地铁循环荷载作用下交叉隧道沉降分析

采用FLAC3D软件建立了交叉隧道的三维有限差分模型,以人工数定激励力模拟列车荷载,计算列车动荷载作用下土体的变形和应力。采用修正动偏应力长期沉降计算模型,结合分层总和法计算软土的沉降,预测交叉隧道的长期沉降规律。分析3种不同行车工况下地基长期沉降,工况1为一辆列车单独通过1#隧道,工况2为一辆列车单独通过2#隧道,工况3为两辆列车同时通过1#和2#隧道。对比不同的列车行驶速度、隧道衬砌刚度及厚度对隧道地基的长期影响。结果表明,由列车荷载引起的地基沉降主要集中在距隧道中心轴20 m范围内;在工况3下土体沉降大于工况1、2沉降之和;车速越快,沉降越小;衬砌刚度和厚度越小,沉降越大,且衬砌厚度对沉降的影响较大,衬砌刚度影响较小。     

地铁行车速度对盾构隧道运营沉降的影响分析

地铁行车荷载经轨道-道床-隧道结构传至地基,在土体内部产生循环动应力以及超孔隙水压力是引起盾构隧道沉降的重要原因。通过车-轨-隧道-地基竖向耦合动力模型分析隧道差异沉降对列车运行荷载的影响,以上海地铁一号线体育馆站附近区间隧道为工程背景建立三维数值模型,结合塑性累积应变及累积孔压经验公式进行计算,对比分析软土盾构隧道下卧土层有、无纵向差异沉降两种情况下,地铁行车速度对隧道运营沉降的影响。结果表明：列车运行速度越快,下卧土体波动越大,但衰减越快。地基差异沉降对其长期运营存在明显不利影响,随着列车速度增大,这种影响也愈加明显。当地基差异沉降小,轨道平顺条件好时,隧道长期沉降随地铁行车速度的增大而减小;当地基差异沉降突出,轨道存在明显不平顺时,隧道运营沉降随行车速度增大而显著增加。     

潮汐对过江隧道沉降的影响

为了解和掌握潮汐对过江隧道江中段沉管高程的影响,对江中段沉管组织了连续36小时沉降观测,结果表明高程达最低、最高的时刻分别与潮位达最高、最低的时刻基本一致,沉管江中段高程与潮汐有较强的相关性,经谐波分析,沉管高程与潮位均表现为以12小时为周期的周期运动,振幅分别达2.8mm、1061.5mm,相位差为170°,潮位达波峰22分钟后高程达波谷。由此可以得出结论:隧道沉管竣工后经较长一段时间的稳定期,沉管高程的这种日变化规律主要是由潮汐变化引起。     

考虑侧向变形的软土地基沉降计算方法研究

当前地基固结沉降计算中采用的分层总和法是不考虑土体侧向变形影响的,由此在实际工程中计算地基沉降时往往产生一定程度的误差。特别在软土地基中,由于其结构疏松,孔隙比大,在受到建筑物荷载作用时,所产生的水平变形较大,其引起的地基沉降是不容忽视的。基于这一事实,文章就目前软土侧向变形引起的附加沉降研究现状及地基沉降机理进行了相关研究,发现基于等体积模式考虑侧向变形的修正沉降公式,错误估计了侧向变形造成的地基沉降。为此,本文推导了非等体积模式下的沉降计算公式。通过实际地基沉降量计算及现场沉降监测数据对比分析,证明这一沉降计算公式更接近实际沉降量。该公式计算简单、物理意义明确,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

交通荷载下软土地基长期沉降的有限元法

软土地基在交通荷载作用下的长期沉降是决定软土地区交通设施耐久性的关键因素。为合理地预测该部分沉降,提出了一个适用于交通荷载长期作用下的饱和软土累积变形（残余体变和残余剪切变形）计算的经验公式。该模型采用一个反映排水条件的参数描述不同的排水条件对残余体变发展过程的影响。通过采用体变硬化模式,考虑部分排水条件对残余体积变形和残余剪切变形发展过程的影响。基于该经验模型,发展了有限元实用计算方法,编制了相应的程序ROAD2D。通过对实际边值问题的计算,验证了该模型和计算方法的合理性和有效性。分析结果表明,与部分排水路段相比,排水不畅的路段在交通荷载长期作用下将出现更大的地基沉降和侧向挤出,其变形模式更不利于路面的正常使用。     

