滇东南都龙超大型锡锌多金属矿床黄铁矿LA-ICPMS微量元素组成研究

滇东南马关都龙是一个以锡锌为主,共-伴生铟、铜、铅、钨、铁、银等多种元素的锡锌多金属超大型矿床。虽然前人从矿物学、矿床地球化学、年代学等不同角度开展了较多的研究,该矿床锡锌多金属矿化为燕山晚期岩浆热液活动的产物已是不争的事实,但关于该矿床是否存在热水沉积作用及其与锡锌多金属成矿作用的关系依然存在较大争议。本文选取都龙矿区广泛存在的黄铁矿作为主要研究对象,在矿相学基础上利用LA-ICPMS对不同阶段黄铁矿的微量元素组成开展了系统的研究。野外及显微鉴定结果表明,矿区存在四种类型(期次)的黄铁矿,即:鲕状黄铁矿Py1;穿切或交代Py1的细脉状黄铁矿Py2;与闪锌矿等硫化物共生的自形黄铁矿Py3;包裹早期黄铁矿或闪锌矿等硫化物的他形黄铁矿Py4。LA-ICPMS分析结果表明,该矿床黄铁矿中富集多种微量元素,其中Co、Ni、As、Ge等元素以类质同象的形式存在黄铁矿晶格中,而其余元素多以显微矿物包体形式赋存于黄铁矿中。上述四期黄铁矿微量元素组成存在较大差别,Py1相对富集Zn和As,而其余微量元素含量较低,Co与Ni含量较低,Co/Ni比值远低于1.00,其微量元素组成与典型沉积作用形成黄铁矿基本一致; Py2与Py1具有相似的微量元素组成特征,其Co/Ni比值接近Py1变化范围; Py3和Py4除富集Zn、As外,Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Sb、Pb、Bi元素含量也相对较高,其Co/Ni比值相对较高,多大于1,与典型岩浆热液型黄铁矿微量元素组成相似,而与沉积型黄铁矿差异明显。结合各阶段黄铁矿产出地质特征,对比不同类型黄铁矿微量元素组成,本研究认为:Py1鲕状黄铁矿为热水沉积作用形成; Py2为Py1变质改造形成的细脉状黄铁矿,其微量元素继承了Py1; Py3为岩浆热液活动形成的自形黄铁矿; Py4为岩浆热液活动晚期形成的他形黄铁矿,Ag和Bi组成作为区分不同成因类型黄铁矿的化学指标的潜力。矿区早期沉积作用形成鲕状黄铁矿过程可能为后期成矿作用提供了部分硫源及少量Zn等成矿物质,海西-印支期区域变质改造作用对矿区成矿作用影响不大,而燕山晚期岩浆热液活动才是矿区锡多金属大规模成矿作用的主导因素。     

新疆哈图金矿床中不同类型黄铁矿的成因研究及其矿床学意义

新疆哈图金矿床存在2种成因的黄铁矿,沉积成因的草莓状或细粒黄铁矿与热液成因黄铁矿。草莓状黄铁矿富Ni贫As,被热液矿物充填或交代。热液成因的细脉浸染状黄铁矿具多阶段演化特征：早期黄铁矿（Py1）呈疏松多孔的海绵状结构,被后期黄铁矿增生,As含量范围明显间断,早期黄铁矿（Py1）是草莓体在热液叠加下重结晶的产物。Py2以Py1为核继续生长,致密均一的晶体内部存在长柱状毒砂、蠕虫状闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黝铜矿和自然金包体,晶间和裂隙中充填黄铜矿、黝铜矿、闪锌矿和自然金。主成矿阶段的黄铁矿与大量毒砂共生呈脉状（Py3a）或浸染状（Py3b）,晶间可见黄铜矿、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿、车轮矿和自然金。热液黄铁矿的Ni、S含量较低,而As含量较高。随着成矿作用的进行,As逐渐替代黄铁矿中的S。根据矿物共生组合,可将哈图金矿床成岩成矿作用划分为草莓状黄铁矿阶段、石英-钠长石阶段（Ⅰ）、白云母-磷灰石阶段（Ⅱ）、黄铁矿-自然金阶段（Ⅲ）、毒砂-黄铁矿阶段（Ⅳ）和石英-方解石阶段（Ⅴ）,成矿期白云母（Ms2和Ms3）和磷灰石（Ap2）富FeO、MgO、MnO。与草莓状黄铁矿伴生的泥质和石墨,显著改变了成矿流体的氧逸度,诱发金沉淀形成金矿化。     

