩片形式存在,该高压块体与大别山南部的超高压变质单元相比至少有0.3GPa 的压力差。结合野外观察,推测由于北大别变质穹隆造成了该高压榴辉岩体现今的分布状态。这一新的高压块体的确定对于重新认识大别碰撞造山带的构造格架,以及理解其俯冲和折返的精细过程具有重要的指示意义。     

中大别腹地榴辉岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其类型归属

根据对黄岗-牛凸岭地区榴辉岩样品JS249和JS250的岩相学研究表明,该地区榴辉岩具有明显的高压变质特征,石榴石中包含大量的早期矿物,成分环带显著,其峰期矿物组合主要为Grt+ Omp+ Phn+ Rt+ Qtz+ Ep+ Ky,角闪岩相退变矿物主要为Di+ Mg-Hbl+ Ab+ Prg+ Bt.对样品JS249和JS250温压条件进行计算,样品JS249为T=594±61℃,P=2.58±0.27GPa;样品JS250为T=616±56℃,P=2.14±0.14GPa.同时利用LA-ICPMS以及激光拉曼对这两个样品进行锆石U-Pb年代学研究和锆石包裹体分析,结果显示样品JS249锆石包体主要为角闪石、长石等退变矿物,其加权平均年龄为217.3±3.5Ma,该组年龄代表了角闪岩相退变质年龄;样品JS250锆石包含了石榴石、金红石、绿辉石等峰期矿物包体,其加权平均年龄为235.2±4.2Ma,该年龄应为峰期变质年龄.综合榴辉岩的岩石学、热力学和年代学的研究表明,黄岗-牛凸岭地区应属于低温高压单元,与南大别变质块体类似.     

南大别太湖地区榴辉岩峰期变质温压条件及所揭示的构造含义

通过岩石学、矿物成分和峰期变质温压条件的研究表明，南大别变质块体由超高压带、高压/超高压“混合”带和高压带3个变质单元组成，具有区域上的温压渐变趋势。应用5个Grt-Cpx温度计和Grt-Cpx-Phe压力计。对榴辉岩的峰期变质温压条件计算显示，自北向南，可分为4个温压域，温度压力逐渐降低：760～950℃，3．5～4．1GPa→660-750℃，2．7～3．1GPa→640-780℃，2．0～2．7GPa→550～680℃，1．5～2．3GPa，这表明南大别变质块体在俯冲过程中是一个连续的块体。然而，超高压带和高压带之间的压力差异以及不同变质带内相邻榴辉岩之间的压力差、无序分布特征及其与围岩的构造接触关系显示，南大别变质块体经历了强烈的缩短过程，现今榴辉岩的分布特征反映的是折返至地表的状态。     

大别山南部高压-超高压变质地体的峰期变质条件

长期以来,人们普遍认同南大别高压超高压变质地体是由“冷”、“热”榴辉岩带组成的观点,但关于两者的接触关系一直存在着不同的认识。本次研究重点解剖大别山太湖地区花凉亭水库附近地区,力图通过对各类榴辉岩峰期变质P-T条件的研究,揭示南大别变质地体的地质结构。全区由南向北出露4种岩石:云母片岩、黑云母片麻岩、花岗片麻岩和绿帘黑云斜长片麻岩。榴辉岩多呈大小不等的透镜体、岩块或层状分布于后3类岩石中。根据内洽地质温压计的计算结果,并结合各类榴辉岩的地理位置,可以看出榴辉岩的峰期变质PT条件自朱家冲经水口、大坝至金河桥是渐次增高的,并没有明显的压力差存在,其中水口、大坝附近的榴辉岩相当于高压/超高压过渡环境中形成的榴辉岩。因此,我们认为南大别变质地体是一个连续的整体,“冷”、“热”榴辉岩带并不是以断层形式相接触的;真正的断裂应位于南大别与宿松群之间。     

