青藏铁路高原冻土区桥涵工程设置

青藏线格拉段多年冻土地区达550km，全线平均海拔4000m以上，多年冻土区的桥涵勘测与一般地区相比，差异很大，简要阐述了对高原冻土地区铁路桥涵工程设置的几点认识。     

高原多年冻土地区公路修筑技术研究的回顾与展望

通过大量的研究课题实例,回顾了高原多年冻土地区公路修筑技术研究的各个历史阶段,综述了公路修筑技术的研究内容和成果。高含冰量冻土分布规律及工程地质研究、冻土路基设计与冻土路基变形规律研究及保持冻土路基稳定性的路基设计原则和工程措施研究、路面修筑技术研究、桥涵基础研究等。随着高原多年冻土地区公路路面等级的提高和路面使用时间的延续及人为因素的不良影响,高原多年冻土地区的公路路基、路面和桥涵等出现了一些新     

多年冻土区桩基温度场研究

为了解决多年冻土区桥梁桩基浇筑混凝土对冻土层地温的影响,把握后续工程施工,需要对多年冻土区桩基温度场进行认真分析与研究。结合冻土桩的特点,根据冻融循环条件下土体热量迁移的基本规律,基于多孔介质和热力学理论,建立了多年冻土区桩基温度场控制方程。该控制方程不仅包括了热传导和相变潜热对温度分布的影响,而且考虑了混凝土水化热的释放规律,并将研究成果与的西藏某大直径灌注桩温度场现场试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明：所建立的冻土区桩基温度场控制方程计算结果与实测结果吻合较好。在此基础上,应用该模型作数值分析,着重分析了不同深度处桩侧土层温度随时间变化规律和混凝土浇注后不同时期温度沿桩径方向的变化规律,于解决西部多年冻土地区公路运营安全和行车性能,准确掌握多年冻土地区已建桥涵和新建桥涵基础稳定性,具有非常重要的理论和实际意义。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区桥涵设计与施工

青藏高原自然环境恶劣, 铁路穿越多年冻土区长达550 km, 为确保铁路建成后的运营安全, 桥涵设计和施工必须采取特殊的处理措施. 青藏铁路的桥涵应从结构、材料、工艺等方面, 研究施工简便、耐久性好、维护量少的结构形式. 提高结构耐久性的构想和途径主要从混凝土材料、桥涵结构, 墩台结构形式, 基础类型, 合理的施工工艺等方面进行研究. 根据青藏铁路多年冻土区特殊的地理位置及气候条件, 研究采用青藏线耐久梁及免维护圆柱面(YZM)支座. 桥梁基础采用钻孔灌注桩, 旋挖钻(干法)成孔工艺; 涵洞采用拼装式矩形涵, 基坑采取爆破开挖, 快速施工. 常规的混凝土墩台、基础不能满足多年冻土区冻融循环的要求, 研究采用"低温、早强耐久混凝土", 其抗冻融循环次数达300次.     

青藏铁路多年冻土区桥涵设计与施工

青藏高原自然环境恶劣，铁路穿越多年冻土区长达550km，为确保铁路建成后的运营安全，桥涵设计和施工必须采取特殊的处理措施，青藏铁路的桥涵应从结构、材料、工艺等方面，研究施工简便、耐久性好、维护量少的结构形式，提高结构耐久性的构想和途径主要从混凝土材料、桥涵结构，墩台结构形式，基础类型，合理的施工工艺等方面进行研究，根据青藏铁路多年冻土区特殊的地理位置及气候条件，研究采用青藏线耐久梁及免维护圆柱面(YZM)支座．桥梁基础采用钻孔灌注桩，旋挖钻(干法)成孔工艺；涵洞采用拼装式矩形涵，基坑采取爆破开挖，快速施工．常规的混凝土墩台、基础不能满足多年冻土区冻融循环的要求，研究采用“低温、早强耐久混凝土”，其抗冻融循环次数达300次。     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程的研究与实践

青藏铁路建设需穿越高原多年冻土区, 在探明沿线多年冻土分布特征的基础上, 合理确定了青藏铁路线路的走向方案.在多年的冻土研究和工程实践的指导下, 有针对性地开展了 5 个不同类型冻土工程试验研究, 取得重要科研成果, 指导设计和施工.全面总结4 a来青藏铁路多年冻土工程的研究与实践, 提出了“主动降温, 冷却地基, 保护冻土”的设计思想, 制定了路基、桥涵、隧道成套工程技术措施和先进施工工艺, 对确保多年冻土工程质量发挥了重要作用.     

青藏高原改则地区多年冻土特征

改则地区地处青藏高原腹地, 气候寒冷干燥, 位于青藏高原大片连续多年冻土南界附近. 2010年"青藏高原多年冻土本底调查"项目在改则地区采用坑探、物探和钻探等多种方法对区域内多年冻土开展了大规模野外考察工作. 根据现场钻探资料和后来的地温观测资料, 并结合坑探和物探资料对改则地区多年冻土特征进行分析, 结果显示: 改则地区多年冻土上限深度在2.6~8.5 m之间, 部分地区存在融化夹层; 多年冻土含冰量在12%~35%之间, 主要为多冰冻土, 而且一般仅在上限附近发育有高含冰量多年冻土; 多年冻土温度普遍较高, 在-1.5~0℃之间; 多年下限深度一般小于60 m, 部分地区甚至在10 m左右; 多年冻土分布的下界海拔高度约为4 700 m, 海拔5 100 m以上区域普遍发育有多年冻土; 区域内多年冻土特征受局地因素影响明显, 特别是与坡向、植被覆盖、岩性和含水量等关系密切; 现场记录资料和后来的测温资料都显示改则地区部分多年冻土正处于退化状态.     

多年冻土地区公路筑路技术研究现状与新课题

分析了中国多年冻土地区公路修筑技术的研究现状, 介绍了青藏公路沿线多年冻土三期科研工作、青藏高原东部退化性多年冻土的研究成果和小兴安岭岛状多年冻土的研究方向. 在总结科研与实践工作的基础上, 提出了多年冻土地区公路修筑技术的相关研究课题和新思路.     

东北大兴安岭地区多年冻土钻探

多年冻土地区的铁路工程钻探主要是线路、桥涵、隧道、大型厂房、民用住宅等各种类型的工程地质钻探,铁路供水水源的水文地质钻探,以及为多年冻土地区铁路工程科学试验而进行的一般口径的钻探。除隧道工程和勘探冻结层下水外,一般都是深度小于20米的浅孔钻探。采用的钻机类型,主要有XJ100-1型钻机,这种钻机效果尚好,但笨重;争光10型钻机,虽然轻便,但马力太小,岩芯管径仅50毫米左右,只能用于不取土样的路基涵洞钻探,不适用夹碎卵石的冻土地层;也曾使用过改装的50型钻机。此外,为勘探深层的冻结层下水,也使用立根150型钻机和300型钻机。     

东北多年冻土最大季节融化深度的确定

多年冻土地区的最大季节融化深度,亦即天然上限深度,是多年冻土地区铁路工程设计的主要数据之一。因此确定上限深度及其变化,是多年冻土地区工程地质勘测工作中的一个重要内容。 确定上限深度的基本方法,是在最大融化深度达到时间(9、10月份),通过现场勘探或测温直接确定。但由于东北多年冻土地区多为衔接的多年冻土,不衔接的仅存在于大中河流的河床底部,大河岸边,岛状多年冻土区邻近季节冻土区的边缘地带,以及经过人类活动     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.