拖曳锚与安装缆绳相互作用力计算方法研究

深水系泊系统及其系泊基础的研发已成为国际海洋工程领域的前沿和关键课题,拖曳锚因其在承载力和深水安装中的诸多优势而具有良好的发展前景。在拖曳锚安装过程中,锚板与安装缆绳在系缆点处发生复杂的相互作用,分析二者之间的相互作用可等价为分析系缆点拖曳力的大小,研究拖曳锚与安装缆绳相互作用力的计算方法对认识锚板在海床土中的受力以及确定拖曳锚安装船的吨位具有重要指导意义。分别基于嵌入缆绳和拖曳锚在海床土中的力学模型,首次推导出适用于黏性土和无黏性土的系缆点拖曳力表达式,并开展模型试验验证,对比两类拖曳力计算方法的精度和稳定性,结果表明,两类计算方法均能合理预测系缆点拖曳力,但基于拖曳锚受力模型获得的表达式更为精确和稳定;通过参数考察,探究系缆点拖曳力预测模型中各参数的影响效应;经过与试验对比,给出关键参数的建议取值,该取值对研究结构与土体的相互作用问题具有重要参考价值。     

饱和黏土中固定锚腚拖曳锚嵌入轨迹预测模型

饱和黏土中固定锚腚拖曳锚的嵌入轨迹和承载力预测是深水系泊系统设计的关键。从固定锚腚拖曳锚在饱和黏土海床嵌土的初始状态出发,将固定锚腚拖曳锚和周围土体视作宏单元,假设在锚链拉力作用下宏单元沿土体屈服面法向运动,利用锚链方程计算锚眼拉力,基于增量迭代法建立了预测固定锚腚拖曳锚嵌入运动轨迹和锚眼拉力的模型,编制了相应的计算程序。利用程序预测了Bruce Dennla MK4固定锚腚拖曳锚、Murff算例拖曳锚在饱和黏土中的运动轨迹和承载力,结果表明：本文所建立的模型预测结果正确,可以用于预测固定锚腚拖曳锚嵌入饱和黏土全过程中板锚的运动轨迹、运动形态和锚眼拉力;固定锚腚拖曳锚嵌入过程中,锚运动形态有一个调整过程,因此,旋转角先减小,而后增加,并逐渐趋于稳定值。     

偏心系数和锚腚角对固定锚腚拖曳锚运动的影响

为观测和分析安装中拖曳锚在土中的运动特性,自制了由玻璃水槽、拖曳系统和拉力传感器组成的板锚拖曳试验装置。将硅凝胶与水混合制备成了透明土,依据有效重度强度比确定模型锚材料,按照1:50缩尺比例,在自制板锚拖曳试验装置上开展固定锚腚拖曳锚拖曳试验,研究了偏心系数和锚腚角对固定锚腚拖曳锚运动特性的影响规律。结果表明：该试验装置可以直接观测拖曳板锚嵌入土中运动的全过程;锚眼法向偏心距和切向偏心距不是独立参数,偏心系数能综合描述锚眼偏心对板锚在土中运动的影响;锚腚角是影响板锚在土中运动的重要参数,随着锚腚角增加,板锚最终嵌土深度先增加后减小;随着锚眼偏心系数增加,板锚最终嵌土深度先增加后减小;固定锚腚拖曳锚在土中的运动轨迹近似服从负指数函数曲线。     

新型深水系泊基础研究进展

介绍了几种国际上广泛应用于深水锚泊的新型系泊基础（吸力锚、法向承力锚、吸力式贯入锚和动力贯入锚）,并结合国内外的最新研究进展,分别针对吸力锚安装过程中的海床阻力和内部土塞发展、服役阶段的承载力特性,法向承力锚安装时的拖曳轨迹和三维受力状态下的承载力,吸力式贯入锚的“keying”过程,动力贯入锚的最终安装深度和承载力,以及锚泊线与海床的接触问题等当前国际上研究的重点和热点内容进行了简要地评述,旨在通过分析当前新型深水锚在设计、施工以及承载机制等方面的不足,以探索深水系泊基础发展的新趋势     

坝陵河悬索桥西岸隧道式锚碇锚塞体长度方案比选的数值模拟研究

锚碇基础是悬索桥的关键受力部位,它的总体稳定性和受力状态直接影响到大桥的安全和长期使用的可靠性。当悬索桥设计桥面宽度一定时,若采用的隧道式锚碇截面变化情况下,锚塞体长度的确定除了与设计主缆缆力的数值大小有关外,还应考虑如何充分利用锚塞体围岩的力学性能。本文通过拟建的坝陵河悬索桥西岸隧道式锚碇锚塞体长度方案比选的数值模拟研究,获得锚塞体合理经济的长度,以供设计参考。     