吉林省大横路铜钴矿复杂的沉积-变质变形-热液作用演化过程及其对钴的赋存状态和富集成矿的制约

吉林省白山市大横路铜钴矿为国内少有的沉积-变质变形-热液等多种成因叠加改造的大型钴矿床,是综合研究古元古代造山带钴复杂成矿作用过程的理想地区。目前,有关该矿床中钴的赋存状态、富集迁移规律及复杂的成矿过程等方面的研究十分薄弱。本文采集矿床内典型钻孔样品,通过精细的矿相结构观察、扫描电镜物相分析、X射线元素面扫描和矿物成分定量分析等综合研究,发现大横路铜钴矿床经历了多期多阶段复杂的沉积-变质变形-热液作用,钴主要以Co的独立矿物(硫镍钴矿和辉砷钴矿),类质同象进入富Co黄铁矿和在磁黄铁矿中发育钴镍黄铁矿出溶体等形式存在。该矿床成矿作用分为以下5个阶段：沉积阶段以黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铜矿呈极细粒包体零星分布为特点;变质变形阶段以硫镍钴矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铜矿组合沿绢云母-黑云母-石英变质千枚理定向分布为特点,变质程度达高绿片岩相;早期热液作用主要沉淀粗大脉状磁黄铁矿及其钴镍黄铁矿出溶体;中期热液作用以条带状自形富Co黄铁矿和硫镍钴矿为标志,该阶段为Co富集成矿的主成矿期;网脉状黄铜矿沉淀对应于最晚期热液作用,同时发育极少量细粒辉砷钴矿。矿体的蚀变类型以硅化、碳酸盐化、钠长石化和绿泥石化为主,次为...     

甘肃寨上金矿黄铁矿特征与成因

甘肃寨上金矿是我国重要的卡林型金矿床,发育多种特征的黄铁矿、毒砂、黝铜矿、黄铜矿等金属硫化物。黄铁矿贯穿整个地质过程,对其进行研究可深入理解成矿作用。观察发现,黄铁矿可分为3个世代。第1世代黄铁矿为莓球状黄铁矿(Py1A)和多孔海绵状黄铁矿(Py1B)2类;第2世代中粗粒自形黄铁矿(Py2);第3世代粗粒黄铁矿(Py3)。Py1A呈莓球状,直径介于10～50μm,w(Co)/w(Ni)小于1,w(S+As)/w(Fe)大于2,部分黄铁矿因受到热液改造,莓球中w(Co)/w(Ni)大于1,w(S+As)/w(Fe)小于2;Py1B呈多孔海绵状,w(Co)/w(Ni)大于1,w(S+As)/w(Fe)小于2。Py2呈中粗粒五角十二面体,w(Co)/w(Ni)介于1.41～3.78,w(S+As)/w(Fe)由内向外逐渐升高,介于1.93～2.02,w(Au)/w(As)介于0.023～0.108。Py3呈粗粒立方体晶,周围发育石英压力影,w(Co)/w(Ni)介于1.36～1.39,w(S+As)/w(Fe)介于1.98～2.00。结合地质背景分析认为,黄铁矿微晶直接聚集形成Py1A(莓球状),或在松散状态下经胶结作用形成Py1B(多孔海绵状),并遭受热液叠加改造。Py2(中粗粒五角十二面体)由含矿热液环绕多孔海绵状核部直接结晶形成,Py3(粗粒自形立方体)由晚期热液结晶形成,并同时遭受构造变形活动。该区黄铁矿的特征对于判别地质环境有标型意义。     

贵州猫场铝土矿地质特征及成矿模式

贵州清镇猫场铝土矿矿床是黔中铝土矿带西南端一个特大型隐伏矿床。产于下石炭统九架炉组中。矿体呈层状，透镜状产出。矿石矿物成份简单，为一水硬铝石。自然类型有：碎屑状，土状，致密状铝土矿。共生和伴生矿产有：赤铁矿，黄铁矿和稀有元素镓，可综合利用。     