桐柏高压变质地体:对桐柏-大别-苏鲁高压/超高压变质带构造框架和俯冲/折返机制的制约

桐柏造山带位于秦岭造山带和大别-苏鲁造山带之间,是揭示秦岭-桐柏-大别-苏鲁巨型造山带中各地质体之间构造关系及地质演化差异的关键地区。桐柏高压变质地体主要由两个高压岩片(I和II)及其北侧的构造混杂岩带和南侧的蓝片岩-绿片岩带构成。高压岩片I以北、南两条榴辉岩带为代表,构成桐柏山背形构造的两翼,其峰期变质条件分别为530~610℃、1.7~2.0GPa和460~560℃、1.3~1.9GPa。高压岩片II以桐柏杂岩中的变质岩包体为代表,其峰期变质条件推测在<700℃、>1.2GPa的榴辉岩相范围内,而退变质条件为660~700℃、0.80~1.03GPa。U-Pb、Lu-Hf、Rb-Sr和Ar-Ar同位素年代学研究表明,高压岩片I的峰期变质时代为255Ma,冷却至白云母封闭温度的时代为238Ma;而高压岩片II的主期变质作用发生在232~220Ma,作为桐柏杂岩主体的片麻状花岗岩则侵位于140Ma。这说明,高压岩片I和II分属于两个时代不同的俯冲/折返岩片,当高压岩片II被俯冲到地壳深处并经受高压变质时,其上覆的高压岩片I已经折返到中上地壳的水平。这一结果验证了在西大别、东大别和苏鲁地区提出的高压/超高压岩石的穿时(或差异)俯冲/折返模型,同时说明华南大陆地壳最早的俯冲发生在晚二叠世,这也代表华北与华南陆块之间从洋壳俯冲转化为陆壳俯冲的时间。基于桐柏杂岩与北大别杂岩的可比性,认为桐柏高压变质地体相对低温低压的变质环境以及超高压岩石的缺乏缘于华南陆块的俯冲深度向西逐渐变浅,而早白垩世的构造挤出造成了桐柏-大别高压/超高压变质带东宽西窄的构造格局。     

大别山太湖地区榴辉岩岩石学、矿物成分和P-T条件特征及其所揭示的构造含义

根据对大别山太湖地区1：10000地质填图，以及对榴辉岩的精细的岩石学、矿物成分和P—T条件的研究分析表明，该地区的榴辉岩可分为：高压榴辉岩，高压-超高压榴辉岩和超高压榴辉岩。从高压榴辉岩至超高压榴辉岩，石榴石中钙铝榴石、镁铝榴石组分，多硅白云母中的Si^4＋逐渐增加，峰期变质P—T条件则从T=535℃～652℃和P=1．50～2．26GPa，T=625℃～777℃和P=2．41～3．04GPa，逐渐增加到T=767℃-942℃和P=3．49～4．09GPa，显示了区域上的连续变化特征。结合构造几何学的分布特征和榴辉岩的共生围岩，应用石榴石-单斜辉石温度计和石榴石-单斜辉石-多硅白云母压力计，计算建立了一条近于“5℃／km”的地温梯度线和两条T=650℃，P=2．50GPa和T=750℃，P=3．00GPa温度和压力等值线，并将南大别变质块体从南自北分为三个变质单元：高压带，高压一超高压带和超高压带，从而表明该变质块体连续的特征。本次研究建立了三条P—T轨迹，并尝试性地探讨了这些榴辉岩的不同的抬升速率，推测不同类型的榴辉岩在地下40～50km的深度发生了强烈的缩短．“焊接”成一整体缓慢抬升到地袁．从而导致现今榴辉岩的分布状态．     

