膨胀土斜坡地基路堤失稳破坏有限元极限分析

膨胀土斜坡地基上进行路堤填筑时,由于膨胀土层遇水后强度极度降低,极易形成软弱夹层,造成路堤沿坡体倾斜方向整体滑动甚至垮塌。采用有限元极限分析方法对一般斜坡地基上路堤和易于产生软弱夹层的膨胀土斜坡地基路堤进行稳定性分析。结果表明：采用有限元强度折减法,不需任何假设,即能得出路堤的稳定安全系数和滑动面,是进行膨胀土斜坡地基上路堤稳定性评价的有效方法,适于在复杂地质条件下路堤稳定性分析中推广应用。     

基于强度折减法的三维边坡稳定性与破坏机制

基于强度折减技术的三维弹塑性有限元法是当前较为有效的边坡稳定性评价方法,但很少应用于复杂地质环境及负载条件下的三维边坡稳定性与破坏机制分析。拓展这一方法,利用典型算例,探讨了单元尺寸、边界条件、土体强度、局部超载和地震荷载等因素对三维边坡稳定性及潜在滑动面的影响;在此基础上,着重研究含软弱夹层及地下水的复杂三维边坡在负载条件（坡顶局部超载及地震荷载）下的破坏模式及滑动机制。结果表明：随着黏聚力的增加,潜在滑坡体的剪出位置远离坡脚,滑坡后沿远离坡肩,滑坡深度加深;坡顶超载强度较低时,边坡表现为整体破坏模式,而高超载强度下表现为局部地基破坏;考虑地下水后边坡的稳定性显著下降,且潜在滑动面加深,滑坡体体积有所增大。含软弱夹层的三维边坡,其潜在滑动面呈折线型,当受超载作用时,其破坏模式和滑动机制与地震荷载作用下不同:前者为竖向剪切和水平错动的联合作用,而后者为软弱夹层水平错动起主导作用。     

含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性研究现状及发展趋势

含软弱夹层岩质边坡在自然环境和工程实践中都比较常见，稳定性差，边坡失稳产生了大量的滑坡灾害，造成大量人员伤亡和经济损失。因此，含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性研究一直是工程地质和岩土工程领域的研究重点之一。在收集整理国内外相关资料的基础上，从自重工况、开挖工况、暴雨和蓄水工况、地震工况方面总结了目前含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性的研究现状及进展，取得如下主要认识:(1)软弱夹层对岩质边坡稳定性有显著不利影响，含软弱夹层岩质边坡的稳定性比均质岩质边坡、不含软弱夹层的层状岩质边坡都差；(2)含软弱夹层岩质边坡的稳定性系数、变形特征和破坏模式与软弱夹层的含水状态、抗剪强度、倾角、厚度、间距、层数和边坡坡度有关；(3)开挖容易诱发坡体沿软弱夹层滑坡，含软弱夹层岩质边坡开挖后需要及时支护；(4)爆破层裂效应改变了软弱夹层与围岩的接触状态，减小了它们之间的凝聚力和摩擦力，导致边坡稳定性降低；(5)暴雨和蓄水都不利于含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定；(6)岩质边坡地震动力响应和变形破坏特征受软弱夹层参数(厚度、倾角、含水状态)、地震波特性(地震波的类型、幅值、频率、激振方向)和边坡结构(顺层或反倾)共同影响；(7)在软弱夹层对水平向动力响应的放大或减弱作用及厚层软弱夹层的消能减震作用方面仍然存在不同观点。在此基础上，分析了研究方法的优缺点，指出当前含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性研究存在的问题。最后，针对该领域的研究现状，提出了未来的研究重点和方向，主要包括:含多层软弱夹层岩质边坡的渐进性变形破坏过程和稳定性；全面深入研究单因素作用(开挖卸荷、爆破、地震、暴雨、库水位变化、地下水等)对含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性的影响机制；多因素耦合作用下含软弱夹层岩质边坡稳定性；支挡结构体系对含多层软弱夹层高陡岩质边坡的加固机制。     