小秦岭东桐峪金矿床黄铁矿LA-ICP-MS微量元素特征及其成矿意义

位于华北克拉通南缘的小秦岭地区是我国仅次于胶东的大型金矿床集中区,但金矿床的成矿物质来源及成因问题一直存在较大争议.以华北南缘小秦岭矿集区东桐峪金矿床中的黄铁矿作为研究对象,在黄铁矿显微结构研究的基础上利用LA-ICP-MS对黄铁矿的微量元素进行原位分析,为进一步认识东桐峪金矿床及区内其他同类型矿床的成因提供新的资料和制约.东桐峪金矿床的黄铁矿从早到晚依次划分为3个世代(PyⅠ、PyⅡ和PyⅢ).PyⅠ主要形成于粗粒黄铁矿-石英阶段,颗粒粗大且自形程度高,呈星点状或斑点状赋存于乳白色石英脉中.PyⅡ主要形成于石英-中细粒黄铁矿阶段,呈半自形-他形结构且裂隙发育,常被晚期石英、多金属硫化物、自然金等矿物充填.PyⅢ主要形成于多金属硫化物阶段,常呈他形粒状结构与黄铜矿、方铅矿及闪锌矿等硫化物密切共生.LA-ICP-MS分析结果显示,PyⅠ中As平均含量为16.63×10-6,Au、Ag和Te含量较低且常位于检测限以下;相较而言,PyⅡ中As含量稍低,而Au、Ag和Te含量略高(其中Au含量为0.10×10-6~0.59×10-6);PyⅢ中Au、Ag和Te含量差异较大且显著升高,其中Au、Te含量最高可达35.58×10-6和79.79×10-6,而As含量较低且大部分数值低于检测限;不同世代黄铁矿的Co/Ni比值基本上都大于1,且PyⅢ的Co、Ni含量和Co/Ni比值明显低于PyⅡ和PyⅠ.以上结果表明,东桐峪金矿床的载金矿物黄铁矿中As的含量很低,金的富集与As无关;不同世代的黄铁矿中Au、Ag和Te之间存在显著且稳定的线性正相关关系,暗示金矿化与Te关系密切.另外,第3世代黄铁矿(PyⅢ)中Au、Ag及Te存在显著富集,指示Te(而不是As)在金和银的迁移、搬运、富集、沉淀等过程中具有重要作用.华北克拉通南缘小秦岭地区晚中生代大规模的金成矿作用及金矿床中普遍存在Te-Au-Ag矿物,且黄铁矿中As含量低、Te含量高等特征,暗示该区金矿床的成矿物质/成矿流体可能来自深部岩浆的脱挥发分或地幔脱气作用,而与区域变质作用的关系不大.      

中条山古元古代沉积岩容矿型铜钴矿床钴来源及富集过程

赋存在石墨片岩和大理岩内的山西中条山沉积岩容矿型铜钴矿床,其矿化类型为细脉浸染状和热液脉状,与中非铜矿带的钴矿床非常相似。本文以关键金属钴作为主要研究对象,综述了中条山矿集区钴矿成因研究近年来取得的重要进展。获得以下主要认识：(1)钴富集形成热液脉状矿化发生在造山抬升阶段,时间为～1.82Ga,而不是在沉积成岩阶段直接富集成矿;(2)黄铁矿原位Fe-S同位素揭示硫化有机质页岩是钴成矿的重要矿源层;(3)蒸发岩在造山作用过程中形成的高温、高盐、强氧化性流体是钴释放-迁移的关键介质;(4)热液白云石化导致流体pH升高和石墨片岩“褪色”反应导致流体氧逸度降低促进含钴硫化物的沉淀。基于上述认识,建立沉积-变质两阶段钴富集过程模型解释赋存在变沉积岩内的钴矿成因,它不同于经典的沉积岩容矿型层状铜钴矿床成矿模型。     