大别山南部高压-超高压变质地体中云母片岩和片麻岩的相平衡研究

对于大别山高压一超高压变质带中大面积出露的云母片岩和片麻岩的变质条件和演化历史有不同的认识：如中低压绿帘角闪岩相，高压角闪岩相和超高压榴辉岩相。通过对大别山南部超高压榴辉岩区、高压榴辉岩区和宿松变质杂岩带中的云母片岩和片麻岩进行详细的岩相学及相平衡研究表明：它们的变质条件分别为610℃～690℃，1．2～1．4GPa；590～600℃、1．3～1．5GPa；520～590℃，0．9～1．4GPa，相当于高压绿帘角闪岩相、高压角闪岩相与榴辉岩相之间的过渡。依据超高压榴辉岩区绿帘石黑云片麻岩中的石榴石环带特征推测，它们很可能经过超高压变质阶段。现有矿物组合记录了抬升阶段的条件。但是高压榴辉岩区的石榴石绿帘石二云片麻岩和宿松变质杂岩带中石榴石云母片岩中的石榴石环带特征表明，其现有矿物组合记录了变质峰期条件，不应该经历更高压变质阶段。在KFMASH体系的PT视剖面图上计算多硅白云母Si含量等值线表明，在多数矿物组合中白云母的Si含量可作为地质压力计，但Si等值线的斜率受到矿物组合的控制。     

华中榴辉岩及其成因的若干问题

榴辉岩是华中高压变质带的特征岩类之一。根据其共生的矿物组合可划分出四类榴辉岩:角闪(蓝闪)榴辉岩,蓝晶石榴辉岩、柯石英榴辉岩和石英榴辉岩。其中蓝闪榴辉岩主要分布于团麻断裂以西地区;柯石英榴辉岩均出露于团麻断裂以东地区。根据矿物对地质温压计和变质矿物组合估测,西部地段榴辉岩的形成条件为p=1.1～1.5GPa,t=540～600℃,中东部地段榴辉岩为p≥2.5GPa,t=700～800℃。 根据岩石组合、矿物组合和构造环境分析,绝大多数(如果不是全部的话)榴辉岩与围岩经历了相同的高压—超高压变质作用,是同一构造运动旋回中不同构造部位的变质产物。蓝闪榴辉岩和柯石英榴辉岩的地质环境和退变质作用特征具有重要的大地构造意义。     

北大别罗田榴辉岩的原岩性质:微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学证据

近20年来,大别山造山带,因含柯石英和金刚石的超高压岩石的发现以及出露有大陆俯冲与碰撞过程中形成的不同构造岩石单位,一直是国内外的研究热点地区.其中,大别山超高压变质带由北大别杂岩带、中大别含柯石英超高压变质带和南大别低温榴辉岩带等三个不同的岩片组成.     

Variation in peak P–T conditions across the upper contact of the UHP terrane,Dabieshan, China: gradational or abrupt?

The Southern Dabieshan Terrane (SDT) has previously been divided into high‐pressure (HP) and ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) terranes, and its regional extent and the tectonic nature of its boundaries are hotly debated topics. In this study, an eclogite‐bearing area of 100 km² near Taihu is mapped in detail, and divided into Northern, Middle and Southern Zones on the basis of lithological characteristics. The Northern Zone consists of epidote‐biotite gneiss and eclogite blocks, the Middle Zone includes granitic gneiss, biotite gneiss, eclogites and amphibolite, and the Southern Zone is composed mainly of garnet‐bearing mica schist. The eclogites occur mainly as lens or blocks in the Northern and Middle Zones. The peak P–T conditions for 61 eclogite samples across the area are estimated using the Grt‐Cpx Fe²⁺‐Mg thermometers and the Grt‐Cpx‐Phe barometers. The results indicate three different P–T regions: 2.82–4.09 GPa/759–942 °C in the Northern Zone, and 2.00–3.54 GPa/641–839 °C in the granitic gneiss and 1.38–2.36 GPa/535–768 °C in the biotite gneiss from the Middle Zone. Combined with the spatial distribution of eclogites across the area, the P–T values for eclogites increase continuously from the south to the north, defining a reference ‘geotherm’ of 5 °C km^?1. However, some unreasonable apparent gradients can be established along two south–north profiles across the area, and display a P–T difference between the Northern and Middle zones. On the basis of the average P–T data for eclogites across the area, a gap of at least 0.3 GPa/20 °C exists between the Northern and Middle zones. By contrast, the P–T values of eclogites from the Middle zone show a coherent pattern with transitional characteristics from HP in the south to UHP in the north. We suggest that the SDT was a coherent slab during subduction, and was broken up by a major fault during exhumation, which was formed under UHP metamorphic conditions.     

