西准噶尔吾尔喀什尔地区泥盆纪火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究

西准噶尔吾尔喀什尔地区萨吾尔山组上亚组的火山岩为一套浅海相中基性火山碎屑岩夹火山熔岩,对其内安山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示其形成年龄为391±3Ma。本区火山熔岩都呈现出大离子亲石元素（K、Rb、Cs、Sr、Ba）富集、高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf）明显负异常等典型弧火山岩的地球化学特征,但玄武安山岩（SiO2=52.9%~55.3%）与安山岩（SiO2=62.01%~62.41%）之间具有明显不同的(La/Yb)N比值(分别为3.5~8.0、21.4~23.6),暗示它们具有不同的源区,偏基性的玄武安山岩的源区主要为被俯冲带流体不均一交代的地幔楔橄榄岩,而安山岩则具有类似于埃达克质岩浆的地球化学特征,为俯冲洋壳板片于榴辉岩相条件下发生部分熔融的产物。     

内蒙古林西早中生代O型高镁埃达克质安山岩的发现及其意义

对内蒙古林西地区火山岩样品的地球化学研究表明,其具有大洋型(O型)高镁埃达克质安山岩的地球化学特征[w(SiO2)=57.89%～63.97%、w(Al2O3)=15.39%～16.17%、w(Na2O)/w(K2O)=1.5～2.2(除一个为0.9)、A/CNK=0.83～0.97、Mg#=49～64、w(Cr)=91～209μg/g、w(Ni)=52.2～111.4μg/g、w(Sr)=551～1018μg/g、w(Yb)=1.18～1.71μg/g、w(Y)=12.6～17.7μg/g、δ(Eu)=0.86～0.94]。利用LA-ICP-MS对其锆石进行了U-Pb定年,得到206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(244±2)Ma(MSWD=0.36)。此时,区域内古亚洲洋已闭合,综合地球化学特征和区域地质环境说明,林西高镁埃达克质安山岩是由残余洋壳部分熔融并随后与地幔橄榄岩相互作用形成的。内蒙古林西早中生代高镁埃达克质安山岩的产出表明,洋壳来源的埃达克岩(O型埃达克岩)不仅可以随俯冲同时产生,而且也可以在非俯冲环境下由保存在古俯冲带地幔中的残余洋壳部分熔融产生。     

山东荣成地区俚岛盆地中生代火山岩的基本特征

山东荣成地区俚岛盆地火山系是钙碱性系列，属于中基性－酸性火山建造类型，岩石化学及地球化学等特征表明流纹岩并不是中性岩浆连续演化的结果，而是原产物。中性岩类是由于洋壳部分熔融作用而形成中性（少量偏基性）岩浆结晶的产物，与大陆边缘活动带高钾型安山岩十分相近。流纹岩是由于中性岩浆上涌引起浅部陆壳第三次部分熔融而产生偏酸性岩浆结晶的产物。     

珠江口盆地晚侏罗世中基性火山岩的岩石成因与构造意义：来自年代学和地球化学的约束

位于南海北部陆缘的珠江口盆地发育中生代岩浆岩,记录了古太平洋板片俯冲消亡的动力学过程。本项研究以钻井揭露的晚侏罗世火山岩为研究对象,开展系统的岩石学、岩相学、年代学和地球化学研究,探讨其成因机制和动力学背景。岩石学及地球化学分析显示,这套火山岩由玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩和粗面安山岩组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析表明,玄武安山岩的结晶年龄为154.0±3.2 Ma。岩石的SiO₂含量为49.54%～58.22%,K₂O含量为0.71%～3.00%,MgO含量为5.29%～11.05%,Mg^#值介于52～66之间,属于高钾钙碱性系列中基性火山岩。岩石的轻重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)_N比值为5.00～6.93,且具有轻微的铕负异常,δEu值为0.73～1.04。样品显著富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th和U等,相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti和P等。岩石成因分析表明,晚侏罗世中基性火山岩主要起源于受俯冲板片流体交代的富集岩石圈地幔熔融,且岩浆经历了辉石、角闪石等矿物的分离结晶。综...     

