北阿尔金地区米兰红柳沟的早古生代蛇绿岩

阿尔金地区以巨型阿尔金走滑断裂而著称,断裂以西为阿尔金山地区,以东为祁连山地区.近年来人们陆续在阿尔金断裂两侧发现榴辉岩带,即南阿尔金榴辉岩带(车自成等1995;刘良等1996)和柴北缘榴辉岩带(杨经绥等,1998,2000),指出阿尔金断裂两侧的岩石单元可以对比,并推断阿尔金断裂左行走滑位移了约400 km(许志琴等,1999;葛肖虹等,1999).     

敦-密断裂左行走滑三维有限元模拟

敦-密断布列亚裂带是郯庐断裂北段的重要分支之一, 具有左行走滑剪切性质, 其走滑位移量的大小一直存在很大争议。应用ANSYS三维有限元模拟软件, 对研究区地质体建立理想模型, 并采用分段施力和连续施力两种方法进行构造几何学错移的数值模拟, 探讨敦22密断裂带的走滑位移量。模拟结果表明: 采用分段施力方式得到的累计走滑位移量为273.8 km, 连续施力方式得到的位移量为406.8 km, 说明在不考虑外界阻力影响及地质体内部形变吸收的位移量时, 郯庐断裂由南到北具有整体统一的走滑位移量。综合考虑布列亚-佳木斯地块的阻挡及地质体内部的韧性变形和逆冲推覆构造对走滑位移量的吸收等地质因素, 认为敦-密断裂带实际位移量应比模拟数值小, 也证实了郯庐断裂走滑位移量可能存在由南至北逐渐递减的规律。     

阿尔金断裂走滑位移的确定——来自阿尔金山东段构造成矿带的新证据

阿尔金断裂是中国西北地区最大走滑断裂之一,呈北东东向延绵近1500km,以其强烈的贯穿性、巨大的规模、强烈的活动性和巨大的位移量为特征。但是对于其左行位移量一直存在比较大的争议,一些学者认为300～500km,而另外一些学者认为700～800km,甚至900～1000km。最近十余年的找矿进展显示出阿尔金山东段是一条重要的铁铜金铅锌多金属成矿带,其矿床成因类型、不同矿种组合关系及其反映的成矿作用条件与北祁连山西段非常相似,可以认为阿尔金山东段成矿带是北祁连山西段成矿带的西延部分,即阿尔金山东段成矿带是北祁连山西段成矿带被阿尔金断裂左行走滑断错的部分。因此,依据阿尔金山东段成矿带与祁连山西段成矿带的可比性,将此作为标志物,作者认为阿尔金断裂左行走滑总位移量为400km左右。     

阿尔金断裂带最大累积走滑位移量——900km？

通过变形构造几何学、岩石学和区域构造对比研究,认为阿尔金断裂西北侧的阿尔金山北缘、南缘近EW走向的蓝片岩-榴辉岩高压变质带、榴辉岩超高压变质带分别与阿尔金断裂东南侧的北祁连山、柴北缘NW—SE/NWW—SEE走向的蓝片岩-榴辉岩高压变质带、榴辉岩超高压变质带相对应,并且,高压变质带与超高压变质带的宽度和走向在断裂两侧存在较大的变化。这种在断裂带中宽度变窄、角度趋于与断裂带走向一致的变化是韧性或韧脆性走滑过程中产生的拖曳构造。因此,阿尔金断裂带走滑过程中存在较大的韧性变形,它的最大累积走滑位移量应由韧性和脆性走滑位移量组成,至少大于500km,小于1000km。另外,拖曳构造的几何特征,以及西昆仑库地北蛇绿岩、阿尔金南缘蛇绿岩和柴北缘蛇绿岩在年龄、岩石组合及地球化学特征方面均具有相似之处,暗示在早古生代时期西昆仑和阿尔金南缘、柴北缘很可能处于相同的构造背景之中,后被阿尔金断裂所切割。因此,综合得出了阿尔金断裂带最大累积左旋走滑位移量为900～1000km。     

根据航磁数据探讨阿尔金断裂带的结构及构造演化

阿尔金断裂带是西北地区一条重要的走滑断裂带.通过对阿尔金断裂带及周边地区航磁资料的化极、解析延拓处理,获得了很多有关断裂及地质体的信息.在此基础上分析了阿尔金断裂带的主要断裂的地质-地球物理特征及位移幅度,对盖层与基底的拆离进行了正反演拟合,结合地质资料探讨了阿尔金断裂带的形成时限和演化历史.     