大别剪切构造带中榴辉岩的成分变异-体积变化和流体流动

研究了大别山区剪切构造带内榴辉岩在退变质阶段塑性变形过程中的成分变异、体积变化和流体流动特征，得到：（１）随着变形程度的增强，榴辉岩中除Ａｌ２Ｏ３，Ｐ２Ｏ５和Ｔｈ的含量基本保持不变外，其他组分或元素都发生了明显的变异；（２）ＳｉＯ２在超高压榴辉岩带中表现为明显的流失，而在高压中温榴辉岩带内表现为明显的获得；（３）从榴辉岩到榴闪岩再到榴云角闪片岩的退变质阶段变形过程中，岩石体积发生了明显扩容，其体积变化率为－３．５％～－２８％；（４）流体／岩石比值约为１～５０．１，说明了流体在高压超高压变质岩形成和抬升过程中起了重要的作用     

Monomineral universal clinopyroxene and garnet barometers for peridotitic,eclogitic and basaltic systems

New versions of the universal Jd-Di exchange clinopyroxene barometer for peridotites,pyroxenites and eclogites,and also garnet barometer for eclogites and peridotites were developed.They were checked using large experimental data sets for eciogitic(~530) and peridotitic systems(650).The precision of the universal Cpx barometer for peridotites based on Jd-Di exchange is close to Cr-Tschermalite method produced by Nimis and Taylor(2000).Cpx barometer was transformed by the substitution of major multiplier for K_D by the equations dependent from Al-Na-Fe.Obtained equation in combination with the thermometer of Nimis and Taylor(2000) allow to reconstruct position of the magma feeder systems of the alkali basaltic magma within the mantle diapirs in modern platforms like in Vitim plateau and other Southern Siberia localities and several localities worldwide showing good agreement of pressure ranges for black and green suites.These equations allow construct PTX diagrams for the kimberlite localities in Siberia and worldwide calculating simultaneously the PT parameters for different groups of mantle rocks.They give very good results for the concentrates from kimberlite lamproites and placers with mantle minerals.They are useful for PT estimates for diamond inclusions.The positions of eclogite groups in mantle sections are similar to those determined with new Gar—Cpx barometer produced by C.Beyer et al.(2015).The Fe rich eclogites commonly trace the boundary between the lower upper parts of subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM) at 3-4 CPa marking pyroxenite eclogites layer.Ca-rich eclogites and especially grospydires in SCLM beneath Precambrian kimberlites occurs near pyroxenite layer but in younger mantle sections they became common in the lower parts.The diamondiferous Mg Cr-less group eclogites referring to the ancient island arc complexes are also common in the middle part of mantle sections and near 5-6 GPa.Commonly eclogites in lower apart of mantle sections are remelted and trace the high temperature convective branch.The Mg-and Fe-rich pyroxenites also show the extending in pressure trends which suggest the anatexic melting under the influence of volatiles or under the interaction with plums.     

