中条山地区涑水杂岩新太古代烟庄正长花岗岩年龄及成因:对华北克拉通地壳演化的制约

太古宙末期钾质花岗岩的广泛发育是陆壳成熟和稳定化的重要标志,对了解早期陆壳的形成与演化具有重要的意义.发育于华北克拉通南缘中条山地区涑水杂岩中的烟庄正长花岗岩的形成年龄和成因还没有被很好地限定,构造背景还存在争议.对烟庄花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素以及全岩地球化学和Nd同位素研究.烟庄花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为2 515±7 Ma.岩石具有高硅(SiO₂=73.05%~74.85%)、高钾(K₂O=4.46%~5.86%)、富碱(ALK=8.32%~9.36%)、贫钙(CaO=0.55%~0.98%)、低TFeO*(0.73%~1.28%)和MgO(0.31%~0.52%)的特征,A/CNK=1.01~1.04,为弱过铝质的钾玄系列.稀土总量变化较大(ΣREE=63.80×10-6~250.02×10-6)),轻重稀土元素分异明显((La/Yb)_N=25.44~92.87),Eu异常变化较大(Eu/Eu*=0.47~0.79).岩石低Sr、Ba,富集Rb、Th、U等元素,亏损Nb、Zr、Y、Yb、Cr、Co、Ni等元素,具有较高的Rb/Sr、Rb/Ba和Sr/Yb比值以及较低Sm/Nd和Nd/Th比值,具有高分异I型花岗岩的特征.烟庄花岗岩具有0附近的全岩ε_Nd(t)值,岩浆锆石具有正的ε_Hf(t)值(2.85~3.66),两阶段Hf模式年龄为2 258~2 883 Ma,多数在2 600~2 883 Ma之间.结合其他方面研究,烟庄花岗岩具有同碰撞和后碰撞花岗岩的特征,推测为新生地壳在由挤压向伸展转换的构造背景下部分熔融所形成,可能有少量地幔物质添加.这期钾质花岗岩的形成,标志着华北克拉通太古宙末期强烈岩浆活动的结束以及稳定陆壳的形成.      

浙江东南印支晚期的构造伸展事件：来自诸暨大爽岩体的证据

出露于浙江省东南部的大爽岩体为黑云母二长花岗岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明该岩体形成于227±2Ma,属印支晚期岩浆作用的产物。地球化学分析显示该岩石低Na2O、富K2O,A/CNK=1.26~1.49(大于1.1),为强过铝质、钾玄质系列花岗岩;岩石稀土总量较高,富Sr(Sr=874.6×10-6~1158×10-6),贫Yb(Yb=3.00×10-6~3.92×10-6),富轻稀土而亏损重稀土,具轻微的负铕异常(δEu=0.68~0.70);相对富集Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素,而亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素;Sr-Nd同位素分析表明岩石具有较高的初始锶比值(I Sr=0.710718~0.711008)和较低εNd(t)值(εNd(t)=-10.9~-11.1),上述地球化学特征指示该岩体岩浆源区为古老的地壳物质。综合分析认为大爽岩体是古老地壳部分减压熔融的产物,受控于印支造山后的伸展应力作用。     

新疆东准噶尔绿石沟高Ba-Sr石英二长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、成因及地质意义

绿石沟岩体位于东准噶尔琼河坝矿集区,向东侵入到绿石沟铜矿赋矿围岩中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩中。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示该岩体形成于354±1Ma,为早石炭世。其主要岩石类型为石英二长岩,含有大量的基性微粒包体,具有较高的硅、钙、钾含量(SiO_2=62.31%~65.31%,CaO=3.71%~4.89%,K_2O=2.85%~3.54%),属高钾钙碱性系列。铝含量较高(Al_2O_3=15.44%~16.29%),属准铝质(A/CNK=0.93~0.99,A/NK=1.68~1.96)Ⅰ型花岗岩。稀土元素总量较低(ΣREE=90.82×10~(-6)~111.36×10~(-6)),轻稀土元素相对富集,Eu呈弱的负异常(δEu=0.68~0.87)。富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Sr等),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti等),具有高Ba(758×10~(-6)~1113×10~(-6))、Sr(401.8×10~(-6)~512.5×10~(-6))含量和高的(La/Yb)_N、Sr/Y值,显示出高Ba-Sr花岗岩的特征,应是幔源基性岩浆与壳源岩浆混合的产物,可能形成于俯冲环境向造山后环境的构造转换阶段。     