阿尔金断裂带研究进展

从阿尔金断裂带的组成、延伸规模、活动时期、活动方式、位错量、活动速率和模式研究诸方面对阿尔金断裂带国内外同行近20年的研究成果进行归纳评述，认为阿尔金断裂带主要由5条断裂组成，其中阿尔金断裂延伸长度近 1 700 km，中新生代左旋走滑活动，累积位错量达400±50 km。晚新生代走滑位错量明显由西向东减小，这可能与印度板块新生代以来的脉冲式北向俯冲有关。未来10年，阿尔金山的隆升年代学研究、断裂对两侧盆地的控制作用及指导油气勘探将引起更多学者的关注。     

阿尔金断裂晚新生代左旋走滑位错的地质新证据

通过对沿阿尔金断裂中段 (位于东经 88°至 92°)发育的晚第三纪走滑盆地沉积历史和走滑变形过程的野外观测以及对第四纪索尔库里盆地形成和演化过程的沉积环境复原的分析 ,提出了阿尔金断裂中段晚新生代左旋走滑位错的地质新证据。研究表明 ,晚第三纪走滑盆地经历了中新世晚期至上新世早期斜张走滑拉分和上新世晚期以来左旋错动的演化过程 ,沉积体沿断裂的错位分布特征指示至少发生了 80 km的左旋走滑位错。发育于阿尔金山链内部的索尔库里盆地起源于晚第三纪早期强烈的侵蚀作用 ,成为柴达木盆地快速沉积的主要物源区。该侵蚀盆地于中晚更新世闭合并演化成一个独立的沉积盆地。通过侵蚀盆地外流通道的复原指示阿尔金断裂自晚第三纪以来累积了 80～ 1 0 0 km的左旋位错。在此基础上 ,结合穿越断裂构造的 级区域水系形成的洪积裙宽度和主干河道沿断裂迹线的拐折长度 ,探讨了阿尔金断裂晚新生代左旋走滑位错量沿走向分布的特征 ,估算了左旋走滑速率     

走滑断裂百万年时间尺度位移量估计及其在阿尔金断裂系中的应用

断裂滑动速率不仅是新生代构造定量研究的重要参数之一,也是地球动力学研究的重要组成部分。但现有研究普遍缺乏介于长时间尺度（>Ma）地质体累积位移和短时间尺度（晚第四纪以来）地貌单元位错以及年—十年尺度的大地测量观测之间的断裂位移量,从而造成了理解百万年时间尺度下断裂演化历史的空区。由于走滑断裂破坏了山前洪积扇与其汇水盆地组成的系统,残留的断错洪积扇会沿断裂走向在空间上不均匀地展布。据此提出3种利用断错洪积扇确定走滑断裂大规模累积位移量的方法。第一,洪积扇面积与汇水盆地面积一般符合A_f=γA_c（A_f为洪积扇面积,A_c为汇水盆地面积,γ为常数0.5±0.35）对应关系,利用二者之比是否异常,获得断裂位错流域盆地走滑位移量;第二,利用断裂两盘的河流上下游分布相同岩性矿物组分,识别两盘对应地貌单元获得走滑位移量;第三,利用地貌单元残留标志与上游物源河道进行对比,估算走滑位移。同时,将上述3种方法应用于研究阿尔金断裂系百万年时间尺度以来的走滑位移量实例中,在现有速率分布前提下,可估算出地貌体的形成年龄,进一步验证了文中提出的走滑位移量估计方法能为精确厘定走滑断裂百万年尺度的演化历史提供新的解决途径和技术方法。      

