黔西北峨眉山玄武岩顶部Fe-Al岩系特征及其三稀元素富集特点

黔西北峨眉山玄武岩顶部普遍发育Fe-Al岩系。为查明峨眉山玄武岩顶部Fe-Al岩系特征,探讨其三稀元素富集特点,开展了针对峨眉山玄武岩顶部Fe-Al岩系的野外调查。调查结果显示: 当峨眉山玄武岩上覆地层分别为宣威组或龙潭组时,峨眉山玄武岩顶部风化壳Fe-Al岩系表现出明显差异。样品测试结果表明: Fe-Al岩系内Sc、Nb、REE等三稀元素含量丰富,具有很好的找矿前景,宣威组Fe-Al岩系内Sc、Nb、REE含量更高,尤其是Nb和REE。Fe-Al岩系内Sc、Nb、REE等三稀元素富集为峨眉山玄武岩风化初始富集和后期改造再次富集作用的结果。     

贵州务- 正- 道地区铝土矿含矿岩系中三稀元素赋存状态、富集机理及资源潜力

黔北务-正-道地区铝土矿含矿岩系为下二叠统大竹园组,与下伏志留系下统韩家店组或上石炭统黄龙组及上覆中二叠统梁山组均呈假整合接触,古沉积环境主要为浅湖相,矿床成因属古风化壳沉积型。勘查实践及研究表明:①含铝岩系的各类岩石、矿石中均富含Li、Ga、Sc、REE等三稀元素,在空间分布及不同矿石中含量变化大,相差1～3个数量级。Li在研究区东、西两侧含量相对高,常富集于含矿岩系上部及矿体中致密块状、豆鲕状矿石中;Ga在研究区北侧及含矿岩系中部较富集,Sc在道真沙坝—平木山一带富集程度高,在含矿岩系中含量变化小;REE相对富集于南部、显著富集于含矿岩系的下部。②含矿岩系形成于古赤道附近气候温湿、开放的氧化环境,铝矿物及高岭石、蒙脱石等富铝黏土矿物丰富,促进Li、Ga、Sc和REE等三稀元素以离子吸附态形式随铝土矿脱硅、去铁、降硫的成矿过程同迁移、同富集;同时由于Li、Ga、Sc、REE等三稀元素与Al、Zr、Ti、Nb、Ta、Hf、Ti、Cr、Th、U等亲石元素离子半径相近,地球化学性质相似,在铝土矿成矿过程中可能部分以类质同象形式赋存。③次生淋滤改造作用及环境pH变化,是促进独立稀土矿物形成及REE在含矿岩系底部富集的重要因素,含矿岩系下部的富稀土层中应有大量稀土以独立矿物存在(特别是∑REE800×10~(-6)的地段);古沉积环境、成岩成矿期后的地形地貌及构造运动影响约束了Li、Ga、Sc和REE的不均匀分布。④以含铝岩系为评价对象,研究区Li、Ga、Sc资源潜力及潜在经济价值巨大。     

黔东大田铝土矿(岩)伴生元素分布特征

通过对大田铝土矿矿床钻孔岩芯样品进行地球化学分析,探讨了矿床铝土矿矿石和围岩中的Li、Sc、Ga和稀土元素(REE)的分布特征.大田矿床赋矿层位为二叠系梁山组,研究发现含矿岩系中Li、Ga等元素有一定的富集特征.Li主要聚集在铝含量相对较少的的黏土矿物中,Ga在Al含量较高的土状铝土矿中未发生富集,但在剖面上与Al具有一定的相关性特征,并主要富集于含碎屑块状铝土岩下部,推测其分布形式受矿源岩演化作用的影响,与其它含铝矿物一起向下迁移富集.Sc主要以离子赋存的形式存在,其次为类质同象替代形式.对剖面上REE研究显示,含矿岩系在矿源岩风化淋滤过程中轻稀土元素(LREE)和重稀土元素(HREE)发生了一定程度的分馏,致使铝土矿层显示左倾的配分模式.虽然剖面上的脱硅作用未发育,但去铁作用使得含矿岩系中稀土元素与含铁矿物一起迁移,在底部的铁矿层中发生异常富集.     

