松辽盆地古龙凹陷白垩系青山口组储集空间与油态研究

松辽盆地古龙凹陷有丰富的页岩油气资源.但是目前对古龙凹陷页岩油储层的岩石学特征和页岩油的状态,尤其是储集空间的类型及其组合关联性认识不清.通过对古龙凹陷白垩系青山口组岩芯的精细描述及其薄片分析和电子显微镜观察及三维CT深入研究,发现古龙青山口组页岩油的储集空间具有多样性和多尺度性.除了纳米孔缝外,还有页理缝.根据页理缝...     

松辽盆地北部上白垩统青山口组泥岩特征及页岩油有利区优选

以松辽盆地北部为研究区域,以上白垩统青山口组一、二段泥岩为研究对象,通过国内外页岩油研究资料收集整理分析、典型井岩心观察、样品测试数据分析等,对研究区青山口组一、二段泥岩的岩性、物性、电性、含油气性、烃源岩、脆性及地应力特征七方面页岩油评价参数进行了研究,结果表明,松辽盆地北部上白垩统青山口组一、二段具有页岩油发育的有利石油地质条件,其中古龙凹陷为页岩油的有利区,具有良好的勘探前景。     

松辽盆地古龙页岩油地质特征及关键科学问题探索

截止目前古龙凹陷页岩油的开发已见成效,总结古龙页岩油富集的地质条件对下一步的勘探开发工作尤为重要.对当前古龙页岩油基础地质特征及勘探成果进行了梳理总结,归纳了规模见产可能面临的科学技术问题,并探讨了下一步科研攻关方向.松辽盆地北部青山口组一段页岩具有机质丰度高（TOC为2.0%～3.0%,平均2.7%）、类型好（以I型干酪根为主,生烃母质为层状藻类体）、成熟度高（Ro为1.20%～1.67%）、黏土矿物含量高（大于35%）等典型特征.受益于较高的地温梯度,古龙凹陷青一段有机质达到高成熟阶段,油质轻（地面密度小于0.8 g/cm3）、气油比高（大于50 m3/m3）,具备高熟页岩油规模开发潜力.页岩油甜点评价标准的厘定、单井EUR预测存在不确定性及规模效益开发配套技术欠缺是古龙页岩油勘探开发目前面临的主要挑战.黏土矿物对油水赋存状态乃至含油饱和度的影响、复合润湿性对压裂液渗吸置换效率的控制等陆相页岩油特有机理研究的突破,将会推动国家级开发示范区产油目标的快速实现,并有望在轻质油带开发基础上向稀油带扩大古龙页岩油勘探开发成果.     

松辽盆地齐家和古龙凹陷页岩油含油性参数优选与资源量计算

松辽盆地齐家和古龙凹陷青山口组一段页岩油资源丰富.以往主要基于不完整的老岩心资料,以校正后的热解S₁或氯仿沥青"A"作为含油性参数计算页岩油资源量,校正参数的准确性受样品新鲜程度、测试手段及校正方法等多种因素影响,导致上述参数的应用存在一定的局限性.根据最新页岩油勘探进展,对比分析了页岩油资源量计算的含油性参数（包括热解S₁、氯仿沥青"A"和含油饱和度）的应用差异,认为含油饱和度可反映游离油和溶解烃含量,不用考虑吸附油影响,且无需进行轻烃、重烃和NSO化合物校正,在具有新鲜样品测试数据的条件下,更适合作为研究区页岩油资源量计算的含油性参数.基于最新页岩油参数井钻探成果和测试数据,明确了有效泥页岩厚度、有机质丰度（TOC）、有机质成熟度（R_o）和埋深的平面分布.通过多因素叠合法查明了齐家和古龙凹陷青山口组一段页岩油富集区面积分别为1 957.23 km²和4 509.09 km².结合密闭冷冻样品的含油饱和度、页岩油密度实测数据和有效孔隙度测井解释数据,通过体积法计算出齐家和古龙凹陷青山口组一段页岩油富集区资源量分别为19.79×10⁸ t和27.29×10⁸ t,表明研究区基质型页岩油具有很好的勘探前景.     