饱和土动力方程全显式有限元法在OpenSees中的实现与应用

饱和土的动力响应一直是土动力学重点关注的问题,尤其是在循环荷载作用下饱和砂土容易发生孔压升高、强度降低的液化现象。同时,采用有限元法求解尺寸较大的实际饱和土场地,巨大的自由度数往往造成整体系统的计算效率极低,制约着饱和土数值方法的发展。因此,基于已提出的u-p(u为固相土骨架位移,p为孔压)饱和两相多孔介质动力方程的全显式有限元法,将其嵌入Open Sees开放性平台中,并利用软件自带的饱和多孔介质单元和本构模型,实现了高效、显式计算饱和土的动力响应。通过计算二维弹性饱和土动力响应,与Newmark法的计算结果对比,两者结果吻合较好,验证了嵌入算法的正确性。将提出方法计算非线性自由场海床土的地震响应问题,有效模拟了海床土的液化过程和失效模式以及发生的侧向变形,同时说明了提出方法在计算效率方面具有的显著优势。     

软黏土中伞式吸力锚基础水平承载有限元分析

伞式吸力锚基础(USAF)是传统吸力锚基础的改进型,其独特的结构型式在海洋岩土工程中具有更大的发展潜力。预先通过室内小尺度模型确定了USAF水平承载的位移控制标准,继而对软黏土中不同加载高度下USAF承载规律及地基土变形特性进行有限元分析,并对波浪循环荷载作用下的海床土应力折减效应进行了阐述。结果表明:随水平荷载加载高度升高,USAF的转动中心上移,海床土的应力扩散深度加深。"锚枝"和"筒裙"的增加使主筒侧壁土抗力发生应力重分布,锚前上部和锚后底端土体为USAF承载力的核心控制区。黏质海床超静孔隙水压力的累积对USAF土抗力的发挥影响显著,进而降低整个结构的水平承载能力。上述研究成果对完善USAF在海洋岩土工程中的应用具有重要意义。     

非完全粗糙平板锚旋转安装过程中的丢失埋深研究

吸力贯入平板锚被用于系泊深海浮式结构,实际应用中必须预估平板锚旋转安装过程中的丢失埋深。采用大变形有限元方法探索非完全粗糙平板锚在正常固结黏土中的旋转过程。大变形有限元法通过网格重剖避免平板锚大幅值平动和转动引起的土体单元扭曲。根据平板锚旋转到达的埋深,实时更新“锚-土”界面上的摩擦剪切强度。将数值模拟结果与离心机模型试验进行对比验证,表明高岭土中平板锚表面的粗糙系数约为0.3。平板锚丢失埋深随粗糙系数的减小而增大,但粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响受平板锚厚度比和拉力偏心比的耦合作用。厚度比和偏心比越小,粗糙系数对丢失埋深的影响越显著。     

非线性波浪荷载作用下海上风机管桩基础周围海床液化研究

为研究近浅海领域内海上风机大直径单桩基础周围的砂质海床在非线性荷载作用下的瞬时液化的稳定性,在OpenFOAM平台上建立波浪-单桩-海床三维数值模型(WSSI模型),采用olaFoam求解器求解RANS方程模拟波浪的非线性运动,将Biot方程作为海床模型的控制方程研究单桩周围海床的液化规律。对以往的数值解析结果和实验结果进行对比分析,验证本文建立三维波浪模型和海床模型的准确性和有效性。将建立的波浪-管桩-海床相互作用三维数值模型应用到实际工况中,对数值模型在实际工程中的海床响应进行分析评估。研究结果表明,单桩周围海床的孔隙水压力场和有效应力场在水深方向发生较大变化,在水平方向变化较小。在该工况下海床的最大液化深度可达到10 m,且在垂直于波浪运动方向的海床更容易发生液化,为实际工程预测海床液化提供一定的技术支持。     

一维问题的等效远置动力人工边界条件

在土-结构动力相互作用分析中,黏性人工边界条件和黏弹性人工边界条件虽具有计算效率和精度较高的优点,但施加边界单元的工作量较大;远置边界虽然具有处理技术简单、精度高等优点,但又存在计算成本高的问题。为克服黏性人工边界和黏弹性人工边界施加边界黏弹性单元工作量大、远置边界计算成本高的缺点,基于波的传播理论和波在介质交界面上的反射、透射原理,通过设置完全透射层并大大降低波在透射层的传播速度的方法,提出了一种等效远置动力人工边界条件并对其进行数值验证分析。研究结果表明,所提出的等效远置动力人工边界条件仅需通过合理选取透射层的参数,即可实现反射波向无限地基传播的模拟,具有精度和效率较好、不需施加边界单元工作量等优点,可应用到土-结构动力相互作用分析当中。     

A method of analysis for horizontally embedded anchors in an elastic soil

A general method is presented for the analysis of horizontally embedded anchors in an elastic soil. Provision is made in the analysis for the consideration of anchor shape, layer depth, anchor–soil interface condition, breakaway of the anchor from the underlying soil and interaction between groups of anchors. Application of the analytical technique is illustrated for strip and circular anchors, and these solutions are presented in the form of influence charts which may be used directly in hand calculations to predict the elastic load deflection behaviour, of anchor plates for a wide variety of material and geometric conditions.     