黔北道真新民铝土矿含铝岩系中关键金属富集特征与资源潜力

黔北务(川)—正(安)—道(真)铝土矿成矿带是贵州省重要的铝土矿资源地,其中道真新民铝土矿床是近年在该成矿带内探获的又一大型铝土矿床,伴生Li、Ga、Sc和稀土元素等关键金属资源.以该矿床含铝岩系为剖析对象,对其中Li、Ga、Sc和REE等关键金属进行研究,系统总结其富集特征并分析其资源潜力.结果表明,研究区含铝岩系各类岩(矿)石中均不同程度富集Li、Ga、Sc和REE等关键金属.在含铝岩系垂向剖面上,关键金属具有上部富Li、中部富Ga、下部富REE,而Sc含量变化较小的富集特征.在岩(矿)石类型上,Li、Ga和REE分别主要富集于铝土岩、铝土矿和绿泥石泥岩中,Li主要富集在致密状铝土矿中,Ga在土状铝土矿、碎屑状铝土矿、豆鲕状铝土矿中相对富集,REE在致密状铝土矿和土状铝土矿中的含量相对富集,而Sc在不同类型岩(矿)石中的含量变化不大.研究区含铝岩系不同岩(矿)石中,Li与SiO2正相关,Ga、Sc与Al2O3、TiO2正相关,而REE与Fe2O3正相关系,Li、Ga、Sc、REE之间不存在相关关系,原岩风化程度可能是控制这些元素富集的关键因素之一.新民铝土矿床含铝岩系中,关键金属Li、Ga、Sc、REE的资源潜力和潜在经济价值巨大,预测Li、Ga、Sc和REE的远景资源储量分别达到大型矿床规模的3.2倍、3.8倍、669倍和2.1倍.     

贵州西部二叠系峨眉山玄武岩顶部古风化壳钪-铌-稀土矿化富集层的发现与意义

二叠系峨眉山玄武岩顶部与上覆龙潭组不整合面广泛发育区域性古风化壳,该类古风化壳在川滇黔地区广泛分布,具有产出层位稳定,厚度大,多元素富集特点.目前,总体上对该类古风化壳的成矿和资源潜力研究程度不高,本次在水城—纳雍地区开展系统的岩石地球化学调查发现该层位具有明显的钪、铌、稀土矿化.矿化富集层中w(Sc2O3)介于40×10-6～133×10-6,平均73×10-6,w(Nb2O5)介于30×10-6～392×10-6,平均229×10-6,w(∑RE2O3)介于0.052％～0.214％,平均0.093％.钪、铌、稀土具有较明显的"分异"和"分层"富集特征,钪主要富集于中下部含铁质粘土岩系,形成于弱还原环境,铌、稀土主要富集于上部铝质、碳质粘土岩系,形成于氧化-还原转换环境,稀土元素为LREE富集型,在含碳质粘土岩、碳质页岩中富集程度最高,暗示有机质在稀土元素的迁移、富集过程中可能起到了重要的介质作用.稀土配分、La/Yb-∑REE图解及Eu异常特征指示物源主要为峨眉山玄武岩,可能有少量中酸性火成岩的贡献.本文研究表明川滇黔地区的这类古风化壳中的钪、铌、稀土具有较大的资源潜力,未来有望成为古风化壳型(古风化-沉积型)钪、铌、稀土矿床的重要产出层,具有巨大的勘查、评价及综合研究价值.     