川西太阳河黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

为揭示松潘-甘孜造山带构造演化及花岗岩成矿作用特征,对太阳河岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年及地球化学研究。结果显示,岩性主要为黑云母二长花岗岩和黑云母花岗闪长岩,锆石U-Pb年龄为(206.7±1.3)Ma,表明岩体形成于中生代印支末期。岩石的A/CNK为1.01～1.15,具有较低的Sr含量,Rb/Sr值较低,为0.12～0.36。大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba相对富集,Sr元素则呈现出较为明显的负异常。高场强元素Nb、Hf、P亏损,La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Zr等呈正异常而明显富集。岩体稀土总量为238×10~(-6)～1057×10~(-6),轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损。La_N/Yb_N值为39.85～192.16,δEu=0.64～0.92,δCe=0.89～1.06。岩石地球化学特征显示,该岩体具有过铝质S型花岗岩特征,源区为杂砂岩,形成于陆内汇聚-推覆造山阶段的后碰撞环境。     

大兴安岭北段一脑丸地区花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学特征

大兴安岭北段一脑丸地区花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学特征研究结果表明该岩石的加权平均年龄为140.5±2.4 Ma,属早白垩世,同时含有较多中-晚三叠世的捕获锆石(223~232 Ma)。岩石的SiO_2含量为63.73%~64.35%,(K_2O+N_2O)为6.77%~7.31%,Al_2O_3含量为15.20%~15.40%,MgO含量和Mg#值分别为1.85%~2.01%和32~34,Fe_2O_3/FeO值为1.37~1.53,铝饱和指数(A/CNK值)为0.94~0.96之间,属于高钾钙碱性系列、准铝质I型花岗岩岩石。岩石的稀土总量相对较低(∑REE=110.37×10~(-6)~117.55×10~(-6)),轻重稀土元素分馏较高((La/Yb)N=22.39~31.72),Eu异常不明显(Eu/Eu*=0.91~1.07),富集轻稀土元素和Rb、K等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损重稀土元素和Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素,高Sr(515×10~(-6)~665×10~(-6)),低Y(6.73×10~(-6)~7.39×10~(-6)),具有埃达克岩性质。结合区域构造演化特征,认为该花岗斑岩起源于增厚下地壳部分熔融,应与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合后的陆陆碰撞造山作用有关。     

诸广山南体桃金洞花岗岩成因和铀成矿潜力探讨

文中对位于湘赣粤三省交界处的诸广山南体桃金洞花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学的研究,并将其与诸广山南体东部其他印支期非产铀和产铀花岗岩进行了对比。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为204±2.1 Ma,为印支晚期岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学组成呈过铝质,硅和碱含量偏高(Si O_2=69.7%~75.0%,K_2O+Na_2O=7.74%~9.08%),富铁、贫镁,属于碱钙性/钙碱性-过铝质-铁质花岗岩。稀土元素总量较高(∑REE=226~272×10~(-6)),LREE富集(LREE/HREE=6.27~11.4,(La/Yb)_N=4.01~15.0),Eu亏损较明显(δEu=0.15~0.42),富集Rb、Th和U,亏损Ba、Sr、Ti和Eu,属于典型的低Ba、Sr花岗岩;(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i值较高(0.71922~0.72040),εNd(t)值较低(-10.0~-10.2),两阶段Nd模式年龄为1.80~1.82 Ga。上述特征表明,桃金洞花岗岩属于典型的壳源型花岗岩,是在地壳伸展-减薄构造背景下,由古元古代地壳岩石演变而成的变质杂砂岩组分岩石经中低程度部分熔融形成。对比研究显示,诸广山南体印支期产铀花岗岩蚀变作用强,FeO~T/(Fe O~T+MgO)比值变化较大,CaO含量低,主要为碱钙性花岗岩,Ba、Sr、Ti和Eu亏损更强烈,ε_(Nd)(t)值更低和Nd模式年龄更古老。非产铀花岗岩源岩以砂质岩为主,U含量相对较低。桃金洞花岗岩未经后期明显热液蚀变作用,不具有产铀花岗岩蚀变强烈的特点,地球化学特征相似于诸广山南体印支期非产铀花岗岩,铀成矿潜力可能不大。     