土工格室加筋垫层路堤破坏模式和稳定性评价

采用土工格室加筋垫层提高软土地基上填方路堤的稳定性已得到认可,但其破坏模式和稳定性分析方法仍未取得共识。作者通过室内物理模拟试验,识别软土地基上无筋垫层路堤、土工格栅加筋垫层路堤和土工格室加筋垫层路堤的失效模式,并在此基础上探讨土工格室加筋垫层路堤的稳定性和临界填筑高度分析方法。研究结果表明:软土地基上无筋垫层路堤和土工格栅加筋垫层路堤发生穿过垫层的圆弧滑动破坏;土工格室加筋垫层路堤呈整体破坏模式,滑动面虽呈似圆弧状但未穿过加筋垫层,破裂面在软土地基中形成和发展,而且位置更深。在识别破坏模式的基础上,通过土工格室加筋垫层的工作机理分析,提出了软土地基上土工格室加筋垫层路堤稳定性和临界填筑高度分析方法。     

倾斜基岩上的边坡破坏模式和稳定性分析

应用离心模型试验对工程中被颇为关注的带有与边坡走向一致的倾斜基岩面,且在该基岩面存在软弱夹层的边坡的稳定性和破坏模式进行了比较详细地研究,并用极限平衡分析方法对试验结果进行了计算分析。模型试验结果表明,该类边坡失稳时,紧贴岩面的软弱夹层就成为滑动破坏面,因而边坡整体沿基岩面向下滑动,且侧向水平位移各处基本一致,表现出典型的平移滑动破坏模式。将稳定安全系数的实测结果与按平移滑动破坏模式的极限平衡分析方法的计算结果相比较后发现,两者相当地吻合,证实了按平移滑动破坏模式所作的极限平衡分析,能良好地预测边坡平移滑动破坏情形下的稳定安全系数。     

软弱结构面对花岗岩残积土边坡稳定性影响

花岗岩残积土边坡存在较为发育的微裂隙结构面和一些软弱岩脉风化而成的软弱夹层,由于风化作用、降雨和地下水渗入等外界环境影响,裂隙中的填充物泥化和膨胀,结构面的抗剪强度迅速下降,造成边坡失稳破坏。通过对边坡破坏形式和机理的研究,得到了微裂隙引起边坡破坏的两个内外因素,外因是开挖导致裂隙处应力集中形成塑性破坏区;内因是裂隙处土体具有峰值—残余强度差异。以某含软弱夹层花岗岩残积土边坡为例,建立有限元数值模型对该边坡的变形特征进行研究,发现软弱夹层的存在不仅造成了边坡总体变形的增大,还决定了边坡失稳破坏时滑动面的位置。     

基于强度折减的土质边坡破坏及稳定分析

边坡的破坏过程是由土体局部破坏向整体失稳发展的过程,其塑性区的开展及其水平位移增量的变化较完美地展现了这个过程。根据边坡的实际破坏和有限元数值模拟情况,提出了以特征点位移增量的突变及塑性区贯通作为边坡的失稳判断准则;并以此为判据,采用基于强度折减的大变形有限元方法分析了土质边坡的破坏及稳定性。研究表明,采用强度折减有限元法可有效分析边坡的破坏及其稳定性;此外还分析了带有软弱夹层黏土边坡的破坏性状及其稳定性,并比较了大、小变形有限元的计算结果,结果表明,带有软弱夹层黏土边坡的破坏性状随软弱夹层土体性质的变化而变化,由大小变形有限元分析得到的边坡稳定安全系数较为一致,但边坡的破坏机制随软弱夹层土体性质变化的转变点不同。     

加筋路堤稳定性综合分析方法

软土路基上加筋路堤的稳定性可以采用圆弧滑动极限平衡法进行分析,加筋路堤的破坏可以归纳为圆弧内加筋的破坏、圆弧外加筋的破坏以及加筋路堤的整体破坏.提出了计算加筋路堤稳定系数K的3个不同的稳定系数表达式,分别称之为圆弧内部稳定系数Kn、圆弧外部稳定系数Kw和整体稳定系数Kz,加筋路堤稳定系数K取其中的最小值.采用该方法对一加筋路堤破坏实例进行稳定性综合分析,得到的对应于最小稳定系数的滑移面与实际滑移面比较吻合.     