川南兴文地区上二叠统龙潭组下部发现Li、Ga、Nb、REE等关键金属富集层

<正>关键金属是新能源、现代高科技产业及航空航天和国防军工等行业不可或缺的原料,对关键金属矿产的勘查和研究已上升为国家战略(陈骏,2019)。四川南部兴文地区位于扬子陆块西缘,峨眉山大火成岩省外带(图1a),区内广泛分布与二叠纪碳酸盐岩/峨眉山玄武岩风化有关的上二叠统龙潭组(P₃lt)黏土岩(图1b),具有形成锂等关键金属资源的地质背景和成矿条件。本次以川南兴文地区龙潭组(P₃lt)下部铝质黏土岩为调查研究对象,地质调查工作发现其为Li、Ga、Nb、REE等关键金属的富集层,具有很好的找矿前景。     

贵州威宁-赫章二叠系乐平统含铁、铝岩系的沉积环境及成矿元素富集特征

贵州威宁-赫章地区的二叠系乐平统宣威组第一段铁、铝岩系,是峨眉山玄武岩风化-沉积作用的产物.其中富集的稀土、稀有、稀散元素,与峨眉山玄武岩所处的构造位置和玄武岩风化的古地理位置有关.在六盘水裂陷槽区(B区),Cu、Ti、Sc、REE含量高,对应于六盘水裂陷槽复杂的地质环境;在裂陷槽边界西南,玄武岩剥蚀作用强烈,沉积层的厚度较薄,Nb、Ta和REE在强风化环境中富集;在裂陷槽边界北东,沉积厚度较大,Ga和V含量高,可能是沉积环境富集.风化作用是成矿有用组分富集的重要因素,它决定了稀土、稀有和稀散元素富集的趋势.有一些元素可以富集,达到工业利用价值,特别是Nb+ Ta,可能形成独立矿床.     

贵州威宁鱼坝稀土含矿岩系的锆石U-Pb年龄

黔西北地区晚二叠世稀土矿产于峨眉山玄武岩与上伏宣威组假整合面附近,在威宁地区稀土矿分为上、下两层,下含矿层为浅灰白色高岭石粘土岩,上含矿层为浅灰色高岭石粘土岩与铝质高岭石粘土岩,含矿岩系厚度在区域上变化较大,在威宁鱼坝剖面含矿岩系完整且厚度较大。在含矿岩系底部凝灰质粘土岩中取样测得锆石U-Pb平均年龄为254. 11 Ma±0. 98 Ma,含矿岩系顶部熔结凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄为252. 0 Ma±0. 82 Ma(谐和年龄)和251. 9 Ma±1. 86 Ma(平均年龄)。证实黔西北晚二叠世稀土含矿岩系下矿层产于峨眉山玄武岩第三段上部、上矿层产于宣威组下段,整个稀土含矿岩系形成时间约为2 Ma。     

渝南申基坪铝土矿矿区钪的分布规律及地球化学特征研究

通过对渝南申基坪矿区四个典型钻孔中铝土矿（岩）和稀散元素钪的研究,发现A12O3主要分布在含矿层位的中上部和中部,其矿石类型主要为土豆状、砾屑状和致密块状,Sc主要分布在含矿层位的中下部和下部,主要赋存的岩石类型为黏土岩和铝土岩。Sc和A12O3的相关系数平均值r=-0.62,即负的中等相关;Sc和A/S比值的相关系数平均值r=-0.44,即负的弱相关;四个钻孔Sc和∑REE平均值r=0.285,为正的弱相关。稀土元素分布模式表明,申基坪矿区绝大多数铝土岩具有富集LREE、Ce正异常和Eu负异常的特征。铝土矿及其伴生元素Sc可能来自下伏地层的碎屑岩和铝硅酸盐岩类,铝土矿和钪的迁移、富集和演化均受到当时的海陆交互沉积环境的制约,铝土矿中的钪很可能有两种存在方式:类质同象和离子吸附。     

贵州威宁-赫章二叠系乐平统含铁、铝岩系沉积环境及成矿元素富集特征分析

贵州威宁-赫章地区的二叠系乐平统宣威组第一段铁、铝岩系,是峨眉山玄武岩风化-沉积作用的产物。其中富集的稀土、稀有、稀散元素,与峨眉山玄武岩所处的构造位置和玄武岩风化的古地理位置有关。在六盘水裂陷槽区(B区),Cu、Ti、Sc、REE含量高,对应于六盘水裂陷槽复杂的地质环境;在裂陷槽边界西南,玄武岩剥蚀作用强烈,沉积层的厚度较薄,Nb、Ta和REE在强风化环境中富集;在裂陷槽边界北东,沉积厚度较大,Ga和V含量高,可能是沉积环境富集。风化作用是成矿有用组分富集的重要因素,它决定了稀土、稀有和稀散元素富集的趋势。有一些元素可以富集,达到工业利用价值,特别是Nb+Ta,可能形成独立矿床。     