东准噶尔晚古生代依旧存在俯冲消减作用——来自石炭纪火山岩岩石学、地球化学及年代学证据

东准噶尔地区石炭纪巴塔玛依内山组火山岩分布广泛,规模巨大。对其岩石学、元素地球化学及同位素地球化学研究表明:1)该套火山岩岩石类型复杂,具玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩组合特征,属高钾钙碱性火山岩系,并富集大离子亲石元素(Sr、K、Rb、Ba、Th)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)和重稀土元素,87Sr/86Sr和143Nd/144Nd初始值分别为0.70385~0.71312,0.152378~0.512998,εNd(t)多介于3.0~6.2之间,显示了与俯冲消减作用相关的不成熟弧后盆地火山岩地球化学特征。2)火山岩物质来源以亏损地幔源为主,并混有少量主体由古生代残余洋壳、岛弧体系组成的年轻下地壳物质。其中,基性熔岩以亏损地幔源为主,并在岩浆源区与少量新生地壳物质发生了近乎完全的壳-幔岩浆混合和Sm-Nd同位素体系均一化,其形成很可能与俯冲沉积物和(或)俯冲洋壳变质脱水产生的流体引起上覆地幔楔物质的部分熔融有关;而酸性熔岩与基性熔岩存在明显的不同,酸性熔岩是少量幔源岩浆经强烈结晶分异和经历较多壳源物质混染的结果。3)玄武岩全岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄为319.7±5.9 Ma,与区域地质构造背景和已有化石证据基本一致,代表了火山岩的形成时代。综合研究表明,东准噶尔地区320 Ma左右依旧存在古亚洲洋的俯冲消减作用,准噶尔古洋盆最终闭合时间应介于320~311 Ma之间。在此过程中,火山岩浆作用强烈,蕴含成矿物质丰富,东准噶尔地区找矿前景值得期待。     

地幔深熔作用的地位

已发表的实验相平衡资料提出,造山安山岩的四个岩石成因模式都能再造安山岩的相应主要元素总成分。这些模式是:(1)含水橄榄岩的部分熔融;(2)角闪岩的部分熔融;(3)角闪石从拉斑玄武质熔体中的分离结晶作用;(4)铁的氧化物和橄榄石从拉斑玄武质熔融体中的分离结晶作用。橄榄石从拉斑玄武岩中分离结晶以及石英榴辉岩的部分熔融的岩石成因模式,已根据相平衡予以否认,而且还说明后两个模式与造山安山岩的痕量元素模型是矛盾的。四个被采纳的模式用新近在高压和低压条件下获得的痕量元素分配的资料做了评价。在高温高压下,S在硅酸熔体中的溶解度以及实验资料均与岛弧区安山岩源岩的交代蚀变有关。假如原始部分熔融源岩是拉斑质玄武岩成分的下降板块或者是覆于下降板块之上的未蚀变的橄榄岩,那么,在这些模式中,没有一个模式与造山安山岩的所有地球化学资料和地球物理资料相吻合。     

晚太古代Sanukite（赞岐岩）与地球早期演化

Shirey and Hanson(1984)将某些太古代的高镁闪长岩套称为sanukite(赞岐岩),类似于日本中新世(11～15Ma)Setouchi火山岩带的高镁安山岩。Sanukitoids由闪长岩-二长闪长岩-花岗闪长岩组成,不同于TTC岩套(奥长花岗岩-英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩)。Sanukitoids具有下列地球化学特征:富Mg,Mg~#>0.60,Ni和Cr>100μg/g,Sr和Ba>500μg/g,LREE富集(大于球粒陨石100倍),无Eu异常。高镁安山岩在太古代很少见,而其相应的侵入岩高镁闪长岩或sanukitoids,虽然数量也很少,但却是各地晚太古代地体中随处可见的。Sanukitoids的原始岩浆是交代的地幔楔部分熔融形成的,随后可能经历了广泛的分离结晶作用。TTC和sanukitoids岩套可以相伴产出,二者均与板片熔融有关,TTG与其直接有关,sanukitoids可能与其间接有关。全球Sanukitoids主要集中在晚太古代时期,可能暗示板块的消减作用在～3.0Ga以后才起了重要的作用。     