兴安地块南段晚泥盆世包格德岩体时代的厘定及地质意义

中亚造山带东端兴安地块南段的包格德岩体由石英二长岩、二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩3种岩性组成,岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果分别为368±1 Ma、364±1 Ma、355±1 Ma,为晚泥盆-早石炭世岩浆活动的产物;岩体的(Na_2O+K_2O)含量为7.62%～8.82%,K_2O/Na_2O值为0.93～4.21,具有富碱且相对富钾的特点,A/CNK为0.95～1.20,以准铝质-弱过铝质为主,成因上为高钾钙碱性系列的I型花岗岩;岩体具有偏低的稀土元素总量(83.60×10~(-6)～163.40×10~(-6)),中等的铕负异常(δEu=0.34～0.78),相对富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、K)及轻稀土元素,不同程度亏损Ba、Sr、Ti及P等元素;岩体形成于活动大陆边缘弧的伸展环境,与古亚洲洋的演化有关。     

再论花岗岩按照Sr-Yb的分类:标志

2006年作者曾经按照Sr=400×10~(-6)和Yb=2×10~(-6)作为标志将花岗岩分为埃达克岩、喜马拉雅型花岗岩、浙闽型花岗岩和广西型花岗岩,在浙闽型中又分出南岭型(Sr100×10~(-6)和Yb2×10~(-6)),于是花岗岩被分为5类。Sr=400×10~(-6)和Yb=2×10~(-6)是根据阿留申群岛中的Adak岛的资料得出来的。本文统计了全球花岗岩6000多个数据(其中,埃达克型花岗岩为2810个,喜马拉雅型花岗岩636个,浙闽型花岗岩1183个,南岭型花岗岩1518个,广西型花岗岩142个,总共6289个),统计的结果,各类花岗岩的地球化学特征大致如下:(1)埃达克型花岗岩富Al_2O_3和Sr,贫Y和Yb,具较高和变化的铕异常,绝大多数样品的Sr300×10~(-6),Yb2.5×10~(-6)(当Sr=400×10~(-6)～600×10~(-6)时Yb值最大,Sr超过600×10~(-6),Yb降低至2×10~(-6)),Al_2O_3在14%～18%之间,Eu/Eu~*大多在0.6～1.2范围;(2)喜马拉雅型花岗岩贫Sr和Yb,具中等的Al_2O_3和变化的Eu/Eu~*,Sr300×10~(-6)和Yb2×10~(-6)(少数Sr300×10~(-6)),Al_2O_3为13%～17%,Eu/Eu~*为0.2～1.0;(3)浙闽型花岗岩贫Sr富Yb,Sr在40×10~(-6)～400×10~(-6)之间,Yb1.5×10~(-6),Al_2O_3和Eu/Eu~*的变化类似喜马拉雅型花岗岩,Al_2O_3为12%～17%,Eu/Eu~*为0.4～1.0;(4)南岭型花岗岩以很低的Sr、Al_2O_3和Eu/Eu~*以及很高的Yb而不同于上述各类花岗岩,通常Yb1.5×10~(-6),Sr100×10~(-6)(Yb变化大,绝大多数2×10~(-6);当Yb在2×10~(-6)～8×10~(-6)时,部分样品Sr可100×10~(-6),但很少200×10~(-6));Al_2O_314%,集中在11%～13%之间,Eu/Eu~*0.7,大多0.4;Yb越大,Sr越低,负铕异常越明显。文中讨论了花岗岩Sr-Yb分类的意义,指出本分类适用于产于大陆和海洋的绝大多数中酸性岩浆岩(可能不适用于一部分特别富铁和钾的花岗岩,如具有高Sr和Yb特征的广西型花岗岩)。不同类型的花岗岩主要反映了源区压力的不同,而源区成分、温度、部分熔融程度、水和挥发分的加入以及岩浆混合等的影响可能是次要的。文中指出,该分类的依据、其实质,是熔体与残留相平衡的理论。与浙闽型花岗岩平衡的残留相是斜长石,与喜马拉雅型花岗岩平衡的是斜长石+石榴石,与埃达克型花岗岩平衡的是石榴石,与南岭型花岗岩平衡的是富钙的斜长石。文中指出,加强实验岩石学研究,将年代学和地球化学研究密切结合起来是深化花岗岩研究的关键。     