某水电站左岸坝肩边坡软弱夹层的工程特性及其对边坡稳定性的影响

西南某大型水电站左岸坝肩边坡分布有多层二叠系凝灰岩软弱夹层,其中对该边坡稳定性影响最大的是标记为A3的软弱夹层。本文从A3的空间展布、成因、工程分类、物质组成、物理性质、力学性质等因素进行分析,认为A3可能构成该边坡的潜在的滑动面,对该边坡的稳定性影响很大。从影响边坡稳定的因素和边坡的整体稳定性计算两个方面分析后,得出虽然A3构成该边坡潜在的滑动面,但边坡整体是稳定的。     

基于应变软化特征的含软弱层公路边坡稳定性研究

西部山区高速公路建设过程中经常由于边坡开挖而容易导致失稳事故。研究发现,大量公路边坡内的软弱夹层的岩体强度具有显著的应变软化特征。为了研究应变软化后对边坡稳定性的影响程度,以沪蓉西高速公路某典型含软弱夹层边坡为实例,对应变软化模型和理想弹塑性模型进行了对比研究。结果表明:①2种模型计算所得出的最大不平衡力、水平位移、塑性区和塑性剪应变的变化规律基本相同,每次开挖后均累计增大,但是采用应变软化模型计算的累计值和范围均大于理想弹塑性模型;②每次开挖的瞬间会产生最大不平衡力峰值,随后迅速减小,拉应力带主要分布于开挖卸荷面附近以及坡顶面附近10 m内;③软弱夹层的分布位置对边坡的稳定性影响很大,坡脚前缘软弱夹层易发生剪破坏,边坡后缘软弱夹层易发生拉破坏。应变软化模型的稳定系数比理想弹塑性模型的稳定性系数小,综合得出,影响含软弱夹层边坡稳定性的关键是开挖后软弱夹层的强度参数劣化程度,采用应变软化模型反映了这一渐进性的破坏过程,与实际情况相符,而理想弹塑性模型未反映出这一劣化特征,计算结果偏危险。     

Stability of highway embankments constructed on sloping ground against translational failure

A translational failure of a highway embankment constructed on sloping ground may occur either in the mode of overall instability or in the mode of local instability. The stability analysis of the first mode is based on the assumption that the whole cross-section of the embankment will slide along the inclined base surface, whilst the second mode is based on the assumption of Rankine's active state of stress. In this paper the determination of the prevalent mode of failure – overall or local – is provided via a chart derived from force polygon analysis, with the dimensionless parameter, c′/γH, and the effective friction angle, φ′, as its axes. Furthermore, the determination of the most probable failure plane in the cross-section of the embankment is attempted and additionally the role of the cohesion in the stability is discussed. Finally, an estimation of the amplitude of failure at the road surface in the case of local instability is given. A confirmation of the aforementioned was achieved through case studies of highway embankments that have failed as a consequence of water infiltration and the development of high pore water pressures. A comparison between the local and the respective overall instability safety factor is given.     

Performance of embankments with rigid columns embedded in an inclined underlying stratum: centrifuge and numerical modelling

Rigid columns penetrating a firm underlying stratum have often been used to enhance the stability and improve the settlement of embankments over soft ground. Furthermore, an inclined underlying stratum is commonly encountered in engineering practice. This investigation experimentally and numerically studies the performance of embankments over soft ground reinforced by rigid columns with various embedment depths. In centrifuge tests, a tilting failure occurs for columns with an embedment depth L_e of 2D (D is the diameter of columns), whereas the embankments remain stable for L_e of 7D. This result indicates that the inclined underlying stratum weakens the restraint effect at the column base and that a greater embedment depth is required to ensure the stability of embankments. Parametric studies numerically reveal that there exists a critical embedment depth, which represents a shift in the failure mechanism. The optimum column layout is determined based on the contributions of columns in different locations beneath an embankment. Finally, the influence of the embedment depth on the distribution of the bending moment of the columns and the soil reaction are discussed.