既有路基下浅埋隧道开挖引起地层的位移及应力解析解

在既有公路下进行浅埋隧道开挖会引起地层产生位移,导致地表沉降。为了保证施工安全,快速精确地计算地层位移及应力,有效地控制地表沉降,对浅埋隧道的设计与施工均十分重要。在镜像法原理的基础上,引入等效模量当层法,推导出了在有上覆不同材料下浅埋圆形隧道开挖引起地层位移、应力及地表沉降的解析分布规律。计算结果表明,既有路基下开挖隧道引起地层产生的位移和应力解析解能够很好地体现上层高弹性模量路基对沉降及应力的扩散作用,可以求得隧道开挖后洞周地层包括上覆路基及下卧层中任意位置处的位移、应力以及地表沉降,为在双层地基材料中开挖浅埋隧道引起地层位移及地表沉降的计算提供了一种新的解析方法。     

天津滨海软土蠕变参数及路基沉降效应分析

天津滨海新区分布发育较厚的海相沉积成因软土层,软土路基在长期运营过程中,常常出现较大的工后沉降。本文针对滨海软土进行一维压缩蠕变试验,求取其时间硬化蠕变模型参数,进而通过ABAQUS软件实现线性DruckerPrager模型和时间硬化蠕变模型的耦合计算,总结分析了滨海软土路基长期沉降变形过程中的固结-蠕变效应。研究结论表明,排水条件是软土固结-蠕变作用效应的控制性因素,在不设置排水板的条件下蠕变对总沉降量的影响十分显著,是否考虑蠕变作用会给总沉降量计算结果带来近20%左右的误差;软土地基内部排水通道的合理设置和畅通有效是关系软基处理效果的关键点;路基填筑施工过程中,应控制填土速率以避免在饱和软弱地基土内产生较大的超静孔压。     

保国寺旅游公路软土地基最终沉降量估算

利用软土地基的沉降计算方法,对保国寺旅游公路软土地基沉降进行计算分析。 对比该公路软土地基沉降观测成果,应用最小二乘法准则计算公路软土地基土性参数;根据所介绍的软土地基的沉降计算方法计算出该公路9个典型断面软土地基的工后沉降。     

盾构掘进速度及非正常停机对地面沉降的影响

软土中盾构隧道施工不可避免地扰动周围地层,进而引起地面沉降,沉降过大时将危及邻近建（构）筑物的正常使用和结构安全。全面理解盾构隧道施工引起的地面沉降的影响因素及对沉降的准确预测,对于减少施工环境危害十分重要。考虑盾构压重后,引入Mindlin解计算盾构下卧土层中的附加应力,采用单向压缩分层总和法计算盾构下卧土层的总固结沉降,由盾构掘进速度及停机时间确定附加应力作用时间后,应用太沙基一维固结理论计算在该作用时间内的固结沉降,应用Peck公式建立了盾构下卧土层沉降与地面沉降的关系,并以杭州庆春路过江隧道地面沉降的实测验数据对上述理论进行了验证。分析表明,考虑盾构掘进速度及停机时间的地面沉降计算理论基本合理;盾构掘进速度及停机时间会对隧道施工引起的地面沉降产生显著影响;在其他施工条件相同的前提下,提高盾构掘进速度和减少停机时间有利于减少地面沉降。     

交通荷载作用下公路软土地基长期沉降的计算

合理预测公路软土地基在交通荷载作用下产生的长期沉降,对公路的设计有着重要的指导作用。基于以往试验规律的分析,提出了一个较为合理地描述软土在长期重复荷载作用下残余变形发展过程的经验模型。通过对上海软土的循环三轴试验的模拟,初步验证了模型的合理性。对于工程边值问题,首先,根据拟静力法将交通荷载视为长期重复作用的静分布力;其次,采用弹性层状体系理论计算交通荷载在地基中引起的附加动应力;最后,将提出的模型用于计算各土层的残余应变,并沿深度对应变积分得到沉降。以日本Saga机场公路为例,说明了公路软土地基沉降的简化计算方法的有效性。     

A Theoretical Model for the Circumferential Strain of Immersed Tunnel Elements Under Tidal Load