青藏高原北缘阿尔金走滑边界的侧向扩展——甘肃北山晚新生代走滑构造与地壳稳定性分析

对北山地区遥感影像和野外地质特征的分析表明,自阿尔金断裂带向NW方向依次出露三危山-双塔断裂、大泉断裂和红柳河断裂。这些断裂近于平行,且同为左行走滑断裂,具有相似的展布特征,空间走向均为NE40-50°,断裂系末端均发育“树枝状”分支断层．在断层夹块之间形成“多米诺”构造,构成了北山地区主要的构造样式。断层谷地沉积物分析和断层泥ESR年代学测试结果表明,三危山-双塔断裂形成于上新世（N2k）,大泉断裂形成于早更新世（1．2-1．5Ma）．而北山地区分支断层和次级断层的活动在400ka之后。对北山地区断裂构造几何学和年代学的研究表明．阿尔金断裂系晚新生代以来向NW方向的侧向扩展．是阿尔金走滑边界重要的生长方式。北山地区特殊的走滑构造组合样式．使该地区的构造变形难于在某条断层上聚集能量,而分散在若干条次级断层上的位移量又微乎其微,该地区成为“最稳定的活动区”。     

青藏高原北缘阿尔金走滑边界的侧向扩展:甘肃北山晚新生代走滑构造与地壳稳定性分析

对北山地区遥感影像和野外地质特征的分析表明,自阿尔金断裂带向NW方向依次出露三危山-双塔断裂、大泉断裂和红柳河断裂。这些断裂近于平行,且同为左行走滑断裂,具有相似的展布特征,空间走向均为NE40～50°,断裂系末端均发育 “树枝状”分支断层,在断层夹块之间形成“多米诺”构造,构成了北山地区主要的构造样式。断层谷地沉积物分析和断层泥ESR年代学测试结果表明,三危山-双塔断裂形成于上新世(N2k),大泉断裂形成于早更新世（1.2～1.5Ma）,而北山地区分支断层和次级断层的活动在400ka之后。对北山地区断裂构造几何学和年代学的研究表明,阿尔金断裂系晚新生代以来向NW方向的侧向扩展,是阿尔金走滑边界重要的生长方式。北山地区特殊的走滑构造组合样式,使该地区的构造变形难于在某条断层上聚集能量,而分散在若干条次级断层上的位移量又微乎其微,该地区成为“最稳定的活动区”。     

Review of the tectonics of the Levant Rift system: the structural significance of oblique continental breakup

The Levant Rift system is an elongated series of structural basins that extends for more than 1000 km from the northern Red Sea to southern Anatolia. The system consists of three major segments, the Jordan Rift in the south, El Gharb–Kara-Su Rift in the north, and the Lebanese Fault splay in between. The rifted parts of this structural system are accompanied by intensively uplifted margins that mirror-image the basinal pattern, namely, the deeper the basin—the higher its margins, and vice versa. Uplifts also occur along the fault splay section. The Jordan Rift comprises axial basins that diminish in size from the south northwards, and are separated from each other by shallow threshold zones along the axis of the rift, where the margins are also subdued. The Lebanese Fault splay consists of five faults that emerge from the northern edge of the Jordan Rift and trend like a fan between the north and the northeast. One of these faults connects the Jordan and El Gharb–Kara-Su rifts. The Levant Rift and its uplifted margins started to develop in the middle-late Miocene, and most of the structural development occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene.The Levant Rift system is characterized by its oblique displacement, and evidence for both dip-slip and strike-slip displacement was measured on its faults. Earthquakes also indicate that same mixed pattern, some of them show strike-slip offset, and others normal. It is generally conceded that the amount of normal offset along the boundary faults of the Rift system reaches 8–10 km, but the lateral displacement is disputed, and offsets ranging from 11 to 107 km were suggested. Assessment of the available data led us to suggest that the sinistral offset along the Levant Rift system is approximately 10–20 km. The similarity between the vertical and the lateral displacements, the basin and threshold structural pattern of the Rift, model experiments in oblique rifting, as well as the significant tectonic resemblance to the Red Sea and the East African rifts, indicate that the Levant Rift is the product of continental breakup, and it is probably an emerging oceanic spreading center.     