榴辉岩的两种变质演化轨迹和俯冲大陆地壳的差异折返-——以柴北缘都兰超高压地体为例

都兰榴辉岩地体位于柴北缘—南阿尔金超高压变质带的东端,是唯一确定含柯石英的超高压变质地体,约700 km,其特点是含有两个特征不同的变质亚带,并经历了不同的折返过程。柯石英假像和温压计算表明两带榴辉岩峰期变质的压力都在柯石英的稳定域（2.8~3.3 GPa）,但它们退化变质的p–T 轨迹具有明显不同的特征。北带榴辉岩经历了两个阶段的折返：早期从地幔深度快速折返到中部地壳层次,伴随岩石的等温降压,并发生角闪岩相退化变质;晚期抬升到地壳浅部。都兰南带榴辉岩折返过程中经历了高压麻粒岩相变质的改造,高压麻粒岩阶段的p–T条件为p＝1.9~2.0 GPa,T＝873~948℃, 并进一步经历了角闪岩相退化变质,说明都兰南带榴辉岩折返速率较慢,发生了壳幔过渡带（或加厚的深部地壳）层次的强烈热松弛。这种热松弛发生在许多大陆俯冲带的超高压岩石的折返过程中,并且是榴辉岩发生深熔作用的主要机制。都兰两个变质带不同的变质演化轨迹反映了俯冲的大陆地壳具有差异折返的特征。     

Petrology, Metamorphic Process and Genesis of The Dabie--Sulu Eclogite Belt, Eastern--Central China

The Qinling-Dabie-Sulu high-pressure and ultra-high pressure metamorphic belt wasformed by subduction and collision between the North China and Yangtze plates. The study ofthe eclogite belt is very important in understanding the evolution of the Qinling Dabie orogen. Inthe present paper the geology, petrology, minerology and chronology of the eclogites in the Dabieand Sulu areas are described. The principal conclusions of this work are as follows: (1) Based up-on the field occurrence and the P-T conditions of the eclogites, two types of eclogite can be dis-tinguished: Type 1—the low-temperature and high-pressure eclogite in the mid-late Proterozoicmetamorphic series, and Type 2—the ultra-high pressure eclogite in the late Archaean to earlyProterozoic metamorphic complex. In the Dabie area, the ultra-high-pressure eclogite,high-pressure eclogite and epidote-blueschist units are nearly parallel to each other and stretchintermittently from north to south. (2) The P-T conditions of the high-pressure eclogites and ul-tra-high pressure eclogites have been estimated. The former are formed at 450-550℃ and1.4-1.6 GPa; while the latter at 650-870℃ and >2.7-2.9 GPa in the Dabie area and at820-1000℃ and >2.8-3.1 GPa in the Sulu area. The metamorphic temperatures of the eclogitesincrease progressively from west to east. (3) The ultra-high pressure eclogites were subjected to 5stages of metamorphism: pre-eclogite epidote amphibolite facies, peak coesite eclogite facies,post-eclogite amphibolite facies, epidote-blueschist facies or epidote amphibolite facies andgreenschist facies. The general features of the PTt path of the ultra-high pressure eclogite are:clockwise pattern, progressive metamorphism being a process of slow increasing temperature andrapid increasing pressure, and the retrogressive section with nearly isothermal decompression atthe early stage, isobaric cooling at the middle stage and nearly isothermal decompression at thelate stage. (4) At least two stages of high-pressure metamorphism occurred in the orogenic belt:the high-pressure eclogite and ultra-high pressure eclogite were formed by the subduction of theoceanic crust northward beneath the North China plate or the Dabie block during theCaledonian; while the epidote-blueschist belt came into being by subdution and collision be-tween the two continental plates during the Indosinian. (5) Due to the continuous sequentialsubduction of the cold plate, the ultra high-presssure metamorphic rocks were uplifted to thecrust by the underplating processes. They can be preserved just because of the "frozen effect" re-sulting from the continuous subduction of the cold plate. (6) The carbonates, such as magnesite,breunnerite, aragonite and dolomite, and the H_2O-bearing minerals, such as phengite, epidoteand zoisite, were stable during the high-pressure and/or ultra-high pressure metamorphism.     