深水注浆锚设计原理及其承载特性试验研究

海洋能源开发不断向深海迈进,大型深水海上平台对锚泊结构的承载力提出了更高的要求。针对传统鱼雷锚承载比不足的问题,提出了一种新型深水注浆锚。锚体带动连接其尾部的注浆管贯入海床,然后在外部注浆设备驱动下向海床注浆,浆液挤压土体并在锚体周围形成注浆固结块,从而大幅增加锚体抗拔力。采用自主设计的海洋锚注浆和拉拔试验系统进行了模型试验,研究了不同注浆量对浆液扩散特性以及锚体承载特性的影响规律。结果表明：浆液可以较好地包裹锚体,浆块呈倒锥形与锚体紧密黏结为一体,共同承受上部荷载,浆块承载比可达 24.6,远高于传统鱼雷锚的 2.4～4.1,从而验证了深水注浆锚的可行性。随注浆量的增加,浆块端部截面积和整体高度增加,注浆锚整体承载力也不断增大。     

The response of a deep rigid anchor due to undrained elastic deformations of the surrounding soil medium

The equations governing the undrained linear elastic behaviour of a saturated soil are formally similar to the equations governing slow of an incompressible Newtonian viscous fluid. This principle of equivalence can then be effectively employed to obtain the load-deflection reiationship for a deep rigid anchor with the shape of a solid of revolution which is embedded in bonded contact with an unbounded incompressible elastic medium. It is found that the load-deflection relationship for the deep rigid anchor can be directly recovered from the expression for the drag induced on an impermeable object with the same size and shape as the anchor, which is appropriately placed in a slow viscous flow region of uniform velocity.     

Numerical Investigation of the Inclined Pullout Behavior of Anchors Embedded in Clay

Two-dimensional plane strain finite element analysis has been used to simulate the inclined pullout behavior of strip anchors embedded in cohesive soil. Previous studies by other researchers were mainly concerned with plate anchors subjected to loads perpendicular to their longest axis and applied through the centre of mass. This paper investigates the behavior of vertical anchors subjected to pullout forces applied at various inclinations with respect to the longest anchor axis, and applied at the anchor top and through the centre of mass. The effects on the pullout behavior of embedment depth, overburden pressure, soil–anchor interface strength, anchor thickness, rate of clay strength increase, anchor inclination, load inclination and soil disturbance due to anchor installation were all studied. Anchor capacity is shown to increase with load inclination angle for anchors loaded through the centre of mass; greater effects are found for higher embedments. The results also show that anchor capacity improves at a decreasing rate with higher rates of increase of soil shear strength with depth. In addition, the capacity of vertically loaded anchors is shown to approximately double when the soil–anchor interface condition changes from fully separated to fully bonded. Similarly, disturbed clay strengths adjacent to the anchor following installation cause a significant reduction in anchor capacity. The results showed a significant effect of the point of load application for anchors inclined and normally loaded. The effects of other parameters, such as anchor thickness, were found to be less significant.     

Analytical model for vertically loaded anchor performance with a bridle shank

Vertically loaded anchors offer an attractive alternative for mooring systems because of their relatively high efficiency and low cost. The bridle shank is an important feature of these anchors because its reconfiguration significantly affects their performance. A plasticity model considering a bridle shank is introduced to investigate the mechanism of the system. Model-based parametric studies on the effects of the bridle length, drag distance and anchor line angle are also conducted. These studies establish a new, more rational analytical model for these anchors, as well as contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of them in research and practice.     

Three-dimensional numerical analysis of the keying of vertically installed plate anchors in clay

Plate anchors, such as suction embedded plate anchors and vertically driven plate anchors, offer economically attractive anchoring solutions for deep/ultra-deep water offshore developments. The rotation/keying processes of plate anchors will cause embedment losses, which lead to decreases of the uplift resistances of the anchors in normally consolidated soil. In the present paper, the keying processes of vertically installed strip and square plate anchors are simulated using the 3-D large deformation finite element method. The effects of loading eccentricity and pullout angle on the embedment loss during keying are investigated. Both the development of the uplift resistance and the soil flow mechanisms are presented. The numerical results show that the loading eccentricity e/B has a much larger effect on the embedment loss than the pullout angle does. The anchor shape has a minimal effect on the loss in anchor embedment. The shape factors (square/strip) are 1.05–1.09 for loss of embedment and 1.10–1.19 for capacity.