Structural inversion and its controls : examples from the Alpine foreland and the French Alps

Abstract

Positive structural inversion involves the uplift of rocks on the hanging-walls of faults, by dip slip or oblique slip movements. Controlling factors include the strike and dip of the earlier normal faults, the type of normal faults — whether they were listric or rotated blocks, the time lapsed since extension and the amount of contraction relative to extension. Steeply dipping faults are difficult to invert by dip slip movements; they form buttresses to displacement on both cover detachments and on deeper level but gently inclined basement faults. The decrease in displacement on the hanging-walls of such steep buttresses leads to the generation of layer parallel shortening, gentle to tight folds — depending on the amount of contractional displacement, back-folds and back-thrust systems, and short-cut thrust geometries — where the contractional fault slices across the footwall of the earlier normal fault to enclose a “floating horse”. However, early steeply dipping normal faults readily form oblique to strike slip inversion structures and often tramline the subsequent shortening into particular directions.

Examples are given from the strongly inverted structures of the western Alps and the weakly inverted structures of the Alpine foreland. Extensional faulting developed during the Triassic to Jurassic, during the initial opening of the central Atlantic, while the main phases of inversion date from the end Cretaceous when spreading began in the north Atlantic and there was a change of relative motion between Europe and Africa. During the mid-Tertiary well over 100 km of Alpine shortening took place; Alpine thrusts, often detached along, or close to, the basement-cover interface, stacking the late Jurassic to Cretaceous sediments of the post-extensional subsidence phase. These high level detachments were joined and breached by lower level faults in the basement which, in the external zones of the western Alps, generally reactivated and rotated the earlier east dipping half-graben bounding faults. The external massifs are essentially uplifted half-graben blocks. There was more reactivation and stacking of basement sheets in the eastern part of this external zone, where the faults had been rotated into more gentle dips above a shallower extensional detachment than on the steeper faults to the west.

There is no direct relationship between the weaker inversion of the Alpine foreland and the major orogenic contraction of the western Alps; the inversion structures of southern Britain and the Channel were separated from the Alps by a zone of rifting from late Eocene to Miocene which affected the Rhone, Bresse and Rhine regions. Though they relate to the same plate movements which formed the Alps, the weaker inversion structures must have been generated by within plate stresses, or from those emanating from the Atlantic rather than the Tethyan margin.     

走滑断裂叠置拉张区构造变形的物理模拟及启示

走滑断层的走滑量研究是构造分析过程中的关键,本文运用走滑断裂拉张叠置部位的构造物理模拟方法作为走滑量求取的手段,利用与自然界吻合程度较好的脆性-塑性双层模型对走滑拉张叠置部位进行模拟,发现叠置区主要发育与主边界断层呈80°~90°的横向断层(T断层)和呈顺时针45°的斜向断层(R剪切)两种类型的次级断层。通过改变实验中走滑断裂的叠置长度、横向间隔距离以及走滑量,计算不同实验中横向断层与斜向断层数量的比例并对实测数据进行拟合,结果显示:(1)叠置长度以及走滑量的增加或者横向间隔距离的减小,都会导致横向断层与斜向断层数量比的增加;(2)每组实验中的上述四个实测变量之间存在着特定的对数关系,通过对自然界中的走滑断裂拉张叠置区进行同比例缩小的构造物理模拟实验,获得四者之间的函数关系,从而可以确定走滑量。将构造物理模拟计算走滑量方法应用于渤海海域辽东湾地区郯庐断裂带,得到其新构造运动以来约发生了2.1 km的右旋走滑活动。     

Shear structural paragenesis and its role in continental rifting of the East Asian margin