太古宙、元古宙玄武岩与安山岩的地球化学变化:鉴别与意义

为准确识别太古宙与元古宙之间在岩石成分上的变化,必须对比相似岩性组合的岩石,以限制构造环境的影响。大多数绿岩组合(以火山岩为主的海相上壳岩)中的玄武岩和安山岩,具有与现代弧体系中对应部分类似的俯冲带的地球化学组分。有岛弧地球化学亲合性的玄武岩在太古宙绿岩中占支配地位,而有钙碱性亲合性的玄武岩在元古宙绿岩中最丰富。前寒武纪各年代中,具有 MORB 或大洋板块内地球化学特征的玄武岩稀少。与晚太古代绿岩玄武岩(2500-3500 Ma)相比,现存的早太古代绿岩玄武岩(≥3500Ma)反映较少亏损的地幔源。与所有太古宙地幔源相比,元古宙绿岩玄武岩是源于相对富集的地幔源,这一特征可能是因为随着晚太古代大陆迅速的生长,大陆沉积物进入地幔中产生再循环作用而造成的.前寒武纪安山岩在地球化学方面相似于现代岛弧安山岩,唯太古宙安山岩亏损 HREE 及 Y。此与太古宙安山岩形成于下降的镁铁质地壳的部分熔融(有角闪石/石榴石留在残余物中)是一致的,而元古宙(和更年青的)安山岩是由玄武岩的分离结晶所产生的。     

海南岛中新元古代花岗质岩类的成因及其构造意义

报道了海南岛中新元古代(~1000Ma)花岗质岩类的地球化学和Sm、Nd同位素分析结果。海南岛中新元古代花岗岩类属于钙碱性系列,具有富硅(SiO2含量为67.78%~75.04%),准铝或弱过铝(A/CNK=0.96~1.08),低Mg#值(0.24~0.44)及较低Cr(5.82~13.42μg/g)、Ni(2.74~7.23μg/g)含量,强烈亏损Y(2.85~13.70μg/g)和HREE(Yb为0.26~1.22μg/g),以及较高的Sr/Y(23.75~173.38)和La/Yb(32.11~88.12)比值等特点,类似于TTG或低Mg埃达克岩。结合其低的正εNd(t)值特征,可以认为海南岛中新元古代花岗岩类是底侵玄武质下地壳部分熔融形成的,源区残留相以石榴子石为主,并可能有少量角闪石,其源岩很可能是古中元古代高钾和低Cr、Ni的斜长角闪岩。海南岛中新元古代花岗岩类形成于格林威尔造山作用晚期,这一结果支持华南统一大陆形成于~1000Ma的观点。     

扬子地块北缘西乡群孙家河组火山岩形成时代及元素地球化学研究

西乡群孙家河组为一套低绿片岩相浅变质火山-沉积岩系,主要由基性-中基性-酸性火山岩和凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、泥岩、硅质岩组成,火山岩岩石类型包括玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩.LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年揭示流纹岩形成时代为832.9±4.9Ma,辉石玄武岩的形成时代为845.0±17Ma,两者在误差范围内一致,属新元古代同期岩浆作用产物.元素地球化学研究表明,孙家河组玄武岩属拉斑玄武岩系列,具有受地壳混染的板内玄武岩的地球化学特点.玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩主量元素成分投点呈规律性变化、REE球粒陨石标准化及微量元素原始地幔标准化分配型式具有一致性并相互重叠,不相容元素Th和相容元素Cr相关模拟图中沿分离结晶线分布,证明玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩为同一基性岩浆分离结晶的产物.REE和微量元素分配型式以及微量元素比值对的显著差异,暗示流纹岩与玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩来源于不同源区.Sr-Nd同位素研究表明,玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩样品的ε_(Nd)(t)值均大于0以及在ε_(Nd)(t)-(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_t图解中位于OIB成分区,表明其源区应为与洋岛玄武岩类似的地幔源区;流纹岩样品具有可与基性熔岩相比拟的ε_(Nd)(t)值,暗示流纹岩最有可能是初生玄武质地壳部分熔融而成.本文所研究的原划孙家河组火山岩系列的形成时代、构造环境的确定以及扬子陆块乃至世界上同一时间内普遍发育大陆裂谷岩浆岩组合的地质事实,说明原划孙家河组以及西乡群中的确存在新元古代的组成部分,它们应是新元古代大陆裂谷的产物,它和扬子地块820M8后造山裂解环境花岗岩均是新元古代晚期Rodinia超大陆裂解作用的岩浆响应.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the