In this paper, we assumed that the soil layer back-silted on the surface of the river bottom was impermeable. The tidal load was treated as a large-area overload periodically applied on the silt soil layer. Taking into account the coupling loading of the water and soil, we built a model to calculate the circumferential strain of the immersed tunnel elements. By using MIDAS GTS NX finite element software, we calculated the circumferential strain in the tunnel wall direction under a tidal load. The circumferential strains of the tunnel elements in the Zhoushan immersed tunnel were continuously monitored using fiber Bragg grating sensors for 24 h. The circumferential strain increments at each monitoring position were calculated based on the change of the tide level. The results were compared with the measured increments of the circumferential strains. Based on these data, we summarized the variation pattern of the circumferential strain increments under a periodic tidal load. In addition, in this paper, we calculated the total circumferential strain distribution in the inner and outer walls in different cross-sections of the tunnel elements and identified positions that should be monitored with extra care. The results show that the calculated circumferential strain increments at each measuring position of the tunnel elements are in good agreement with the measured values. This demonstrates that the theoretical calculation model is reliable. In cross-sections of the same tunnel element, the time-dependence curves of the measured circumferential strain increments at the symmetrical measurement points are approximately consistent with each other. Tidal load-induced strain accounts for approximately 12–15% of the total strain. The correlation between circumferential strain over a cross-section and tidal level depends on the constraints on both sides of the cross-section, and stronger constraints result in weaker correlations. It is important to note that tensile strain is large along the inner wall of the middle portion of the top and bottom plates as well as along the outer wall of the sides of the bottom plate.     

盾构地铁隧道穿越既有铁路桥的沉降分析

HTSS以大连地铁2号线香沙区间盾构隧道下穿铁路桥特殊地段为依托,通过三维有限元程序仿真模拟以及工程现场动态监测,研究盾构施工法对周围地层变形的影响和盾构下穿铁路桥造成的沉降特征。结果表明:盾构开挖引起的地表沉降经历了5个阶段,即初期扰动沉降、开挖面前部沉降、盾构机正上方沉降、盾构通过沉降、后期固结沉降;地表沉降整体为一个凹槽形,即隧道中心线地表沉降大,隧道两边沉降较小,按隧道横截面轴线左右对称,符合地表沉降机理,并与现场监测数据一致;距离开挖隧道越近,总体沉降位移越大,盾构开挖小于20 m时,其沉降位移沿着横向与纵向都有扩展,隧道开挖至40 m时,沉降位移主要沿着纵向扩展,横向扩展不明显;不同深度的上部土体沉降呈漏斗形,即隧道正上方沉降最大,两边沉降递减,沉降曲线基本对称,地表右侧受右线隧道开挖影响,沉降量略大于左侧;桥桩底端处于隧道拱顶上,且整个桩身处于破裂面之上,属于短桩范畴,桥桩变形主要以受土体作用而产生的竖向沉降变形为主。     

Soil-structure interaction in shield tunnelling in soft soil

The development and extension of large cities creates a need for multiple shallow tunnels in the soft ground of building areas. Prediction of the ground settlement caused by the tunnel excavation is a major engineering challenge. A numerical simulation using a finite element method was implemented in the aim of developing a procedure to predict the movement induced by shield tunnelling in soft soil. This study describes a two-dimensional modelling and compares two procedures. The first procedure is done in a simple way (called “deconfinement modelling”) simulating the excavation using a stress decrease vector exerted on the excavation boundary (inside the tunnel) described by a stress release scalar parameter λ (named the “deconfinement factor”). The second procedure is composed of a complete stage of modelling (called “phase modelling”) taking into account different phases which simulate the different kinds of interactions between the tunnel and the soil (deconfinement, lining installation, pore pressure applied on the lining, and weight of the lining). Using a shallow lined tunnel with homogeneous soil conditions, the two procedures are analysed and compared. Then, the second modelling procedure is applied to the case of the metro of Lyon where field data have been obtained. Observations of the results and comparison with the experimental data demonstrate that the proposed modelling is adequate for the analyses of settlement induced by tunnelling in soft soil.     