辽-蒙交界地区晚侏罗世高硅花岗岩:岩石成因与地质意义

高硅(SiO_2 70%)花岗岩不仅是指示大陆地壳成熟度的重要标志,而且蕴含大陆地壳分异机制和稀有金属元素运移行为的关键信息。跨越辽宁-内蒙古两地分布的白音花岩基是沿华北克拉通与中亚造山带边界断裂带侵位的重要的中生代高硅花岗岩,但其形成时代和岩石地球化学特征一直缺乏系统刻画。本次离子探针(SIMS)锆石U-Pb测年指示该花岗岩岩基于晚侏罗世(162～161Ma)侵位。岩体SiO_2含量介于75.7%～77.3%;钙碱性、贫铁镁、弱过铝;富集Th与U,亏损Ba与Sr;稀土元素总量较低(∑REE=40.2×10-6～117×10~(-6)),Eu负异常明显; Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta分异显著;这些特征契合高分异I型花岗岩的典型元素地球化学行为。同时,白音花花岗岩具有低负的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-3.5～-2.6)以及低正的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值(+0.1～+5.9)。元素与同位素地球化学示踪指示白音花花岗岩可能源自由中亚造山带型新生安山质地壳与少量古老地壳组成的复合源区,其部分熔融生成的原始酸性岩浆经历结晶分异形成高硅花岗岩。作为记录华北克拉通/中亚造山带边界断裂带晚侏罗世走滑/伸展活动的非造山型钉合岩体,白音花高硅花岗岩见证了蒙古-华北板块有别于早白垩世大规模上地壳伸展构造的中晚侏罗世区域弥散状中下地壳伸展行为。中晚侏罗世和早白垩世两段式地壳伸展轨迹不仅契合蒙古-鄂霍茨克构造域造山后重力垮塌过程,而且是促使新晋蒙古-华北板块大陆地壳垂向分异-成熟的高效途径。     

青海省阳康地区晚奥陶世花岗岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

青海省阳康地区花岗岩岩石组合为细粒石英闪长岩、黑云母花岗闪长岩。通过对岩石地球化学分析发现,SiO_2含量为54.36%～70.16%,Al_2O_3含量为13.08%～17.01%,K_2O含量为1.57%～3.91%,Na_2O含量为2.37%～3.75%,CaO含量为1.91%～8.09%,里特曼指数σ为1.5～2.61,属偏铝质-过铝质钙碱性花岗岩;稀土总量(∑REE)为121.7×10~(-6)～458×10~(-6),LREE/HREE值为6.81～14.72,表现为轻稀土富集型,δEu值为0.46～1.16,Eu亏损明显,δCe略亏损;富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K)和轻稀土元素(La、Ce、Nd),亏损重稀土元素(Yb、Lu)和高场强元素(Nb、Ta),具有明显的Eu和Sr、P、Ti的亏损。在石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩中分别获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(455.5±1.1)Ma和444Ma,形成时代为晚奥陶世。通过构造环境分析,认为阳康地区花岗岩是由挤压向拉伸环境转换的张驰阶段的岩浆侵位,属同造山花岗岩。     