大别山朱家冲高压榴辉岩变质演化特征分析

研究表明大别山朱家冲榴辉岩属于典型的高压榴辉岩,其具有复杂的变质演化历史。根据岩相学、矿物成份化学和热力学分析表明,该类榴辉岩记录了6期变质过程,具有“顺时针”的P?T演化轨迹。由Ⅰ?阶段、Ⅱ?阶段至Ⅲ?阶段显示了近于等温增压进变质特征,并在 Ⅲ?阶段压力值最高达到P＝2.53 GPa; Ⅳ?阶段和Ⅴ?阶段则表现为增温降压退变过程,温度在 Ⅴ?阶段最高达到T＝627 ℃; 到Ⅵ?阶段则为降温降压过程。该过程暗示了高压板片在俯冲和折返过程中可能处于一个非匀速的状态。推测朱家冲榴辉岩后期增温退变的过程可能是源于受扰动的地温线恢复、超高压榴辉岩退变过程的“散热”以及该类榴辉岩对温度变化极为敏感所致。     

苏北榴辉岩成因类型及其形成条件

苏北榴辉岩至少存在高压壳源型（Ｈ型）、超高压壳源型（Ｕ型）和幔源型（Ｍ型）三类。其中Ｈ型榴辉岩的石榴石为铁铝榴石,具正环带结构,单斜辉石属低硬玉绿辉石,主要形成于晋宁期低温高压变质条件下的下地壳;Ｕ型榴辉岩含微粒金刚石（？）、柯石英及其假象等,发育放射状胀裂结构和正、反环带结构,石榴石为钙铝榴石,单斜辉石属高硬玉绿辉石,主要形成于印支期高温超高压变质条件下的上地幔;Ｍ型榴辉岩的石榴石属镁铝榴石,形成于晋宁期高温超高压条件下的岩石圈与软流圈交界附近。     

苏北榴辉岩成因型及其形成条件

苏北榴辉岩至少存在高度压壳源型（Ｈ型）、超高压壳源型（Ｕ型）和幔源型（Ｍ型）三类。其中Ｈ型榴辉岩的石榴石为铁铝榴石,具正环带结构,单斜辉石属低硬玉绿辉石,主要形成于晋宁期低温度高压变质条件下的下地壳;Ｕ型榴辉岩含微粒金刚石（？）、柯石英及其假象等,发育放射状胀裂结构和正、反环带结构、石榴石为钙铝榴石、单斜辉石属高硬玉绿辉石,主要形成于印支期高温超高压变质条件下的上地幔;Ｍ型榴辉岩的石榴石属镁铝榴石     

Evolution of Alpine eclogites in the Eastern Alps: Implications for Alpine geodynamics

In the Eastern Alps Alpine eclogites are generally associated with rocks of continental lithosphere, while eclogites that are associated with oceanic assemblages are restricted to minor exposures. Such eclogites are exposed both in the Penninic unit of the Tauern Window and in the Austroalpine nappe complex. (1) In the central southern part of the Tauern Window (Eclogite Zone) eclogites and associated high pressure metasediments of a distal continental margin are intercalated between Penninic basement units. A mylonitic eclogitic foliation and stretching lineation are contemporaneous to the high pressure metamorphism and are related to the subduction of distal Penninic continental margin sequences. Continuous subduction of cool lithosphere resulted in blueschist facies overprint of the whole Penninic nappe pile. (2) Within the Middle-AustroAlpine Koralm/Saualm region most eclogites are eclogitic mylonites documenting plastic deformation of omphacite and garnet. The meso- and macroscale structures indicate an overall extensional regime possibly related to a large-scale SE-directed ductile low-angle normal shear zone. The eclogites are associated with migmatite-like structures and are intruded by pegmatites. This indicates decreasing pressure, but isothermal or even increasing temperature conditions during exhumation.These relationships argue for the subduction of Penninic continental lithosphere in the foot-wall of the Austroalpine unit at the time of exhumation of the Koralm/Saualm eclogites. Formation of the Austroalpine eclogites is explained by subduction of continental lithosphere, and subsequent, rapid exhumation in an upper plate tectonic position within an extensional regime.