     

Rotational–translational mechanism for the upper bound stability analysis of slopes with weak interlayer

The presence of a weak interlayer has usually an adverse effect on the slope stability. However, the rotational failure mechanism in the conventional upper bound limit analysis cannot rationally describe the sliding of the failure mass along the weak interlayer. Therefore, a new failure mechanism was proposed in this study to evaluate the stability of slopes with weak interlayers using the upper bound limit analysis and the associated factor of safety was determined by the shear strength reduction technique. The new failure mechanism is comprised of rigid blocks undergoing rotational or translational movements, instead of the rotational movement in the conventional failure mechanism. It has also been extended to the stability analysis of slopes in presence of stabilizing piles and pore water pressures. Case studies were carried out on actual slopes with weak interlayers. The proposed rotational–translational failure mechanism was verified by the shear strength reduction finite element method (SSRFEM). Comparisons demonstrate the reliability of limit analysis method with the proposed rotational–translational failure mechanism for slopes with weak interlayers and therefore it can be used as a simple evaluation method for the engineering design.     

考虑软弱夹层厚度的岩体力学响应及破坏特征研究

作为一种典型的地质结构,软弱夹层与硬脆性岩体共同形成了围岩层状复合结构,进而显著影响着隧洞围岩的稳定。以往对含软弱夹层的复合岩石的研究多集中于单轴、双轴或常规三轴,对隧洞临空面处真三轴应力路径下的复合围岩力学性质和破坏特征缺乏分析讨论。通过制作的含不同厚度的软弱夹层复合岩样,探讨了软弱夹层厚度对隧洞临空面围岩力学响应和破坏特征的影响。研究表明：软弱夹层厚度显著影响着复合岩样峰值应力和应变,随着厚度的增大,软弱夹层上方岩块向临空面方向的滑移变形逐渐增大,软弱夹层压缩变形逐渐减小;复合岩样靠近临空面的岩石单元破坏模式随着软弱夹层厚度的增大逐渐由拉剪混合破坏转变为张拉破坏,且宏观裂隙数量和破坏范围均逐渐减小,而远离临空面的岩石单元则由剪切破坏逐渐转变为基本无损伤断裂;不同厚度的隧洞侧帮复合围岩的破坏区域均集中在软弱夹层及其上方围岩处,软弱夹层下方围岩则基本保持稳定;在应力分布方面,软弱夹层厚度越大,最大压应力越向深部软弱夹层处转移,而拉应力区分布范围越小,但拉应力区深度越大。     

基于物理模型试验的含多层软弱夹层顺层开挖高边坡变形破坏特征分析

含有多层软弱夹层的开挖边坡具有坡体结构复杂、稳定性评价及治理难度大的特点。以黔西地区现场开挖高边坡为研究对象,建立室内物理试验模型,通过不同的工况开挖,呈现变形破坏演化过程,分析变形破坏模型及形成机理,确定失稳破坏范围。结果显示:开挖边坡裂隙产生由表及里,由上及下,由最初的陡倾短小裂隙扩展延伸,最终贯通,形成近似平行岩层的长大裂缝;缓坡度开挖变形破坏为浅表层,整体稳定性较好,失稳范围及规模较小;陡坡度开挖变形破坏规模大,稳定性较差,以滑移-拉裂深层失稳为主;浅层滑坡滑面以层间泥化夹层剪切为主,基本呈直线状;深层滑坡滑面以层间泥化夹层剪切以及陡倾裂隙组合形成阶梯状。该研究成果对于黔西地区的顺层开挖高边坡设计、稳定性评价、治理措施选择等具有重要的指导意义。     