F-layer formation in the outer core with asymmetric inner core growth

Numerical calculations of thermochemical convection in a rotating, electrically conducting fluid sphere with heterogeneous boundary conditions are used to model effects of asymmetric inner core growth. With heterogeneous inner core growth but no melting, outer core flow consists of intense convection where inner core buoyancy release is high, weak convection where inner core buoyancy release is low, and large scale, mostly westward flow in the form of spiraling gyres. With localized inner core melting, outer core flow includes a gravity current of dense fluid that spreads over the inner core boundary, analogous to the seismic F-layer. An analytical model for gravity currents on a sphere connects the structure of the dense layer to the distribution of inner core melting and solidification. Predictions for F-layer formation by asymmetric inner core growth include large-scale asymmetric gyres below the core-mantle boundary and eccentricity of the geomagnetic field.     

Grain structure of the Earth's inner core

The coarsening rate of an initial grain structure is calculated and compared to the inner core growth rate. An estimate of the present size of the grains in the centre of the core varies from 560 m to 12 km, depending on the value taken for the diffusion coefficient of iron in the core. Regardless of the hypotheses chosen, this size is homogeneous inside the inner core.     

The inner core and the geodynamo

Using energy and entropy constraints applicable to the Earth's core, the heat flow at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) needed to sustain a given total dissipation in the core can be computed. Reasonable estimates for the present Joule dissipation in the core gives a present heat flow of 6 to 10 TW at the CMB. Palaeointensity data acquired from rocks younger than 3.5 Ga provide support that the Joule dissipation in the core before inner core crystallization was between today's value and four times lower than today. Prior to inner core crystallization (around 1 Ga), the magnetic field was maintained by thermal convection driven by core cooling, and our calculations of the two extreme cases predict that the heat flow at the CMB at that time was either 14 to 24 TW in the case of constant dissipation, or essentially the same as today in the lower field intensity case.     

Thermal and compositional stratification of the inner core

The improvements of the knowledge of the seismic structure of the inner core and the complexities thereby revealed ask for a dynamical origin. Sub-solidus convection was one of the early suggestions to explain the seismic anisotropy, but it requires an unstable density gradient either from thermal or compositional origin, or from both. Temperature and composition profiles in the inner core are computed using a unidimensional model of core evolution including diffusion in the inner core and fractional crystallisation at the inner core boundary (ICB). The thermal conductivity of the core has been recently revised upwardly and, moreover, found to increase with depth. Values of the heat flow across the core mantle boundary (CMB) sufficient to maintain convection in the whole outer core are not sufficient to make the temperature in the inner core super-isentropic and therefore prone to thermal instability. An unreasonably high CMB heat flow is necessary to this end. The compositional stratification results from a competition of the increase of the concentration of light elements in the outer core with inner core growth, which makes the inner core concentration also increase, and of the decrease of the liquidus, which makes the partition coefficient decrease as well as the concentration of light elements in the solid. While the latter (destabilizing) effect dominates at small inner core sizes, the former takes over for a large inner core. The turnover point is encountered for an inner core about half its current size in the case of S, but much larger for the case of O. The combined thermal and compositional buoyancy is stabilizing and solid-state convection in the inner core appears unlikely, unless an early double-diffusive instability can set in.     

Properties of iron alloys under the Earth's core conditions

The Earth's core is constituted of iron and nickel alloyed with lighter elements. In view of their affinity with the metallic phase, their relative high abundance in the solar system and their moderate volatility, a list of potential light elements have been established, including sulfur, silicon and oxygen. We will review the effects of these elements on different aspects of Fe–X high pressure phase diagrams under Earth's core conditions, such as melting temperature depression, solid–liquid partitioning during crystallization, and crystalline structure of the solid phases. Once extrapolated to the inner–outer core boundary, these petrological properties can be used to constrain the Earth's core properties.