The spatial-genetic relationships between transit fault systems of the East Asian global shear zone (EAGSZ) are analyzed. It is established that the EAGSZ internal structure between the Okhotsk and South China seas is identical to that of world-known natural and experimental shear zones, which confirms its development as an integral structure. The structural-kinematic analysis included the Tan-Lu-Sikhote-Alin (TS) system of left-lateral strike-slip faults (NNE 25°–30°) and the Bohai-Amur (BA) system of updip-strike-slip faults (NE 50°–70°). It is shown that these systems were formed as structural parageneses during two stages. The first and shear-thrust stage (Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) was marked by general NNW-oriented compression with the formation of the TS system of left-lateral strike-slip faults and their structural parageneses (compression structures) such as the BA system of updip-thrusts. The second, strike-slip-pull apart stage (Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic) was characterized by SE-directed tangential compression, which was generated by the SW left-lateral displacement of the continental crust along the Central Sikhote-Alin deep-seated fault. In such dynamic settings, the updip-thrust kinematics of the BA system gave way to that of left-lateral strike-slip faults. The strike-slip faults were formed in the transtension regime (shear with extension), which determined the development of pull-apart structures, where the left-lateral shear extension component played the decisive role. Simultaneously, the extension involved the Tan-Lu strike-slip fault with the formation of the rift valley and the discrete development of sedimentary basins along the latter.     

不连续岩体-拱坝系统的动力过程数值模拟方法

提出了一种分析三维不连续变形块体系统动力学过程和建坝的数值方法,该方法不但能够模拟位移不连续面在地震载荷作用下的张开和大尺度的摩擦滑移,而且还能给出不连续面上安全系数的分布和随时间的变化.通过有2个块体组成的系统验证了所提出的方法的正确性,同时用它分析了一个具有断层和伸缩缝的拱坝系统模型在地震载荷下的动力反应.     

渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷新生代伸展量的时空分布特征*

以渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷22条区域地震剖面的构造解释为基础,利用平衡剖面技术计算了不同位置剖面的伸展量、伸展率和伸展系数,并分析了伸展量的时空分布规律。研究表明,黄骅坳陷新生代具有幕式伸展的特点,而且伸展量的时空分布极不均匀。空间上,伸展量主要是由盆地主边界断层伸展位移造成的,主边界断层位移较大处的伸展量也相应较大;时间上,水平伸展运动可以分为始新世、渐新世和新近纪3个时期,其中,始新世伸展主要发生在盆地南部,渐新世发生在中北部,新近纪伸展量较小,主要发生在中部。伸展量时空分布是受盆地构造变形、构造演化控制的。始新世,NNE向沧东断层的伸展位移是控制盆地伸展变形的主要因素,且沧东断层在盆地南区的伸展位移量较大。渐新世,NNE向沧东断层在盆地中北区的伸展位移量相对较大,同时盆地内部NNE向基底断层的右旋走滑诱导的NE向基底正断层对盆地伸展变形做出贡献。新近纪,盆地在后裂陷的热沉降过程中NNE向基底断层仍然有右旋走滑位移,致使盆地中部发育NE向盖层正断层。     

渤海海域埕岛低凸起东部南区新生代断裂系统及油气分布的控制作用

埕岛低凸起东部南区新生代受控于伸展与走滑作用,断裂构造复杂,传统认为中深层北东向与近东西向断层属于同期同沉积断层。针对这一观点及引起的问题,利用钻井和地震资料,运用构造地质理论解析断裂系统。研究区主要发育正断层、走滑正断层两种类型,断开层位有基底—东营组、平原组—东营组、平原组—基底三种情况,现今断裂以东营组与馆陶组之间的区域不整合面为时限划分为两期断裂系统。早期断裂主要切开基底—东下段,属于同沉积断层;晚期断裂主要切开平原组—东营组,可断达基底,其发育受早期断裂制约。北东向与近东西向断层分别属于早晚两期断裂系统,对油气分布各起关键性控制作用:先期基底升降引起的伸展作用形成北东向断层,控制洼槽地貌与深水重力流沉积环境,发育了连片的层状砂质碎屑流;后期郯庐断裂右行走滑派生了近东西向雁列断层,断层面既充当储层上倾方向的遮挡条件,又在东西向挤压时封闭性变差而变成油气垂向运移通道,断层及断层作用控制了圈闭分布与油气聚集的有序性,自东向西,圈闭及油水界面依次升高且充满度变小,呈全充满、欠充满、半充满等状态。断裂系统研究将地质体置于一定的构造应力场中,分析断层组合的空间排列和交切关系以及断层的力学机制和位移特征等,探究时空演化对油气分布的控制作用。断裂系统研究方法在构造作用叠合区具有适宜性,对该区及类似地区的勘探开发具有现实意义。     