含软弱夹层边坡的三维稳定性极限分析

边坡的三维稳定性分析比其二维平面应变模型在理论上更能反映边坡的实际情况。为研究软弱夹层对边坡稳定性的影响,引入三维圆锥体平动破坏机构和牛角状螺旋圆锥体转动破坏机构,建立三维转动-平动组合破坏机构,并通过平面插入的方法实现破坏机构沿边坡的纵向拓展以便用于任意长度的边坡稳定性分析。结合算例分析,通过与弹塑性有限元数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了本文方法的有效性。分析表明,组合破坏机构能够很好的用于含软弱夹层边坡的稳定性分析并为实际工程提供一个简单有效的设计方法。     

Predicting bending failure of CDM columns under embankment loading

The mechanism of bending failure and the magnitude of the bending moment in a column formed by cement deep mixing (CDM) under an embankment load were investigated by a series of three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses. Based on the numerical results, a design method to consider the bending failure of the CDM column has been established. The usefulness of the proposed methods was verified using the results of two centrifuge model tests of the embankments on the CDM column improved soft model ground model reported in the literature, and the columns had tensile cracks or showed complete failure.     

Three‐dimensional dynamic response of ground with a poroviscoelastic interlayer to a harmonic moving rectangular load

Stratification is a basic characteristic of ground. Due to the influence of ground water, saturated weak interlayers widely exist, particularly in soft soil area. An interlayer of high compressibility and low strength has a substantial effect on dynamic response of the ground, especially under high speed moving load. Thus, a comprehensive investigation in the influence of interlayer is essential and useful in geotechnical and transportation‐related engineering. This paper presents a three‐dimensional semi‐analytical approach to study the dynamic response of a layered ground with a soft saturated interlayer. The ground is modelled as a half‐space consisting of three parts: a viscoelastic upper layer, a saturated poroviscoelastic interlayer governed by Biot's theory and a viscoelastic half‐space. An ‘adapted stiffness matrix’ is proposed to obtain the semi‐analytical solution to the system. Comprehensive parametric study is conducted to investigate the influences of existence, geometrical and physical properties of the interlayer. Depth, thickness, hydraulic permeability of the interlayer, load speed and frequency significantly influence the dynamic response of the ground, among which the interlayer depth plays a dominant role. Resonant frequency exists, which is highly affected by the interlayer thickness, especially in low speed regime. Both hydraulic permeability and boundary conditions of the interlayer influence the characteristics of pore pressure distribution. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同地质条件下隧道洞口仰坡地震破坏特性研究

针对洞口段均质围岩仰坡、含软弱夹层仰坡和桁架梁加固仰坡围岩3种工况,开展大型振动台模型试验,分析隧道洞口段仰坡模型土破坏形态。试验结果表明,均质边坡洞口段模型土在动力作用下坡肩土体先出现张拉裂缝,随着激振加速度增加,坡肩土体局部出现倾倒崩塌,最后沿坡面滑落堆积;含软弱夹层边坡在地震力作用下,仰坡坡脚部位土体挤压破碎,坡顶表面沿软弱夹层位置出现张拉裂缝,上覆土体沿软弱夹层滑动,最后土体大规模崩塌、滑落;洞口段加固边坡在动力作用下基本保持整体稳定,只部分梁格出现了局部的掉块,模型土顶部出现沿隧道轴向的细微裂缝。分析了隧道洞口段衬砌结构破坏形态,试验结果表明均质边坡洞口段AB两段衬砌模型裂缝分布较CD段复杂,认为洞口段地震影响深度为AB两段衬砌的长度,对应于实际工程中40 m;受软弱夹层影响,跨软弱夹层部衬砌模型裂缝形态较复杂;仰坡加固后,洞口段衬砌模型受力改善。研究结果可为山岭隧道洞口段边坡抗减震研究和设计提供参考。