Sedimentary structures in the Lower Greensand of the Weald,England, and Bas-Boulonnais,France

Study of the cross-stratification and other sedimentary structures in the Lower Greensand of the Weald, England, and Bas-Boulonnais, France, indicates that the sediments were deposited by the lateral migration of sand waves in a neritic sea. Comparison of the Lower Greensand sea with the modern North Sea was attempted. If those sediments were deposited as a result of tidal current similar to the present-day North Sea then the Lower Greensand shoreline could be deduced as running northwest-southeast, indication that the western part of the London Platform was submerged.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Quasiperiodic oscillations in the atmospheres of the Sun,Earth, and planets

The published data on long-term observations on cycles of the activity of the Sun and stars of late spectral classes (F, G, K) were analyzed. Quasiperiodic oscillations (QPO) in solar activity with periods varying from 1.8 (7-year cycles) to 12.5 years (24-year cycles) were revealed for the first time. A high degree of correlation between QPO periods and long-term cycles of variations in the activity of the Sun and stars was revealed.     

新疆阿克陶县乌孜别里地区流纹岩的形成时代及成因分析

西昆仑乌孜别里山口南侧一带火山岩地层的时代归属一直存有争议.该套地层虽普遍发育以流纹岩为主的火山岩系,但尚未有人对其开展系统的年代学与地球化学研究.本次研究对该套地层中的流纹岩进行元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素的研究.流纹岩激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb年龄为(521.0±2.8)Ma,表明其形成于早寒武世.流纹岩具有高硅富碱的特点,为过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列,岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K)、轻稀土元素和不相容元素U,相对亏损重稀土元素、高场强元素(P、Ti),具有中等Eu负异常,流纹岩具有高分异S型花岗岩的特征.锆石Hf同位素初始比值 εHf(t)变化范围在?0.9～4.1之间,主要为正值,两阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)介于1533～1229 Ma之间,显示乌孜别里地区流纹岩为中元古代新生地壳物质重熔形成的岩浆,经较高程度的分异演化而成.结合前人研究成果,推断研究区流纹岩形成于原特提斯洋俯冲背景下岩浆弧构造环境.     

Distribution of Cu,Co, As,and Fe in mine waste,sediment, soil,and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.     

Geodymanics of Tibet,Tarim, and the Tien Shan in the Late Cenozoic

The tectonic and geodynamic consequences of the collision between Hindustan and Eurasia are considered in the paper. The tectonic evolution and deformation of Tibet and the Tien Shan in the Late Cenozoic is described on the basis of geological, geophysical, and geodetic data. The factual data and their interpretation, which shed light on the kinematics of the tectonic processes in the lithosphere and the geodynamics of the interaction between the Tien Shan, Tarim, and Tibet are discussed. A geodynamic model of their interaction is proposed.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Dissolution channels in quartz and the role of pressure changes in gold and sulfide deposition in the Archean, greenstone-hosted, Hutti gold deposit, Karnataka, India