松辽盆地青山口组页岩有机碳含量分布特征

总有机碳（TOC）含量是页岩油气资源量评价的关键参数之一.为定量分析松辽盆地青山口组页岩TOC含量分布特征,预测有利勘探区,以测井资料为基础,首先建立研究区构造模型,应用恢复古埋深法计算镜质体反射率（R_o）,通过?logR方法预测研究区TOC含量,最后利用地质统计学方法建立了研究区页岩TOC三维量化模型.结果表明,纵向上,青一段页岩TOC含量整体分布在0%~4%范围,青二段和青三段TOC含量明显低于青一段.平面上,青一段TOC含量在三肇凹陷南部及朝阳沟阶地中部最高,青二段TOC含量整体低于2%,其在古龙凹陷北部最高,青三段TOC含量普遍低于1.4%.研究成果为松辽盆地页岩油勘探开发有利区选取提供了重要指导和参考.      

基于数字岩心技术的陆相页岩油微观结构特征及主控因素——以松辽盆地白垩系青山口组一段泥页岩为例

数字岩心技术为大庆齐家-古龙地区青山口组一段的页岩油评价提供了可靠的基础数据,助力了松辽陆相盆地页岩油的勘探突破.针对泥页岩储层超低孔、超低渗的物性特征,综合利用微纳米CT、MAPS和QEMSCAN等数字岩心配套实验,对泥页岩储层岩石学特征、岩相类型、孔隙结构等进行了研究.将青山口组一段划分为5种岩相类型,分别为低有机质纹层状黏土质灰岩相、低有机质纹层状长英质灰岩相、中有机质纹层状长英质页岩相、中有机质夹层粉砂岩相、高有机质纹层状硅质页岩相.青山口组一段主要孔隙类型包括粒间孔、粒内孔和有机质孔.岩石相是青山口组一段孔隙、层理缝发育的主控因素.高有机质纹层状硅质页岩相储集空间主要由粒内孔和层理缝所构成,其孔隙-裂缝系统是青山口组一段页岩油甜点开发的重点层段.     

页岩油资源定量评价中关键参数的选取与校正——以松辽盆地北部青山口组为例

页岩油资源评价过程中,常用热解参数(S1)反映含油性。由于实验关系,所测得的S1存在轻烃、重烃的损失,为更准确的对页岩油资源进行定量评价,本文通过有机质成烃动力学研究以及对样品抽提前后的热解参数进行对比,对S1进行轻、重烃补偿校正,获得泥页岩总含油率参数,根据泥页岩排烃门限确定其可动油含量参数(S1/TOC)。研究结果表明,松辽盆地北部青山口组泥页岩S1校正前后相差2~3倍,排烃门限对应的S1/TOC=75mg/g TOC,结合黏土矿物含量(表征可压裂性),优选出页岩油勘探开发有利区:青一段有利区主要集中在齐家古龙凹陷中北部及龙虎泡大安阶地中部,青二、三段集中在龙虎泡大安阶地中部与齐家古龙凹陷中南部。     

松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组泥岩异常高压与裂缝的关系

通过对“古龙凹陷青山口组泥岩裂缝成因机理”的研究，认为青山口组泥岩裂缝是成岩作用和异常高压共同作用的结果。较详细地探讨了青山口组泥岩异常高压裂缝的形成及其在目前地层条件下所保持的状态。     

松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组泥岩异常高压与裂缝的关系

通过对“古龙凹陷青山口组泥岩裂缝成因机理”的研究，认为青山口组泥岩裂缝是成岩作用和异常高压共同作用的结果。较详细地探讨了青山口组泥岩异常高压裂缝的形成及其在目前地层条件下所保持的状态。     

三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成油向下“倒灌”运移层位及其研究意义

为了研究三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移层位,对油向下“倒灌”运移机制及条件进行了研究,得到三肇凹陷扶杨油层同时具备①青山口组源岩目前应具有足够大的超压;②存在连通青山口组源岩和扶杨油层的T2断裂2个条件,青山口组源岩生成的油能够在超压的作用下在嫩江组沉积末期、明水组沉积末期和古近系沉积末期通过T2断裂向下伏扶杨油层中“倒灌”运移。利用压力封闭原理,对三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移距离进行了研究,得到三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移距离一般大于500 m,而三肇凹陷扶杨油层地层厚度最大只有500 m,表明三肇凹陷青山口组源岩生成的油可以向下“倒灌”运移至整个扶杨油层的任何部位。目前三肇凹陷扶杨油层从上至下均含油,且已找到的油藏均分布于青山口组源岩生成的油能够向下“倒灌”运移分布范围内或附近,这表明青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移层位控制着油气富集层位,青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移分布范围控制着三肇凹陷扶杨油层油藏形成与分布范围。青山口组源岩生成的油向下“倒灌”运移分布范围及其附近应是三肇凹陷扶杨油层油下一步勘探的有利地区。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.