考虑压缩模量深度效应的深厚软土桩基沉降计算

对于深厚软土桥梁桩基础的沉降计算,土层的压缩模量是一个极为重要的参数。针对京沪高速铁路桥梁桩基沉降,以DK152工点处的土工试验数据和现场测试成果为基础,通过拟合分析得到与土层深度有关的天然状态下压缩模量计算公式。在该基础上,进一步运用神经网络建立土层压缩模量与桩基沉降之间的映射关系,对不同土层在不同深度的压缩模量进行反演分析,相关反演结果与经验公式计算值基本一致,得到的桩基沉降量与现场监测位移吻合良好,说明文中提出的压缩模量计算公式的准确性和实用性,相关模型概化和反演计算方法也是合理的,对深厚软土地基下高速铁路桥梁深长桩基的沉降计算有一定的参考价值。     

基于一维和三维固结挤土桩沉降时效计算分析

饱和软黏土地基中的挤土桩,施工引起的桩侧土体超孔隙水压力消散和竖向荷载引起的桩底土体固结是导致其沉降的主要因素。基于三维固结理论,研究了桩侧地基土再固结沉降的变化规律,并从桩-土相互作用的原理出发,结合边界条件,推导出了在桩侧地基土再固结沉降的作用下挤土桩沉降的计算公式。运用太沙基一维固结理论并采用分层总和法计算竖向荷载作用下桩底土体的沉降。提出了饱和软土中挤土桩沉降时效的计算方法。并对工程实例进行了计算分析,其结果符合工程实际沉降规律。     

饱水黄土隧道变形规律研究

新松树湾隧道位于饱和的砂粘土中,土体的稳定性极差,施工难度较大。为此,在隧道施工期间,通过土工试验、隧道收敛和围岩内部位移的现场监测、隧道变形的三维有限元仿真计算等手段,对该隧道的变形规律进行了系统研究,获得了大量试验数据。研究成果对隧道的施工组织和支护参数的确定起到了重要作用,为此类隧道的施工积累了经验。     

Grey correlation-hierarchical analysis for metro-caused settlement

Monitoring Shanghai metro tunnels and their surroundings indicates that the maximum settlement caused by metro operation for years has been more than 25 cm in soft soil of tunnel bottom, which has seriously affected the normal operation of subway, and even caused some old house cracking around subway lines. To investigate main influence factors on metro-caused settlement so as to provide the basis for the control of metro-caused settlement, the analytical hierarchy process was adopted to make their weight arrangement. With the experience analogy and grey correlation theory, the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method was proposed to evaluate the possibility of metro-caused settlement in soft soil of tunnel bottom. The correlation of metro-caused settlement and its influence factors (such as dynamic load conditions of metro, soil conditions, burial conditions of soil prone to dynamic settlement, and hydrogeology conditions) was probed. Taking Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel project in China (it is now the largest shield tunnel in the world) as an example, the division estimation and the comprehensive evaluation of possibility and severity for metro-caused settlement were also done. The results were observed as follows: (1) the severity of settlements caused by dynamic load of metro in soft soil of tunnel bottom at the same position increases as the speed of subway trains increases; (2) On comparison between the foundations of silty clay and clayey silt, the former is generally more prone to the metro-caused settlement under the same conditions as dynamic load conditions of metro, void ratio of soil, natural water content of soil, burial conditions, and hydrogeology conditions; (3) the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method is more applicable than grey correlation method for the possibility estimation of metro-caused settlement in the soft soil of tunnel bottom; (4) it may provide the reference for the possibility evaluation of metro-caused settlement in other similar projects.     

开口环形深基坑围护结构变形监测与数值分析

南京扬子储煤筒仓基坑工程地基中分布有厚度较大的软土层,且该工程基坑为11.40 m深,直径约27.0m的开口圆环形,其中开口段弧长约10.0m.基坑围护结构采用钻孔灌注桩结合环形内支撑的型式.开口段对基坑的变形和稳定性有较大的影响.以该工程为例,采用三维有限元数值分析方法,建立了摩尔-库仑弹塑性模型,进行不同开挖阶段的数值模拟计算,并与监测结果进行了对比.结果表明,计算值与实测值差距较小,变化趋势基本一致,有限元计算的结果是可信的,可为类似工程优化设计与施工提供参考.     

软土隧道横向抗震分析的简化响应位移法

响应位移法能够反映软土隧道在地震荷载作用下的动力反应特性,是一种简便实用的隧道抗震设计简化分析方法。以方形截面隧道为例,采用地层－结构整体动力有限元方法,验证了响应位移法的准确性与合理性;为了简化响应位移法的计算过程,基于平面应变假定,采用弹性理论的复变函数方法推导了土弹簧刚度的解析表达式,并与有限元解进行了对比分析。将土弹簧刚度的解析表达式应用到响应位移法的计算中,同时采用地层剪应力及自由场地震反应位移的简化计算模式,将简化后的响应位移法和整体动力有限元法进行了对比分析,验证了简化方法的可行性。