The pressure, temperature and composition of ore fluids that resulted in gold deposition in the Archean, greenstone-hosted Hutti deposit have been studied using fluid inclusions and the compositions of arsenopyrite and chlorite. Five types of fluids have been identified in fluid inclusions in quartz veins associated with mineralization. They are (1) monophase CO ₂-rich fluid; (2) low-salinity (0 to 14 wt% NaCl equivalent) and high-salinity (16 to 23 wt% NaCl equiv.) aqueous fluids; (3) high-salinity (28 to 40 wt% NaCl equiv.), polyphase aqueous fluids; (4) CO ₂–H ₂O–NaCl fluids of low salinity (0–8 wt% NaCl equiv.); and (5) a few carbonic inclusions with halite±nahcolite. The diversity of entrapped fluid composition is explained in terms of changes in fluid pressure and temperature which affect a more or less uniform supply of primary low-salinity CO ₂–H ₂O–NaCl fluid to the shear zone. Geothermobarometric studies indicate that during mineralization temperature ranged between 360 and 240 °C, and fluid pressure between 3,600 and 1,600 bar. The data are interpreted in terms of the cyclic fault-valve mechanism for active shear zones. Deposition of gold and sulfides has been studied on the basis of constraints from the composition of wall-rock chlorite, ore-mineral assemblages, and textural features. Tubular channels, 20 to 100 µm wide and up to 500 µm long that arise from fractures and C-planes in sheared quartz veins are reported for the first time. The channels have pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite and gold at their distal ends, with calcite filling up the remaining part. These channels form in response to increases in T and P, by dissolution of quartz grains, guided by dislocations in them. At the P– T conditions of interest, gold and sulfide deposition takes place in the shears and fractures of quartz veins from CO ₂–H ₂O–NaCl ore fluid of low salinity and pH due to changes in phase compositions that occur during the process of shear failure of the enclosing rocks. In the wall rock where pH is buffered, gold deposition takes place from the predominant Au(HS) ₂ ^- species with progressive sulfide deposition and decrease in SS, from 0.01 to 0.001 mol/kg as T falls from 360 to 240 °C.     

Pressure Increases, the Formation of Chromite Seams, and the Development of the Ultramafic Series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana

This paper explores the hypothesis that chromite seams in theStillwater Complex formed in response to periodic increasesin total pressure in the chamber. Total pressure increased becauseof the positive V of nucleation of CO₂ bubbles in the melt andtheir subsequent rise through the magma chamber, during whichthe bubbles increased in volume by a factor of 4–6. Byanalogy with the pressure changes in the summit chambers ofKilauea and Krafla volcanoes, the maximum variation was 0•2–0•25kbar, or 5–10% of the total pressure in the Stillwaterchamber. An evaluation of the likelihood of fountaining andmixing of a new, primitive liquid that entered the chamber withthe somewhat more evolved liquid already in the chamber is basedupon calculations using observed and inferred velocities andflow rates of basaltic magmas moving through volcanic fissures.The calculations indicate that hot, dense magma would have oozed,rather than fountained into the chamber, and early mixing ofthe new and residual magmas that could have resulted in chromitecrystallizing alone did not take place. Mixing was an important process in the Stillwater magma chamber,however. After the new magma in the chamber underwent {smalltilde}5% fractional crystallization, its composition, temperature,and density approached those of the overlying liquid in thechamber and the liquids then mixed. If this process occurredmany times over the course of the development of the Ultramaficseries, a thick column of magma with orthopyroxene on its liquiduswould have been the result. Thus, the sequence of multiple injections,fractionation, and mixing with previously fractionated magmacould have been the mechanism that produced the thick bronzitecumulate layer (the Bronzitite zone) above the cyclic units.     

Distribution of REE,LILE, and HFSE between biotite,feldspar, and the melt in the granulite facies migmatite,nimnyr block,Aldan shield

The behavior of trace elements under conditions of partial melting of granitoid rocks has been studied. The element’s partition coefficients between minerals and the melt D_i^min/melt depends, in the first place, on the composition of the primary melt. In biotite the HREE D_i are a little below 1, while those of LREE, especially D_i for Ce, are 1–3 orders of magnitude less. This leads to an efficient differentiation of REEs in anatexic melts especially when biotite is the main mineral phase of restite. On the contrary, there are feldspars, the D_i of which cannot provide such a magnitude of differentiation. Unlike garnets and pyroxenes, whose stability in restite permits enrichment of anatexic melts produced in migmatization zones with Nb, Ti, and Cr, the presence of biotite in restite causes depletion of melts with those elements as well as with Rb. Feldspars, under conditions of their fractional crystallization or during differentiation of an anatexic melt, deplete the latter with Sr, Ba, and Rb, but enrich it with Nb, Ti, Cr, Y, Zr, and V.