东昆仑那更银矿黄铁矿LA-ICP-MS原位微量元素及S-Pb同位素特征北大核心CSCD

那更康切尔沟银矿床(以下简称那更银矿)是东昆仑造山带乃至青海省内唯一的独立银矿,该矿床的勘查和研究具有非常重要的工业价值和科学意义。本次研究在较为详细的野外观察基础上,对那更康切尔沟独立银矿进行了黄铁矿LA-ICP-MS原位微量元素、硫同位素以及鄂拉山组流纹岩的铅同位素研究。PyⅠ世代黄铁矿自形程度较好,微量元素组成以富Co,Ni,Cu,贫As,Sb,Ag为特征,PyⅡ世代黄铁矿自形程度差,与毒砂共生,为低温热液的产物,As和Ag含量显著增加说明其处于主要成矿阶段,该世代黄铁矿Co/Ni平均值为1.20,暗示其类型为热液脉型。硫同位素分析显示,矿区内硫化物总体δ^(34)S值变化范围为-6.1‰~3.9‰,平均-1.79‰,表明还原硫主要来自岩浆作用;鄂拉山组流纹岩全岩铅同位素^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb,^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb和^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb平均值分别为18.30,15.63和38.52,与矿石铅三者平均值(18.34,15.65和38.60)非常相似,表明那更银矿铅源可能来自鄂拉山组火山岩。结合那更银矿床整体表现出构造控矿、脉状矿化、中低温流体的成矿特点,说明矿床成因为(中)低温热液脉型。     

湘西沃溪金锑钨矿床燕山期幕式成矿作用：来自原位白钨矿U-Pb定年与黄铁矿元素-同位素的约束

沃溪矿床位于江南造山带中段,是一座同时具有金、锑、钨大规模成矿的大型金矿,近年的研究揭示其主要形成于燕山期,但该矿的成矿物质源区及矿床成因尚存争议。基于此,本文利用SEM、EPMA、LA-MC-IF-ICP-MS等原位分析技术,对该矿床多世代黄铁矿的结构、成分及同位素组成和成矿期白钨矿的U-Pb年代学进行了研究。在沃溪矿床中,识别出3个世代5种类型黄铁矿(Py),即成矿前Py1,成矿第二阶段Py2和第三阶段的Py3a、Py3b和Py3c。黄铁矿微区成分及围岩蚀变特征指示,成矿期Au、As和Cu耦合,Au主要以固溶体(Au⁺)的形式存在于Py3b的晶格中;As^-取代S^-进入黄铁矿是促进晶格金富集的主要因素;而强烈的水-岩反应是导致成矿期热液黄铁矿Co/Ni<1的原因。黄铁矿的原位微量元素和S-Pb同位素组成(δ³⁴S_V-CDT值：Py2为-4.33‰～-1.61‰,Py3a为-6.36‰～3.59‰,Py3b为-4.36‰～3.59‰,Py3c为-2.21‰～-0.65‰;...     

长江中下游成矿带伴生钴资源现状及综合利用潜力评价

钴是中国极度短缺的关键矿产资源,我国矿床中报道的钴资源量大部分以伴生形式产出,因此估算伴生钴资源量及评价其综合利用前景十分必要。长江中下游成矿带铁矿床、铜矿床及硫铁矿床中普遍伴生钴,但不同类型矿床中钴资源特征及差异、钴资源量及可利用性评价等研究尚未开展。目前大部分矿山伴生钴综合利用水平较低,钴资源浪费严重。本文通过全面收集整理近年来长江中下游成矿带相关研究资料,系统总结了成矿带不同类型矿床中钴的赋存状态,阐明钴在各类矿床中的富集特征,并估算了伴生钴资源量,评价了伴生钴的可利用性。研究结果表明,长江中下游成矿带铁矿床和硫铁矿床中主要载钴矿物为黄铁矿,少量为磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿等;铜矿床中载钴矿物以黄铁矿、黄铜矿为主,少量为磁黄铁矿、斑铜矿等;独立钴矿物在各类矿床中均有报道,主要有辉砷钴矿、硫铜钴矿、铁硫砷钴矿、硫镍钴矿、辉钴矿、斜方砷钴矿等。钴在铁、铜和硫铁矿床中发生了不同程度富集,其中矽卡岩型铁矿床中钴较为富集,总体达到了伴生钴边界品位;矽卡岩型铜矿床中的钴多数接近或达到伴生钴边界品位,少数未达到伴生钴边界品位;玢岩型铁矿床、斑岩型铜矿床、矽卡岩型和玢岩型硫铁矿床中钴的富集程度低,普遍未达...     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.