3D seismic analysis of complex faulting patterns above the Snapper Field,Gippsland Basin: implications for CO2 storage

Mechanical damage (e.g. faults and fractures) related to tectonic forces and/or variations in formation pore pressures may enable the leakage of fluids through otherwise effective seal rocks. Characterisation of faults and fractures within seals is therefore essential for the assessment of long-term trap integrity in potential CO₂ storage sites. 3D seismic reflection data are used to describe a previously unrecognised network of extensive, small Miocene-age faults with displacement of generally <30 m and lengths that vary between ～300 and 2500 m above the Snapper Field, in the Gippsland Basin. The Snapper Field is a nearly depleted oil and gas field that presents an attractive site for potential CO₂ storage due its structural closure and because it has effectively retained significant natural hydrocarbon (including CO₂) columns over geological time-scales. Volume-based seismic attributes reveal that this fault system is located within the Oligocene Lakes Entrance Formation of the Seaspray Group, which acts as the regional seal to the Latrobe Group reservoirs in the Gippsland Basin. Detailed analysis of fault lengths and linkages suggests that the Miocene faults are non-tectonic, polygonal faults, although the displacement analysis of fault segments reveals strong correlations with the both the structure of the underlying Top Latrobe surface and normal faults that segment the Latrobe Group reservoirs, suggesting that the development of this fault system has been influenced by underlying structures. The geological evidence for long-term retention of hydrocarbons within the Snapper Field suggests that this fault system has not compromised the integrity of the Lakes Entrance Formation seal, although elevated pore pressures during CO₂ injection could potentially lead to reactivation of these structures.     

Late Quaternary activity of the Feldbiss Fault Zone, Roer Valley Rift System, the Netherlands, based on displaced fluvial terrace fragments

The Meuse River crosses the Feldbiss Fault Zone, one of the main border fault zones of the Roer Valley Graben in the southern part of the Netherlands. Uplift of the area south of the Feldbiss Fault Zone forced the Meuse River to incise and, as a result, a flight of terraces was formed. Faults of the Feldbiss Fault Zone have displaced the Middle and Late Pleistocene terrace deposits. In this study, an extensive geomorphological survey was carried out to locate the faults of the Feldbiss Fault Zone and to determine the displacement history of terrace deposits.The Feldbiss Fault Zone is characterized by an average displacement rate of 0.041–0.047 mm a⁻¹ during the Late Pleistocene. Individual faults show an average displacement rate ranging between 0.010 and 0.034 mm a⁻¹. The spatial variation in displacement rates along the individual faults reveals a system of overstepping faults. These normal faults developed by reactivation of Paleozoic strike-slip faults.As fault displacements at the bases of the younger terrace deposits are apparently similar to the tops of the adjacent older terrace, the age of these horizons is the same within thousands of years. This implies that the model of terrace development by rapid fluvial incision followed by slow aggradation does apply for this area.     

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility study in two classical localities of the Gastre Fault System,central Patagonia

The Central Patagonian Batholith is a suite of acid and meso-silicic rocks cropping out in central Patagonia. The emplacement of these rocks has been proposed to be related to the activity of a system of dextral transcurrent faults, the NW-SE Gastre Fault System. This fault system has been ascribed a transcontinental magnitude and a ∼500 km dextral displacement during Gondwana dismembering in Jurassic times. However, the timing, kinematics and amount of displacement of the Gastre Fault System are still controversial. In this work we have visited two localities which were subject of controversial observations, in order to perform petrographical, microstructural and anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility studies to contribute to the ongoing discussion. The results mostly agree with the findings von Gosen and Loske (2004) in that rocks spatially and temporally associated to the Gastre Fault System do not show evidence supporting the existence of a major dextral fault system active during Jurassic times.